حق بر مسکن مناسب سالمندان از منظر فقه وحقوق بشر
محورهای موضوعی : فقه و مبانی حقوق اسلامیابراهیم صومی 1 , ابوالفضل رنجبری 2 * , میر سجاد میر موسوی 3
1 - حقوق عمومی دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی تبریز
2 - استادیار و عضو هیئت علمی، گروه حقوق عمومی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران
3 - دانشیار حقوق عمومی، گروه علوم پایه، دانشکده پیراپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز، تبریز، ایران.
کلید واژه: حقوق بشر, سالمندی, حق بر مسکن مناسب, تعهدات دولت, فقه اسلامی.,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: این مقاله باهدف بررسی «حق بر مسکن مناسب سالمندان» در چارچوب اسناد بینالمللی حقوق بشر و دیدگاه اسلام، تدوین شده است. باتوجهبه پدیده جهانی سالمندی و پیشبینی افزایش جمعیت سالمندان تا سال ۲۰۵۰، تأمین مسکن مناسب بهعنوان یک ضرورت برای حفظ کرامت، استقلال و سلامت این گروه آسیبپذیر مطرح است. مطالعه حاضر میکوشد با تحلیل مبانی اسلامی و اسناد بینالمللی، تعریف، چالشها و راهکارهای تحقق این حق را شناسایی کند. اهمیت موضوع ناشی از لزوم پاسخگویی به نیازهای جمعیت روبهرشد سالمندان و تضمین حقوق انسانی آنان در جوامع مختلف است. روش تحقیق: روش تحقیق، توصیفی - تحلیلی و تطبیقی است که با بررسی متون اسلامی (شامل قرآن، روایات و قواعد فقهی) و اسناد بینالمللی (مانند میثاق حقوق اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی، منشور اجتماعی اروپا و برنامههای سازمان ملل) انجامشده است. دادهها از طریق تحلیل محتوای منابع مذکور استخراج و با رویکردی مقایسهای، نقاط اشتراک و افتراق دیدگاه اسلام و نظامهای حقوقی بینالملل بررسیشدهاند. یافتهها و نتایج: یافتهها نشان میدهد حق بر مسکن مناسب در اسلام با تأکید بر قواعدی مانند کرامت انسانی، عدالت و لا ضرر و در اسناد بینالمللی با عناصری چون امنیت تصدی، دسترسی به خدمات، مقرونبهصرفه بودن و کفایت فرهنگی تعریف میشود. چالشهای اصلی شامل فقر، تبعیض سنی، نبود سیاستهای حمایتی و اخراجهای اجباری است. دولتها موظفاند با تدوین قوانین ضد تبعیض، تأمین مسکن یارانههای و بهبود زیرساختها، این حق را تضمین کنند. همکاری بینالمللی و بهرهگیری از ظرفیتهای دینی مانند وقف بهعنوان راهکارهای مکمل پیشنهادشدهاند. این مطالعه بر ضرورت تغییر نگرش به سالمندی و اولویت دادن به سیاستهای یکپارچه برای تحقق حقوق سالمندان تأکید دارد.
Extended abstract Introduction: The global aging phenomenon, with projections indicating that the elderly population will exceed two billion by 2050, necessitates urgent attention to the right to adequate housing as a cornerstone of human dignity. This study investigates this right through the dual frameworks of Islamic jurisprudence and international human rights law. Islamic principles such as human dignity (karama), justice (Adl), and the prohibition of harm (la zarar) establish housing as both a physical necessity and a spiritual sanctuary.Concurrently, international instruments like the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and the European Social Charter emphasize security of tenure, affordability, and cultural adequacy as essential components of housing rights. Despite these shared ethical foundations, systemic challenges including poverty, age-based discrimination, and forced evictions persist, demanding cohesive policy interventions. Methodology: Employing a descriptive-analytical and comparative approach, this study synthesizes Islamic sources (Quran, ḥadīth, and qawāʿid fiqhiyya) with international legal instruments. Islamic jurisprudence is analyzed through principles such as lā zarar (no harm), ʿadl (justice), and tamkin (empowerment), while international frameworks are examined via treaty provisions, General Comments, and UN reports. The comparative analysis identifies convergences and divergences between Islamic and human rights perspectives, focusing on state obligations, institutional mechanisms, and socio-cultural adequacy. Results: The analysis identifies significant alignment between Islamic jurisprudence and international human rights frameworks in recognizing the right to adequate housing for the elderly, albeit through distinct conceptual and operational approaches. In Islamic jurisprudence, the right is rooted in principles such as human dignity (karāma), derived from Quranic injunctions (e.g., Q17:70) that emphasize the inherent honor of all individuals. Juristic principles like lā zarar (prohibition of harm) and ʿadl (justice) obligate states and communities to prevent homelessness and ensure equitable access to housing. For instance, prophetic traditions stress the importance of spacious, secure, and accessible dwellings, while classical legal texts link housing adequacy to spiritual well-being and social stability. International frameworks, including the ICESCR and the European Social Charter, prioritize security of tenure, affordability, and cultural adequacy as core elements of housing rights. The CESCR’s General Comment No. 4 (1991) explicitly defines adequate housing as encompassing legal protections against forced evictions, access to essential services, and affordability relative to income. However, systemic challenges persist: aging populations face disproportionate risks of poverty, discriminatory housing policies, and inadequate infrastructure, particularly in developing nations. The UN Independent Expert on Older Persons (2022) highlights that elderly women and rural populations are especially vulnerable due to gaps in legal protections and socio-economic marginalization. Notably, Islamic jurisprudence emphasizes familial and communal responsibilities (e.g., nafaqa, or financial support for dependents) alongside state duties, whereas international frameworks place greater emphasis on governmental accountability through legislation and resource allocation. Both systems converge in condemning forced evictions and advocating for dignity-preserving housing solutions. Divergences arise in enforcement mechanisms, with Islamic law leveraging religious endowments (waqf) for housing support, while international norms rely on institutionalized welfare systems. Key barriers to realizing this right include insufficient subsidies, age-insensitive urban planning, and weak legal safeguards against exploitation. For example, elderly individuals in informal settlements often lack access to clean water and sanitation, exacerbating health risks a challenge underscored in WHO guidelines (2018) and Islamic teachings on hygiene and communal welfare. Conclusion: The study underscores the critical imperative of harmonizing jurisprudential principles and legal maxims (qawāʿid fiqhiyya) from Islamic law with international human rights standards to address systemic housing inequities faced by aging populations. Both frameworks converge in recognizing adequate housing as a fundamental right intrinsic to human dignity, yet diverge in their operational mechanisms. Islamic jurisprudence, anchored in binding legal principles such as human dignity (karāma), justice (ʿadl), and prohibition of harm (lā zarar), mandates communal, familial, and state obligations to ensure housing security. International instruments, notably the ICESCR, prioritize state accountability through legislative protections, affordability measures, and safeguards against forced evictions. Governments must adopt multifaceted strategies to bridge these frameworks. This includes enacting anti-discrimination laws to combat age-based marginalization, expanding subsidy programs for low-income elderly populations, and integrating culturally sensitive designs into urban planning such as accessible infrastructure and multigenerational housing models. Jurisprudential mechanisms, including endowments (waqf), should be leveraged as legally enforceable tools to supplement public funding and ensure sustainable housing solutions. Legal reforms are equally vital to fortify protections against exploitative practices, particularly for vulnerable groups like elderly women and rural communities. International cooperation remains pivotal to sharing best practices, particularly in adapting policies to demographic shifts and resource constraints. Future research should explore comparative models of elderly housing provision, emphasizing the role of Islamic legal institutions in advocacy and the efficacy of binding legal frameworks. Ultimately, transforming societal perceptions of aging from viewing the elderly as burdens to rights-bearing individuals is essential to fostering inclusive societies. Institutionalizing elderly rights within enforceable legal systems, informed by Islamic jurisprudential principles and global human rights norms, will be decisive in achieving equitable housing outcomes for this rapidly growing demographic. Keywords: Human rights; Aging; Right to adequate housing; Government Obligations; Islamic jurisprudence.
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