ارزیابی خطر فلزات سنگین ناشی از مصرف گنجشک خانگی توسط بومیان دزفول
محورهای موضوعی : بهداشت مواد غذایی
1 - دانشیار،گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست،دانشگاه ملایر، ملایر،ایران
2 - کارشناسی ارشد آلودگی محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست،دانشگاه ملایر، ملایر، ایران
کلید واژه: فلزات سنگین, دزفول, ارزیابی خطر, گنجشک,
چکیده مقاله :
قرار گرفتن در معرض فلزات سنگین از طریق مصرف پرندگان ممکن است منجر به خطر سلامتی برای افراد به ویژه در مناطقی که فعالیت-های کشاورزی و صنعتی وجود دارد، شود. از این رو پژوهش‌حاضر با هدف بررسی غلظت عناصر آهن، روی، مس، منگنز و سرب در بافت عضله گنجشک خانگی و ارزیابی خطر مصرف آن در مناطق شهری و روستایی شهرستان دزفول پرداخته است. برای انجام این پژوهش تعداد 60 قطعه گنجشکخانگی از مناطق شهری و 10 قطعه گنجشک از مناطق روستایی شهر دزفول جمع‌آوری شد. در نهایت میزان فلزات آهن، روی، مس، منگنز و سرب با استفاده از دستگاه جذب اتمی و به‌روش هضم اسیدی تعیین شد. میزان‌های جذب روزانه و هفتگی فلزات آهن، مس، روی، منگنز و سرب در اثر مصرف گنجشک خانگی کمتر از میزان استاندارد توصیه شده توسط کمیته مشترک سازمان بهداشت‌جهانی و فائو بود. میزان THQ (Target Hazard Quotients) تک تک فلزات در این مطالعه کمتر از یک به‌دست آمد که نشان‌دهنده عدم وجود هرگونه خطر غذایی در اثر مصرف گونه مورد بررسی با نرخ کنونی می‌باشد. در مناطق‌روستایی میزان THQ فلزات آهن، مس، روی، منگنز و سرب به ترتیب برابر0154/0، 0004/0، 003/0، 0001/000065،0/0 و در مناطق شهری میزان THQ فلزات آهن، مس، روی، منگنز و سرب به ترتیب برابر 01/0، 00069/0 ، 004/0 ، 0003/0، 000046/0 به دست آمد. با توجه به نتایج بدست آمده، به نظر می‌رسد مصرف گنجشکخانگی در حال حاضر خطرات بهداشتی برای سلامت مصرف کنندگان آن ندارد.TRANSLATE with xEnglishArabicHebrewPolishBulgarianHindiPortugueseCatalanHmong DawRomanianChinese SimplifiedHungarianRussianChinese TraditionalIndonesianSlovakCzechItalianSlovenianDanishJapaneseSpanishDutchKlingonSwedishEnglishKoreanThaiEstonianLatvianTurkishFinnishLithuanianUkrainianFrenchMalayUrduGermanMalteseVietnameseGreekNorwegianWelshHaitian CreolePersian// TRANSLATE with COPY THE URL BELOW BackEMBED THE SNIPPET BELOW IN YOUR SITE Enable collaborative features and customize widget: Bing Webmaster PortalBack//TRANSLATE with xEnglishArabicHebrewPolishBulgarianHindiPortugueseCatalanHmong DawRomanianChinese SimplifiedHungarianRussianChinese TraditionalIndonesianSlovakCzechItalianSlovenianDanishJapaneseSpanishDutchKlingonSwedishEnglishKoreanThaiEstonianLatvianTurkishFinnishLithuanianUkrainianFrenchMalayUrduGermanMalteseVietnameseGreekNorwegianWelshHaitian CreolePersian// TRANSLATE with COPY THE URL BELOW BackEMBED THE SNIPPET BELOW IN YOUR SITE Enable collaborative features and customize widget: Bing Webmaster PortalBack//TRANSLATE with xEnglishArabicHebrewPolishBulgarianHindiPortugueseCatalanHmong DawRomanianChinese SimplifiedHungarianRussianChinese TraditionalIndonesianSlovakCzechItalianSlovenianDanishJapaneseSpanishDutchKlingonSwedishEnglishKoreanThaiEstonianLatvianTurkishFinnishLithuanianUkrainianFrenchMalayUrduGermanMalteseVietnameseGreekNorwegianWelshHaitian CreolePersian// TRANSLATE with COPY THE URL BELOW BackEMBED THE SNIPPET BELOW IN YOUR SITE Enable collaborative features and customize widget: Bing Webmaster PortalBack//TRANSLATE with xEnglishArabicHebrewPolishBulgarianHindiPortugueseCatalanHmong DawRomanianChinese SimplifiedHungarianRussianChinese TraditionalIndonesianSlovakCzechItalianSlovenianDanishJapaneseSpanishDutchKlingonSwedishEnglishKoreanThaiEstonianLatvianTurkishFinnishLithuanianUkrainianFrenchMalayUrduGermanMalteseVietnameseGreekNorwegianWelshHaitian CreolePersian// TRANSLATE with COPY THE URL BELOW BackEMBED THE SNIPPET BELOW IN YOUR SITE Enable collaborative features and customize widget: Bing Webmaster PortalBack//TRANSLATE with xEnglishArabicHebrewPolishBulgarianHindiPortugueseCatalanHmong DawRomanianChinese SimplifiedHungarianRussianChinese TraditionalIndonesianSlovakCzechItalianSlovenianDanishJapaneseSpanishDutchKlingonSwedishEnglishKoreanThaiEstonianLatvianTurkishFinnishLithuanianUkrainianFrenchMalayUrduGermanMalteseVietnameseGreekNorwegianWelshHaitian CreolePersian// TRANSLATE with COPY THE URL BELOW BackEMBED THE SNIPPET BELOW IN YOUR SITE Enable collaborative features and customize widget: Bing Webmaster PortalBack//TRANSLATE with xEnglishArabicHebrewPolishBulgarianHindiPortugueseCatalanHmong DawRomanianChinese SimplifiedHungarianRussianChinese TraditionalIndonesianSlovakCzechItalianSlovenianDanishJapaneseSpanishDutchKlingonSwedishEnglishKoreanThaiEstonianLatvianTurkishFinnishLithuanianUkrainianFrenchMalayUrduGermanMalteseVietnameseGreekNorwegianWelshHaitian CreolePersian// TRANSLATE with COPY THE URL BELOW BackEMBED THE SNIPPET BELOW IN YOUR SITE Enable collaborative features and customize widget: Bing Webmaster PortalBack//TRANSLATE with xEnglishArabicHebrewPolishBulgarianHindiPortugueseCatalanHmong DawRomanianChinese SimplifiedHungarianRussianChinese TraditionalIndonesianSlovakCzechItalianSlovenianDanishJapaneseSpanishDutchKlingonSwedishEnglishKoreanThaiEstonianLatvianTurkishFinnishLithuanianUkrainianFrenchMalayUrduGermanMalteseVietnameseGreekNorwegianWelshHaitian CreolePersian// TRANSLATE with COPY THE URL BELOW BackEMBED THE SNIPPET BELOW IN YOUR SITE Enable collaborative features and customize widget: Bing Webmaster PortalBack//
Exposure to heavy metals through the consumption of birds may lead to health hazards for individuals, especially in areas where there are agricultural and industrial activities. Therefore, the present study has conducted to risk assessment of iron, zinc, copper, manganese and lead in the muscle tissue of domestic sparrow (passer domesticus) in urban and rural areas of Dezful. The present study was a research study. For this research, 60 house sparrows from urban areas and 10 sparrows from rural areas were collected from Dezful city. Finally, the concentrations of iron, zinc, copper, manganese and lead metals were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy and acid digestion. Daily and weekly intake of iron, copper, zinc, manganese and lead via consumption of House spparow was less than the standard recommended by the Joint Committee of the World Health Organization and the FAO. The THQ of each metal in this study was less than one, which indicates the absence of any food hazard due to the consumption of the studied species at the current rate. In the rural areas, the THQ values for Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Pb were 0.0154, 0.0004, 0.003, 0.0001, and 0.000065, respectively, and in the urban areas, THQ valus were 0.01, 0.00069, 0.004, 0.0003, and 0.000046, According to the results, it seems that the consumption of house sparrows in the present time does not pose health risks to the health of its consumers. TRANSLATE with x English Arabic Hebrew Polish Bulgarian Hindi Portuguese Catalan Hmong Daw Romanian Chinese Simplified Hungarian Russian Chinese Traditional Indonesian Slovak Czech Italian Slovenian Danish Japanese Spanish Dutch Klingon Swedish English Korean Thai Estonian Latvian Turkish Finnish Lithuanian Ukrainian French Malay Urdu German Maltese Vietnamese Greek Norwegian Welsh Haitian Creole Persian // TRANSLATE with COPY THE URL BELOW Back EMBED THE SNIPPET BELOW IN YOUR SITE Enable collaborative features and customize widget: Bing Webmaster Portal Back // TRANSLATE with x English Arabic Hebrew Polish Bulgarian Hindi Portuguese Catalan Hmong Daw Romanian Chinese Simplified Hungarian Russian Chinese Traditional Indonesian Slovak Czech Italian Slovenian Danish Japanese Spanish Dutch Klingon Swedish English Korean Thai Estonian Latvian Turkish Finnish Lithuanian Ukrainian French Malay Urdu German Maltese Vietnamese Greek Norwegian Welsh Haitian Creole Persian // TRANSLATE with COPY THE URL BELOW Back EMBED THE SNIPPET BELOW IN YOUR SITE Enable collaborative features and customize widget: Bing Webmaster Portal Back // TRANSLATE with x English Arabic Hebrew Polish Bulgarian Hindi Portuguese Catalan Hmong Daw Romanian Chinese Simplified Hungarian Russian Chinese Traditional Indonesian Slovak Czech Italian Slovenian Danish Japanese Spanish Dutch Klingon Swedish English Korean Thai Estonian Latvian Turkish Finnish Lithuanian Ukrainian French Malay Urdu German Maltese Vietnamese Greek Norwegian Welsh Haitian Creole Persian // TRANSLATE with COPY THE URL BELOW Back EMBED THE SNIPPET BELOW IN YOUR SITE Enable collaborative features and customize widget: Bing Webmaster Portal Back // TRANSLATE with x English Arabic Hebrew Polish Bulgarian Hindi Portuguese Catalan Hmong Daw Romanian Chinese Simplified Hungarian Russian Chinese Traditional Indonesian Slovak Czech Italian Slovenian Danish Japanese Spanish Dutch Klingon Swedish English Korean Thai Estonian Latvian Turkish Finnish Lithuanian Ukrainian French Malay Urdu German Maltese Vietnamese Greek Norwegian Welsh Haitian Creole Persian // TRANSLATE with COPY THE URL BELOW Back EMBED THE SNIPPET BELOW IN YOUR SITE Enable collaborative features and customize widget: Bing Webmaster Portal Back // TRANSLATE with x English Arabic Hebrew Polish Bulgarian Hindi Portuguese Catalan Hmong Daw Romanian Chinese Simplified Hungarian Russian Chinese Traditional Indonesian Slovak Czech Italian Slovenian Danish Japanese Spanish Dutch Klingon Swedish English Korean Thai Estonian Latvian Turkish Finnish Lithuanian Ukrainian French Malay Urdu German Maltese Vietnamese Greek Norwegian Welsh Haitian Creole Persian // TRANSLATE with COPY THE URL BELOW Back EMBED THE SNIPPET BELOW IN YOUR SITE Enable collaborative features and customize widget: Bing Webmaster Portal Back // TRANSLATE with x English Arabic Hebrew Polish Bulgarian Hindi Portuguese Catalan Hmong Daw Romanian Chinese Simplified Hungarian Russian Chinese Traditional Indonesian Slovak Czech Italian Slovenian Danish Japanese Spanish Dutch Klingon Swedish English Korean Thai Estonian Latvian Turkish Finnish Lithuanian Ukrainian French Malay Urdu German Maltese Vietnamese Greek Norwegian Welsh Haitian Creole Persian // TRANSLATE with COPY THE URL BELOW Back EMBED THE SNIPPET BELOW IN YOUR SITE Enable collaborative features and customize widget: Bing Webmaster Portal Back //TRANSLATE with xEnglishArabicHebrewPolishBulgarianHindiPortugueseCatalanHmong DawRomanianChinese SimplifiedHungarianRussianChinese TraditionalIndonesianSlovakCzechItalianSlovenianDanishJapaneseSpanishDutchKlingonSwedishEnglishKoreanThaiEstonianLatvianTurkishFinnishLithuanianUkrainianFrenchMalayUrduGermanMalteseVietnameseGreekNorwegianWelshHaitian CreolePersian // TRANSLATE with COPY THE URL BELOW BackEMBED THE SNIPPET BELOW IN YOUR SITE Enable collaborative features and customize widget: Bing Webmaster PortalBack//
Ariayee, M., Azadi, N., Majnoni, F., and Mansouri, B. (2015). Comparison of metal concentrations in organs of two fish species from the Zabol Chahnimeh reservoirs, Iran. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 94(6): 715-721.
●Bin, C., Xiaoru, W. and Lee, F. S.C. (2001). Pyrolysis coupled with atomic absorption spectrometry for the determination of mercury in Chinese medical materials. Analytica Chimica Acta, 447(1-2): 161-169.
●Chien, L.C., Hung, T.C., Choang, K.Y., Yeh, C.Y., Meng, P.J., Shieh, M.J. (2002). Daily intake of TBT, Cu, Zn, Cd and As for fishermen in Taiwan. Sci Total Environ, 285(1-3): 177-85.
●Cooper, C.B., Doyle, M.E., and Kipp, K. (1991). Risk of consumption of contaminated seafood, the Quincy Bay Case Study. Environ Health Perspect, 90: 133-140.
●Eagles-Smith, C.A., Ackerman, J.T., Adelsbach, T.L., Takekawa, J.Y., Miles, A.K.,and Keister, R.A. (2008). Mercury correlations among six tissues for four waterbird species breeding in San Francisco Bay, California, USA. Environ Toxicol Chem, 27(10): 2136–2153.
●Fagerstrom, T. (1977). Body weight, metabolic rate and tracesubstance turnover in animals. Oecologia (Berlin), 29(2): 99-104.
●FAO/WHO (2004). Summary of Evaluations Performed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA 1956-2003), ILSI Press International Life Sciences Institute.
● Gholizadeh, A., Ardalan, M., Mohammadi, M.T., Hosseini, H.M., and Karimian, N. (2009). Solubility Test in Some Phosphate Rocks and their Potential for Direct Appication in Soil. World Appl. Sci, 6(2): 182-190. [In Persian]
●Giri, S.and Singh, A. K. (2019). Heavy metals in eggs and chicken and the associated human health risk assessment in the mining areas of Singhbhum copper belt, India. Archives of environmental & occupational health,74(4): 161-170.
●Goyer, R. A. and Clarkson, T. W. (2001). Toxic effects of metals. In: Amdur MO, Doull J, Klaassen CD, Editors. Toxicology the Basic Science of Poisons, 6 ed. USA: McGraw-Hill Press,p. 623-680.
●Harmanescu, M., Alda, L.M., Bordean, D.M., Gogoasa, I., and Gergen, I. (2011). Heavy metals health risk assessment for population via consumption of vegetables grown in old mining area; a case study: Banat County, Romania. Chem Central J, 5(64): 1-10.
●Hosseinpour, Z., Malekian, M. (2014). Investigating mercury contamination in some of the wild birds in Isfahan city and ZayandehroudRiver. Veterinary Journal, (106): 10-17. [In Persian]
●Karbasi, A. and Kalantri, F. (2007). Investigating the pollution sources of Haraz River and providing management tactics to control it. Environmental Science and Technology, 9(3): 61-70. [In Persian]
●Liu, J.L., Xu, X.R., Ding, Z.H., Peng, J. X., Jin, M.H., and Wang, Y.S. (2015). Heavy metals in wild marine fish from South China Sea: levels, tissue-and species-specific accumulation and potential risk to humans. Ecotoxicology, 24(7-8): 1583-1592.
●Mahmoud, MAM. and Abdel-Mohsein, H.S. (2015). Health risk assessment of heavy metals for Egyptian population via consumption of poultry edibles. Adv Anim Vet Sci, 3(1): 58-70.
●Maleki, A., Azadi, N., Mansouri, B., Majnoni, F., Rezaei, Z., and Gharibi, F. (2015). Health risk assessment of trace elements in two fish species from the Sanandaj Gheshlagh Reservoir, Iran. Toxicol Environ Health Sci, 7(1): 43-49.
●Mansouri, B., Maleki, A., Davari, B., Karimi. J., and Momeneh, V. (2016). Bioaccumulation of Cadmium, Lead, Chromium, Copper, and Zinc in Freshwater Fish Species in Gharasou River in Kermanshah Province, Iran. J Mazand Univ Med Sci, 26(137): 150-158 (Persian).
●Mansouri‚ B.‚ Babaei‚ H., and Hoshyari‚ E. (2011). Heavy metal contamination in feathers of Western Reef Heron (Egretta gularis) and Siberian gull (Larus heuglini) from Hara biosphere reserve of Southern Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.
●Newman, M.C. and Doubet, D.K. (1989).Size-dependence of mercury (II) accumulation kinetics in the mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 18(6): 819-825.
●Palaniaappan, P.L.R.M. and Karthikeyan, S. (2009). Bioaccumulation and depuration of chromium in the selected organs and whole body tissues of freshwater fish Cirrhinus marigala individually and in binary solutions with nickel. Journal Environmental Science, 21(2): 229-236.
●Sinka Karimi, M.H., Pourkhabbaz, A. R., and Hassanpour, M. (2015). Study of using water and waterfowl organs for evaluation of metal pollution (case study: Miankaleh and Gomishan international wetlands). Wetland Ecobiology, 7(1): 15-28.
●Sinkakarimi, M. H., Mansouri, B., Azadi, N. A., Maleki, A., and Davari, B. (2017). Assessment of heavy metals in chicken meat distributed in Sanandaj, Iran, and calculating the food consumption risk. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 26(146): 128-138.
●Sinkakarimi, M.H., Pourkhabbaz, A.R., Hassanpour, M., and Ghasempouri, S.M. (2014). Determination of metals in tissues of mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and risk assessment of food consumption in the southeastern Caspian Sea. Journal of Wetland Ecobiol, 5(18): 79-90.
●Ullah, A. A., Maksud, M. A., Khan, S. R., Lutfa, L. N., and Quraishi, S. B. (2017). Dietary intake of heavy metals from eight highly consumed species of cultured fish and possible human health risk implications in Bangladesh. Toxicology Reports, 4:574- 579.
●UNEP (2008). United Nations EnvironmentProgramme, Environmental Pollution and Impacts on Public Health: Implication of the Dandora municipal dumping site, Nairobi, Kenya. web: http://www.unep.org/urban_environment.
●USEPA (1989). Guidance manual for assessing human health risks from chemically contaminated, fish and shellfish. United State Environmental Protection Agency. Washington DC. PTI Environmental Services.
●USEPA (2000). Risk-based Concentration Table. United States Environmental Protection Agency.
●Wang, S.L., Xu, R.X., Sun, Y.X., Liu, J.L., and Li, H.B. (2013). Heavy metal pollution in coastal areas of South China: A review. Mar Pollut Bull, 76(1-2): 7-15.
●Zazouli, M.A., Bandpei, A.M., Ebrahimi, M., and Izanloo, H. (2010). Investigation of cadmium and lead contents in Iranian rice cultivated in Babol region. Asia J Chem, 22(2): 1369-1376.
●Zazouli, M.A., Mohseni, A., Maleki, A., Saberian, M., and Izanloo, H. (2010). Determination of cadmium and lead contents in black tea and tea liquor from Iran. Asia J Chem, 22(2): 1387- 1393.
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Ariayee, M., Azadi, N., Majnoni, F., and Mansouri, B. (2015). Comparison of metal concentrations in organs of two fish species from the Zabol Chahnimeh reservoirs, Iran. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 94(6): 715-721.
●Bin, C., Xiaoru, W. and Lee, F. S.C. (2001). Pyrolysis coupled with atomic absorption spectrometry for the determination of mercury in Chinese medical materials. Analytica Chimica Acta, 447(1-2): 161-169.
●Chien, L.C., Hung, T.C., Choang, K.Y., Yeh, C.Y., Meng, P.J., Shieh, M.J. (2002). Daily intake of TBT, Cu, Zn, Cd and As for fishermen in Taiwan. Sci Total Environ, 285(1-3): 177-85.
●Cooper, C.B., Doyle, M.E., and Kipp, K. (1991). Risk of consumption of contaminated seafood, the Quincy Bay Case Study. Environ Health Perspect, 90: 133-140.
●Eagles-Smith, C.A., Ackerman, J.T., Adelsbach, T.L., Takekawa, J.Y., Miles, A.K.,and Keister, R.A. (2008). Mercury correlations among six tissues for four waterbird species breeding in San Francisco Bay, California, USA. Environ Toxicol Chem, 27(10): 2136–2153.
●Fagerstrom, T. (1977). Body weight, metabolic rate and tracesubstance turnover in animals. Oecologia (Berlin), 29(2): 99-104.
●FAO/WHO (2004). Summary of Evaluations Performed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA 1956-2003), ILSI Press International Life Sciences Institute.
● Gholizadeh, A., Ardalan, M., Mohammadi, M.T., Hosseini, H.M., and Karimian, N. (2009). Solubility Test in Some Phosphate Rocks and their Potential for Direct Appication in Soil. World Appl. Sci, 6(2): 182-190. [In Persian]
●Giri, S.and Singh, A. K. (2019). Heavy metals in eggs and chicken and the associated human health risk assessment in the mining areas of Singhbhum copper belt, India. Archives of environmental & occupational health,74(4): 161-170.
●Goyer, R. A. and Clarkson, T. W. (2001). Toxic effects of metals. In: Amdur MO, Doull J, Klaassen CD, Editors. Toxicology the Basic Science of Poisons, 6 ed. USA: McGraw-Hill Press,p. 623-680.
●Harmanescu, M., Alda, L.M., Bordean, D.M., Gogoasa, I., and Gergen, I. (2011). Heavy metals health risk assessment for population via consumption of vegetables grown in old mining area; a case study: Banat County, Romania. Chem Central J, 5(64): 1-10.
●Hosseinpour, Z., Malekian, M. (2014). Investigating mercury contamination in some of the wild birds in Isfahan city and ZayandehroudRiver. Veterinary Journal, (106): 10-17. [In Persian]
●Karbasi, A. and Kalantri, F. (2007). Investigating the pollution sources of Haraz River and providing management tactics to control it. Environmental Science and Technology, 9(3): 61-70. [In Persian]
●Liu, J.L., Xu, X.R., Ding, Z.H., Peng, J. X., Jin, M.H., and Wang, Y.S. (2015). Heavy metals in wild marine fish from South China Sea: levels, tissue-and species-specific accumulation and potential risk to humans. Ecotoxicology, 24(7-8): 1583-1592.
●Mahmoud, MAM. and Abdel-Mohsein, H.S. (2015). Health risk assessment of heavy metals for Egyptian population via consumption of poultry edibles. Adv Anim Vet Sci, 3(1): 58-70.
●Maleki, A., Azadi, N., Mansouri, B., Majnoni, F., Rezaei, Z., and Gharibi, F. (2015). Health risk assessment of trace elements in two fish species from the Sanandaj Gheshlagh Reservoir, Iran. Toxicol Environ Health Sci, 7(1): 43-49.
●Mansouri, B., Maleki, A., Davari, B., Karimi. J., and Momeneh, V. (2016). Bioaccumulation of Cadmium, Lead, Chromium, Copper, and Zinc in Freshwater Fish Species in Gharasou River in Kermanshah Province, Iran. J Mazand Univ Med Sci, 26(137): 150-158 (Persian).
●Mansouri‚ B.‚ Babaei‚ H., and Hoshyari‚ E. (2011). Heavy metal contamination in feathers of Western Reef Heron (Egretta gularis) and Siberian gull (Larus heuglini) from Hara biosphere reserve of Southern Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.
●Newman, M.C. and Doubet, D.K. (1989).Size-dependence of mercury (II) accumulation kinetics in the mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 18(6): 819-825.
●Palaniaappan, P.L.R.M. and Karthikeyan, S. (2009). Bioaccumulation and depuration of chromium in the selected organs and whole body tissues of freshwater fish Cirrhinus marigala individually and in binary solutions with nickel. Journal Environmental Science, 21(2): 229-236.
●Sinka Karimi, M.H., Pourkhabbaz, A. R., and Hassanpour, M. (2015). Study of using water and waterfowl organs for evaluation of metal pollution (case study: Miankaleh and Gomishan international wetlands). Wetland Ecobiology, 7(1): 15-28.
●Sinkakarimi, M. H., Mansouri, B., Azadi, N. A., Maleki, A., and Davari, B. (2017). Assessment of heavy metals in chicken meat distributed in Sanandaj, Iran, and calculating the food consumption risk. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 26(146): 128-138.
●Sinkakarimi, M.H., Pourkhabbaz, A.R., Hassanpour, M., and Ghasempouri, S.M. (2014). Determination of metals in tissues of mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and risk assessment of food consumption in the southeastern Caspian Sea. Journal of Wetland Ecobiol, 5(18): 79-90.
●Ullah, A. A., Maksud, M. A., Khan, S. R., Lutfa, L. N., and Quraishi, S. B. (2017). Dietary intake of heavy metals from eight highly consumed species of cultured fish and possible human health risk implications in Bangladesh. Toxicology Reports, 4:574- 579.
●UNEP (2008). United Nations EnvironmentProgramme, Environmental Pollution and Impacts on Public Health: Implication of the Dandora municipal dumping site, Nairobi, Kenya. web: http://www.unep.org/urban_environment.
●USEPA (1989). Guidance manual for assessing human health risks from chemically contaminated, fish and shellfish. United State Environmental Protection Agency. Washington DC. PTI Environmental Services.
●USEPA (2000). Risk-based Concentration Table. United States Environmental Protection Agency.
●Wang, S.L., Xu, R.X., Sun, Y.X., Liu, J.L., and Li, H.B. (2013). Heavy metal pollution in coastal areas of South China: A review. Mar Pollut Bull, 76(1-2): 7-15.
●Zazouli, M.A., Bandpei, A.M., Ebrahimi, M., and Izanloo, H. (2010). Investigation of cadmium and lead contents in Iranian rice cultivated in Babol region. Asia J Chem, 22(2): 1369-1376.
●Zazouli, M.A., Mohseni, A., Maleki, A., Saberian, M., and Izanloo, H. (2010). Determination of cadmium and lead contents in black tea and tea liquor from Iran. Asia J Chem, 22(2): 1387- 1393.