بررسی خسارت تشی (Kerr Hystrix indica) به درختان میزبان و کنترل آن در منطقه حفاظت شده سفیدکوه شهرستان دوره چگنی
محورهای موضوعی :
منابع طبیعی
شهرام مهدی کرمی
1
,
اکرم احمدی
2
,
محسن رجبی
3
1 - دکتری اکولوژی و جنگلشناسی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه لرستان. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - دکتری علوم جنگل، گروه جنگلداری، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گنبد کاووس، ایران
3 - کارشناس ارشد محیط زیست، دانشگاه پیام نور تهران شرق.
تاریخ دریافت : 1395/07/06
تاریخ پذیرش : 1395/10/28
تاریخ انتشار : 1401/02/01
کلید واژه:
تشی,
کنترل مکانیکی,
خسارت,
بلوط ایرانی,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: تشی (Hystrix, indica)بزرگترین جونده‌ای است که در ایران دیده می‌شود و هر ساله سبب ایجاد خسارت بسیاری در مناطق حفاظت شده و جنگل‌کاری ها می‌شود.
روش بررسی: نحوه بررسی محیط زیست و خسارت تشی به درختان جنگلی سفیدکوه شهرستان دوره چگنی استان لرستان با استفاده از روش ترانسکت و نشانه‌گذاری درختان خسارت‌زده در بین سال 1394 1390 انجام گرفت که در نهایت، خسارت تشی به درختان آسیب‌دیده با معیارها و مشخصات مختلف مورد بررسی قرار گرفت، هم‌چنین از سه روش مرسوم فنس‌گذاری، پرچین و سنگ چین در کنترل خسارت تشی استفاده شد.
یافته‌ها: بررسی خسارت تشی به درختان نشان داد که خسارت تشی در طی سال های مورد بررسی روند افزایشی داشته است و از بین گونه‌های درختی موجود (بلوط ایرانی، انجیر و بادام کوهی) فقط به درختان بلوط آسیب وارد کرده بود. بیشترین آسیب تشی در فصل بهار روی درختان با طبقه قطری 50 - 25 سانتی‌متر مشاهده شد هم چنین، بیشترین آسیب به تنه درختان در ارتفاع 60 - 40 سانتی‌متر مشاهده گردید و ضخامت پوست تنه درختانی که تشی از آن‌ها تغذیه می‌کند، بیشتر در بین دو طبقه کمتر از 1 سانتی‌متر و 1 تا 5/1 سانتی‌متری بود. از بین خسارت‌های مستقیم و غیر‌مستقیم توسط تشی، کندن پوست درخت بیشترین صدمه را به پایه‌ها وارد کرده است. نتایج بررسی همبستگی اسپیرمن بین متغیرهای درجه خسارت وارد شده با فرم درخت، طبقه قطری، ضخامت پوست، زمان خسارت نشان داد رابطه مثبت و معنی‌داری بین درجه خسارت وارد شده توسط تشی به درختان بلوط ایرانی با طبقه قطری، زمان خسارت و رابطه منفی و معنی‌داری بین درجه خسارت وارد شده با ضخامت پوست و فرم درخت وجود داشت. نتایج کنترل مکانیکی تشی تفاوت معنی‌داری در سه روش، فنس‌گذاری پرچین و سنگ چین داشت به طوری که روش فنس گذاری در کنترل این جانور موثر بود.
بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: تشی سبب خسارت به درختان بلوط خصوصا در مناطق حفاظت شده جنگل‌های زاگرس با توجه به شرایط حفاظتی و حمایتی این جنگل‌ها می‌شود و روش های کنترل مکانیکی درکنترل خسارت این جانور موثر می باشند.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: Porcupine (Hystrix indica) is the largest rodent found in Iran and causes a lot of damage to protected areas and forest plantations every year.
Material and Methodology: investigation of the environment and damage to trees in Sefidkouh forest of Doureh Chegini city of Lorestan province was performed using transect method and marking damaged trees between 2011-2015, which finally, damage to damaged trees with different criteria and characteristics were determined. Also, three conventional methods of fencing, hedging and crimping were used to control the porcupine damage.
Findings: The study of porcupine damage to trees showed that it had an increasing trend during the years under study and among the existing tree species (Persian oak, fig and almond) only oak trees were damaged. The highest damage of porcupine was observed in spring on trees with a diameter class of 25-50 cm. Also, the most damage to tree trunks was observed at a height class of 40-60 cm, and the thickness of the bark of tree trunks fed by porcupine was between the two classes of <1 cm and 1-1.5 cm. Among the direct and indirect damages caused by porcupine, peeling the tree has caused the most damage to the stems.
The results of Spearman correlation between the variables of degree of damage with tree form, diameter class, bark thickness, time of damage showed a positive and significant relationship between the degree of damage caused by porcupine to Quercus brantii trees with diameter class, time of damage and there was negative and significant relationship between the degree of damage with the thickness of the bark and the form of the tree. The results of mechanical control of the porcupine had significant difference in the three methods of hedge fencing and crimping, so that the fencing method was effective in controlling this rodent.
Discussion and Conclusion: Porcupine causes damage to oak trees, especially in the protected areas of Zagros forests due to the conservation and protection conditions of these forests and mechanical control methods are effective in controlling the damage of this rodent.
منابع و مأخذ:
Darvish, J., 1997. Study of morphological changes of dental traits and skulls of domestic mice. Iranian Journal of Biology, 4(1,2). 30 p. (In Persian)
Etamed, A., 1978. Mammals of Iran. first volume. Rodents and their identification key. Publications of the National Association for the Protection of Natural and Human Environment. 288 p. (In Persian)
Mian, A., 2007. Biology and management of porcupine, Hystrix indica, in central Punjab, Pakistan. ALPProject, Final Progress Report (2003-2007). Dept Zool. Agric. Univ. Rawalpindi
Wilson, D.E., Reeder, D.A.M., 2005. Mammals of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reffrences.Second Edition.Simithsonian Institution Press. Washingtonn and London, pp: 30-48. http:// www.omafra. gov.on.ca/ english/crops/facts/98-023.html, 1998.
Talebi, M., and Kaousi, M., 2012. Estimation of the amount of Hystrix indica damage to Gleditsia caspica trees in Sawad-Kouh area. The third international conference on climate change and tree chronology in Sari. 1-9 p. (In Persian)
Stenseth N. C., 1977. On the importance of spatio-temporal heterogeneity for the population dynamics of rodents: towards a theoretical foundation of rodent control. Oikos, 29: 545-552.
Namvar, P., and Derini, A., 2012. Controlling Hystrix indica damage in the fields of natural resources in Kerman, the first national conference on sustainable agriculture and natural resources. 8 p. (In Persian)
Khan, A., 2011. vapor delivery system and carbon monoxide from porcupine Hindi, index Hystrix, using two elements. Pakistan J. zool, 29. 732- 727
Rassi Y., Jalali M., Javadian E., and Moatazedian M.H., 2001. Confirmation Of Meriones Libycus (Rodentia; Gerbillidae) As The Main Reservior Host Of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis In Arsanjan, Fars Province, South Of Iran. of Publication Health, 30: 143-144.
Soleimani, M., 2005. Bioecological study and investigation of Hystrix indica and its control ways in agricultural products and natural resources of the country, Forest and rangeland quarterly, 67: 85-78. (In Persian)
Khan, A. A., Hussain, I., and Munir S., 2000. Deterioration impact of Indian crested porcupine, Hystrix indica, on forestry and agricultural systems in Pakistan. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation J, 18: 143–149.
Fatahi, M., 2010. The effect of Hystrix indica on the forests of Zagros (a case study in the Gahvareh, Islamabad-e-Gharb), research and construction. 7 (24): 8-11.
Hadler, M., and Buckle A., 1992. Forty years of anticoagulant rodenticides: past, present and future trends. 15 Vert. Pest Conf., Univ. Calif., Davis, 149- 155.
Khan A. A., and Mian A., 2008. Field evaluation of coumatetralyl bait. (0.0375%) aginst Indian crested porcupine, Hystrix indica Kerr. Pakistan J. zool, 25: 63-64.
Pervez, A., 2006. Developmental biology, feeding patterns and management strategy against Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica) in Sindh and Balochistan provinces. 3rd Annual Progress Report (2005– 2007). ALP Project, VPC1/SARC/PARC, Karachi.
Moshtagh, M., 2008. Evaluation of bait fresh food to manage Hystrix indica, Pakistan Journal of Zool, 40: p 179. (In Persian)
Hatami, B., 1992. Guide to field experiments in herbal medicine, Isfahan Arkan Publications. 233 p.(in persian).
Fatahi, M., 1997. Effect of Hystrix Indica on reforestation of western oak forests of Iran. The World Forestry Congress, Antalya, Turkey, 13: 1-22.
Chaudhry, M. I., and Ahmad A., 1975. Trials of poisonous gases and baits against porcupines. Pak. J. For, 25: 46-50.
Chaudhry, G. U., 1970. Wildlife - an economic zoologist's view point. Pak. J. For. 20: 369- 372
Khan, A.A., Ahmad b S., and Rizvi S.W.A., 1992. Evaluation of the comparative efficacy of fumigants and acute poison baits against Indian crested porcupine, Hystrix indica. Forest Ecology and Management, 2: 295-303.
Zarei, R., Darvish, J., Ismaili, H., and Tarahomi, S. M., 2010. Biosystematic survey of rodents of Shiraz (central part); Iranian Journal of Biology, 23 (4): 538-537. (In Persian)
Ahmad, M S., Pervez, A and Khan, A, A., 2003. Deterioration impact and evaluation of control methods of Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica) on rangelands in Sindh, Pakistan. Journal of Natural History and Wildlife, 2(1): 19–23.
Greaves, J.H., and Khan A. A. 1978., The status and control of porcupine, genus Hystrix as forest pests, Commonwealth Forestry Review, 7(1): 25–32.
Lacey, E. A., and Solomon, N. G. 2003. Social biology of rodents: Terends, challenges, and future directions. Journal of Mammaloy 84 (4): 1135- 1140.
Ashrafzadeh, M., Karmi, M., and Darvish, J., 2012. Studying the distribution of rodent species in Geno biosphere reserve, Hormozgan province. 50: 23-33. (In Persian)
Alkon, P. U., 1999. Microhabitat to landscape impacts: crested porcupine digs in the Negev desert highlands. J. Arid Environm, 41: 183-202.
_||_
Darvish, J., 1997. Study of morphological changes of dental traits and skulls of domestic mice. Iranian Journal of Biology, 4(1,2). 30 p. (In Persian)
Etamed, A., 1978. Mammals of Iran. first volume. Rodents and their identification key. Publications of the National Association for the Protection of Natural and Human Environment. 288 p. (In Persian)
Mian, A., 2007. Biology and management of porcupine, Hystrix indica, in central Punjab, Pakistan. ALPProject, Final Progress Report (2003-2007). Dept Zool. Agric. Univ. Rawalpindi
Wilson, D.E., Reeder, D.A.M., 2005. Mammals of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reffrences.Second Edition.Simithsonian Institution Press. Washingtonn and London, pp: 30-48. http:// www.omafra. gov.on.ca/ english/crops/facts/98-023.html, 1998.
Talebi, M., and Kaousi, M., 2012. Estimation of the amount of Hystrix indica damage to Gleditsia caspica trees in Sawad-Kouh area. The third international conference on climate change and tree chronology in Sari. 1-9 p. (In Persian)
Stenseth N. C., 1977. On the importance of spatio-temporal heterogeneity for the population dynamics of rodents: towards a theoretical foundation of rodent control. Oikos, 29: 545-552.
Namvar, P., and Derini, A., 2012. Controlling Hystrix indica damage in the fields of natural resources in Kerman, the first national conference on sustainable agriculture and natural resources. 8 p. (In Persian)
Khan, A., 2011. vapor delivery system and carbon monoxide from porcupine Hindi, index Hystrix, using two elements. Pakistan J. zool, 29. 732- 727
Rassi Y., Jalali M., Javadian E., and Moatazedian M.H., 2001. Confirmation Of Meriones Libycus (Rodentia; Gerbillidae) As The Main Reservior Host Of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis In Arsanjan, Fars Province, South Of Iran. of Publication Health, 30: 143-144.
Soleimani, M., 2005. Bioecological study and investigation of Hystrix indica and its control ways in agricultural products and natural resources of the country, Forest and rangeland quarterly, 67: 85-78. (In Persian)
Khan, A. A., Hussain, I., and Munir S., 2000. Deterioration impact of Indian crested porcupine, Hystrix indica, on forestry and agricultural systems in Pakistan. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation J, 18: 143–149.
Fatahi, M., 2010. The effect of Hystrix indica on the forests of Zagros (a case study in the Gahvareh, Islamabad-e-Gharb), research and construction. 7 (24): 8-11.
Hadler, M., and Buckle A., 1992. Forty years of anticoagulant rodenticides: past, present and future trends. 15 Vert. Pest Conf., Univ. Calif., Davis, 149- 155.
Khan A. A., and Mian A., 2008. Field evaluation of coumatetralyl bait. (0.0375%) aginst Indian crested porcupine, Hystrix indica Kerr. Pakistan J. zool, 25: 63-64.
Pervez, A., 2006. Developmental biology, feeding patterns and management strategy against Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica) in Sindh and Balochistan provinces. 3rd Annual Progress Report (2005– 2007). ALP Project, VPC1/SARC/PARC, Karachi.
Moshtagh, M., 2008. Evaluation of bait fresh food to manage Hystrix indica, Pakistan Journal of Zool, 40: p 179. (In Persian)
Hatami, B., 1992. Guide to field experiments in herbal medicine, Isfahan Arkan Publications. 233 p.(in persian).
Fatahi, M., 1997. Effect of Hystrix Indica on reforestation of western oak forests of Iran. The World Forestry Congress, Antalya, Turkey, 13: 1-22.
Chaudhry, M. I., and Ahmad A., 1975. Trials of poisonous gases and baits against porcupines. Pak. J. For, 25: 46-50.
Chaudhry, G. U., 1970. Wildlife - an economic zoologist's view point. Pak. J. For. 20: 369- 372
Khan, A.A., Ahmad b S., and Rizvi S.W.A., 1992. Evaluation of the comparative efficacy of fumigants and acute poison baits against Indian crested porcupine, Hystrix indica. Forest Ecology and Management, 2: 295-303.
Zarei, R., Darvish, J., Ismaili, H., and Tarahomi, S. M., 2010. Biosystematic survey of rodents of Shiraz (central part); Iranian Journal of Biology, 23 (4): 538-537. (In Persian)
Ahmad, M S., Pervez, A and Khan, A, A., 2003. Deterioration impact and evaluation of control methods of Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica) on rangelands in Sindh, Pakistan. Journal of Natural History and Wildlife, 2(1): 19–23.
Greaves, J.H., and Khan A. A. 1978., The status and control of porcupine, genus Hystrix as forest pests, Commonwealth Forestry Review, 7(1): 25–32.
Lacey, E. A., and Solomon, N. G. 2003. Social biology of rodents: Terends, challenges, and future directions. Journal of Mammaloy 84 (4): 1135- 1140.
Ashrafzadeh, M., Karmi, M., and Darvish, J., 2012. Studying the distribution of rodent species in Geno biosphere reserve, Hormozgan province. 50: 23-33. (In Persian)
Alkon, P. U., 1999. Microhabitat to landscape impacts: crested porcupine digs in the Negev desert highlands. J. Arid Environm, 41: 183-202.
