باروری ابرها از منظر حقوق بین الملل محیط زیست
محورهای موضوعی : حقوق محیط زیستاحمدرضا توحیدی 1 * , وحید کوثری 2
1 - دانشیار گروه حقوق بین‌الملل، دانشکده¬ی حقوق، دانشگاه قم. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - دانشجوی دکتری دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه قم.
کلید واژه: بارورسازی ابرها, دستکاری محیط زیست, خسارات زیست محیطی, کنوانسیون اِنمود, حقوق بنیادین بشری.,
چکیده مقاله :
در دهه های اخیر که موضوع تغییرات اقلیمی و بحث خشکسالی های منطقه ای قابل مشاهده شده است یکی از مباحث ناشی از رشد تکنولوژی، موضوع بارورسازی ابرها است که به منظور تاثیرگذاری روی ابرهای طبیعی با استفاده از مواد شیمیایی یا سایر ابزارها، جهت تحریک آنها به بارش به شکل باران یا برف، از نیمه دوم قرن بیستم میلادی از سوی برخی کشورها با دلایل مختلفی چون مبارز با کمبود آب وکنترل خشکسالی به کار گرفته شد. با توجه به رواج بارورسازی ابرها، صرف نظر از اهداف مختلف کشورها در این زمینه و فارغ از موافقان و مخالفان این اقدامِ زیست محیطی، ترسیم ابعاد حقوقی باروری ابرها در عرصهی بینالمللی، ضرورت مطالعه را تبیین می نماید لذا این نوشتار با توسل به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و گردآوری اطلاعات به صورت کتابخانهای درصدد شناساندن ابعاد حقوق بینالمللی و بررسی قواعد و مقررات بینالمللی حاکم بر این پدیده بر آمده است. برای دولتها در بارورسازی ابرها هم در محدودهی سرزمینی و هم فراسرزمینی آن تعهداتی در قالب اسناد، اصول بینالمللی زیست محیطی و نیز در رویههای قضایی بینالمللی، اعم از مستقیم یا غیرمستقیم وجود دارد که برخی صریح و برخی نیز به صورت ضمنی به باروسازی ابرها قابل تسری است و توجه به این قواعد سخت ونرم توسط سیاست گذاران کشور بایسته می باشد.
Cloud Seeding as a scientific method of changing the amount or type of precipitation by dispersing substances into the air has been used by different countries since the second half of the 20th century. Regardless of the extent and prevalence of cloud seeding or the different purposes of the countries in this regard, in order to chart its legal dimensions in different areas such as its impact on human health and the responsibility of states, it seems necessary to talks about this phenomenon in the framework of international environmental law. The present article, through a descriptive-analytic method aims to illustrate the cloud seeding in international law and to present the rules and regulations that govern it. However, there are the explicit and implicit obligations in international documents preventing the states to harming the health of peoples or damaging other countries. Also, under the shadow of the international responsibility of states, cloud seeding has raised different debates that will be discussed.
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