اثر تلقیح میکروبی برکارآیی مصرف عناصر و کیفیت نعناع فلفلی (Mentha piperita L) تحت تنش خشکی
محورهای موضوعی :
اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
مریم پورنجف
1
(
دانشجوی دکترای گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران
)
محمد فیضیان
2
(
دانشیار گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران
)
امیدعلی اکبرپور
3
(
استادیار گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران
)
رضا سلیمانی
4
(
استادیار پژوهش بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ایلام، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ایلام، ایران
)
تاریخ دریافت : 1399/10/19
تاریخ پذیرش : 1400/03/31
تاریخ انتشار : 1401/07/01
کلید واژه:
منتول,
تنش,
نعناع فلفلی,
میکوریزا,
سیدروفور,
چکیده مقاله :
پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی اثر تلقیح میکروبی بر کارآیی مصرف عناصر و کیفیت نعناع فلفلی تحت تنش خشکی در 2 سال زراعی 1397-1396 و 1398-1397 در مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی شهرستان سرآبله واقع در استان ایلام انجام شد. این آزمایش به صورت اسپلت پلات در قالب بلوک های کامل تصادفی در 3 تکرار اجرا شد. آزمایش دارای 2 فاکتور، شامل تنش خشکی در 3 سطح آبیاری کامل (شاهد)، 70 و 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی در کرت های اصلی و باکتری های محرک رشد و میکوریزا در 6 سطح شامل: 1-شاهد، 2-جدایه ی حل کننده ی سیدروفور+ جدایه افزاینده‌ی تحمل به خشکی، 3- جدایه ی حل کننده ی فسفات معدنی+جدایه افزاینده‌ی تحمل به خشکی، 4- جدایه ی حل کننده ی سیدروفور و جدایه افزاینده‌ی تحمل به خشکی+ جدایه ی حل کننده ی فسفات معدنی و جدایه افزاینده‌ی تحمل به خشکی، 5-کود تجاری نیتروکسین و 6- میکوریزا، در کرت های فرعی بودند. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش نشان داد که بیشترین منتول اسانس در تیمار ترکیبی جدایه ی حل کننده ی سیدروفور و جدایه افـزاینده‌ی تحمل به خشکی+ جدایه ی حل کننده ی فسفات معدنی و جدایه افزاینده‌ی تحمل به خشکی و تنش 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی به مقدار 24/2 درصد حاصل شد که نسبت به کمترین مقدار یعنی شاهد و آبیاری کامل 26 درصد افزایش نشان داد. در تمامی سطوح تلقیح میکروبی به غیر از کود میکروبی، همواره بیشترین اسانس در تنش 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی حاصل شد. بیشترین عملکرد اسانس نعناع فلفلی در تیمار کود میکروبی تجاری و سال دوم به مقدار 139/2 کیلوگرم در هکتار حاصل شد. تلقیح میکروبی در حالت تنش 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی مزرعه موجب افزایش 21 درصدی عملکرد خشک اندام های هوایی نسبت به همین سطح تنش در حالت شاهد شد. باکتری های محرک رشد و میکوریزا موجب افزایش عملکرد کمی و کیفی و افزایش کارآیی نیتروژن و فسفر شدند که این می تواند در کاهش هزینه ها و حفظ پایداری بوم نظام های کشاورزی تأثیر به سزایی داشته باشد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of microbial inoculation on nutrient efficiency and quality of peppermint under drought stress in 2 crop years 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 in the Agricultural Research Center of Sarableh city located in Ilam province. This experiment was performed as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Experiment with 2 factors, including drought stress in 3 levels of full irrigation (control), 70 and 50% of field capacity in main plots and growth-promoting bacteria and mycorrhiza in 6 levels including 1-control, 2-solute isolate Siderophore solvent + drought tolerant enhancer isolate, 3- mineral phosphate solvent isolate + drought tolerant enhancer isolate, 4- siderophore solvent isolate and drought tolerant enhancer isolate + dissolution isolate Mineral phosphate and isolates were increased by drought tolerance, 5-nitroxin commercial fertilizer and 6- mycorrhiza in subplots. The results of this study showed that most menthol essential oil in the combined treatment of siderophore soluble isolates and drought tolerant isolates + mineral phosphate soluble isolates and drought tolerant isolates and stress 50% of field capacity 24.2% was obtained compared to the lowest amount, ie control and full irrigation; Showed a 26% increase. At all levels of microbial inoculation except microbial fertilizer, the highest essential oil was always obtained at a stress of 50% of field capacity. The highest yield of peppermint essential oil was obtained in the treatment of commercial microbial fertilizer in the second year at the rate of 139.2 kg.ha-1. Microbial inoculation under stress at 50% of field capacity caused a 21% increase in dry shoot yield compared to the same level of stress in control. Growth-promoting bacteria and mycorrhizae increase quantitative and qualitative yield and increase the efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus, which can have a significant effect on reducing costs and maintaining the ecosystem of agricultural systems.
منابع و مأخذ:
Ahmad, A.G., S. Orabi, and A. Gaballah. 2010. Effect of bio-N-P fertilizer on the growth, yield and some biochemical component of two sunflower cultivars. International Journal of Academic Research. 4(2): 271-277.
Anwar, M., D.D. Patra, S. Chand, K. Alpesh, A.A. Naqvi, and S.P.S. Khanuja. 2005. Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer on growth, herb and oil yield, nutrient accumulation, and oil quality of French basil. Commun Soil Sciencse Plant Analysis. 36: 1737-1746.
Arazmjo, A., M. Heidari, A. Ghanbari, B. Siahsar, and A. Ahmadian. 2010. Effects of three types of fertilizers on essential oil, photosynthetic pigments and osmoregulators in chamomile under drought stress. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 3: 23-33. (In Persian).
Bahamin, S., A. Koocheki, M. Nassiri Mahallati, and S. Beheshti. 2019. Effect of biological and chemical fertilizers of nitrogen and phosphorus on quantitative and qualitative productivity of maize under drought stress conditions. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 12(1): 123-139. (In Persian).
Bahamin, S., A. Koocheki, M. Nassiri Mahallati, and S. Beheshti. 2021. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on yield and nutrient efficiency indices in maize under drought stress. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 14(3): 675-690. (In Persian).
Bahamin, S., M. Sohrab, A.B. Mohammad, K.T. Behroz, and A. Qorbanali. 2014. Effect of bio-fertilizer, manure and chemical fertilizer on yield and reproductive characteristics of sunflower (Helianthus annuus). International Journal Research Research and Environmental Sciences.3(1): 36-43.
Bahamin, S., S. Parsa, and S. Ghoreishi. 2013. The examination of effects of growth stimulating and salinity bacteria on the characteristics of Mentha spicata International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production. 4 (9): 2119-2125.
Banedjschafie, S., S. Bastani, P. Widmoser, and K. Mengel. 2008. Improvement of water use and N fertilizer efficiency by subsoil irrigation of winter wheat. European Journal of Agronomy. 28: 1–7.
Bazzaz, F.A. 1996. Plants in changing environments. Linking physiological, population, and community ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brueck, H., and M. Senbayram. 2009. Low nitrogen supply decreases water-use efficiency of oriental tobacco. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science Zogology Pflanzenernahr Bodenkd. 172: 216–223.
Cabrera-Bosquet, L., G. Molero, J. Bort, S. Nogués, and J.L. Araus. 2007. The combined effect of constant water deficit and nitrogen supply on WUE, NUE and 13C in durum wheat potted plants. Annals of Applied Biology. 151: 277–289.
Cao, H.X., B. Zhang, P. Xu, L.Y. Chu, H.B. Shao, Z.H. Lu, and J.H. Liu. 2007. Mutual physiological genetic mechanism of plant high water use efficiency and nutrition use efficiency. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 57: 1-7.
Chen, S.P., Y.F. Bai, L.X. Zhang, and X.G. Han. 2011. Comparing physiological responses of two dominant grass species to nitrogen addition in Xilin River Basin of China. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 53: 65–75.
Çoban, Ö., and N.G. Baydar. 2016. Brassinosteroid effects on some physical and biochemical properties and secondary metabolite accumulation in peppermint (Mentha piperita) under salt stress. Industrial Crops and Products. 86: 251-258.
Çoban, Ö., and N.G. Baydar. 2017. Brassinosteroid modifies growth and essential oil production in peppermint (Mentha piperita). Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 36(1): 43-49.
De Sousa Guedes, J.P., J.A. da Costa Medeiros, R.S.D.S. de Silva, J.M.B. de Sousa, M.L. da Conceição, and E.L. de Souza. 2016. The efficacy of Mentha arvensis and M. piperita L. essential oils in reducing pathogenic bacteria and maintaining quality characteristics in cashew, guava, mango, and pineapple juices. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 238: 183-192.
Di Paolo, E., and M. Rinaldi. 2008. Yield response of corn to irrigation and nitrogen fertilization in a Mediterranean environment. Field Crops Research. 105: 202–210.
Fadaei, E., Y. Parvizi, M. Gerdakane, and M. Khan-ahmadi. 2018. The effects of mycorhiza (Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradiceae) and phosphorus on growth and phytochemical traits of Dracocephalum moldavica under drought stress. Journal Medical Plants. 2(66): 100-112.
Fathi, A., and S. Bahamin. 2018. The effect of irrigation levels and foliar application (zinc, humic acid and salicylic acid) on growth characteristics, yield and yield components of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa). Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 11(3): 661-674. (In Persian).
Francis, C., G. Lieblein, S. Gliessman, T. Breland, N. Creamer, and R. Harwood. 2003. Agroecology: the ecology of food systems. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture. 22: 99-118.
Golestani, M. 2020. Evaluating the relationships among traits in thyme (Thymus daenensis subsp. Daenensis) ecotypes under non-Stress and drought sress conditions. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 13(52): 517-534.
Hasani, M., M. Nouri, V. Hakimzadeh, and M. Maleki. 2015. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Mentha piperita endemic in Khorasan-Iran. BioTechnology: An Indian Journal. 11(5): 197-200.
Kardoni, F., S. Bahamin, B. Khalil Tahmasebi, S. Ghavim-Sadati, and S. Vahdani. 2019. Yield comparisons of mung-bean as affected by its different nutritions (chemical, biological and integration) under tillage systems. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 13(49): 87-102. (In Persian).
Kennedy, I.R., A.T. Choudhury, and M.A. Kecskes. 2004. Non-symbiotic bacterial diazotrophs in crop-farming systems: can their potential for plant growth promotion be better exploited? Journal of Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 36: 1229-1244.
Khoshkhabar, H., M. Jafari, A. Feilinezhad, and S. Bahamin. 2015. Effect of Sodium Silicate on the Yield and Yield Components of Pea under Salinity Stress. Biological Forum – An International Journal. 7(1): 1045-1049.
Kogbe, J.O.S., and J.A. Adediran. 2003. Influenced of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium application on the yield of maize in savanna zone of Nigeria. African Journal of Biological Sciences. 2: 345-349.
Leopold, A.C. 1990. Coping with sesication, In: Alscher, R.G., and J.R. Cumming (eds.) Stress response in plants: adaptation mechanisms. Wiley Liss New York. pp. 37-56.
Maleki, A., A. Fathi, and S. Bahamin. 2020. The effect of gibberellin hormone on yield, growth indices, and biochemical traits of corn (Zea Mays) under drought stress. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research. 15(59): 1-16. (In Persian).
Mandal, S.M., K.C. Mondal, S. Dey, and B.R. Pati. 2007. Optimization of cultural and nutritional conditions for indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production by a Rhizobium isolated from root nodules of Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper. Research Journal of Microbiology. 2: 239-246.
Mangang, J.S., R. Deaker, and G. Rogers. 2015. Early seedling growth response of lettuce, tomato and cucumber to Azospirillum brasilense inoculated by soaking and drenching. Horticultural Science. 42: 37–46.
Rahmani, H., M. Mojaddam, A. Shokuhfar, M. Alavi Fazel, S. Lak. 2022. Effect of integrated management of biological and chemical nitrogen fertilizers with different plant densities on seed and oil percentage of sunflower (Helianthus annuus ) under water deficit stress. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 16(61): 27-42.
Rezaei, A., B. Lotfi, M. Jafari, and S. Bahamin. 2015. Survey of effects of PGPR and salinity on the characteristics of Nigella leaves. In Biological Forum-An International Journal. 7:1085-1092.
Saedi, H. 2007. Effect of some high and low consumption elements on yield components and other agronomic traits of sunflower in a calcareous soil in Isfahan. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 1(11): 365-355.
Seyedi, M., S. Mousavi Mirkalaei, and H. Zahedi. 2022. The effect of water deficit stress and foliar application of zinc oxide nano particles on morphophysiological characteristics of Landraces Withania coagulans L. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 16(62): 163-178. (In Persian).
Shaukat, K., Sh. Afrasayab, and Sh. Hasnain. 2006. Growth responses of Helianthus annus to plant growth promoting rhizobacteria used as a biofertilizers. International Journal of Agriculture Research. 1)6(: 573-581.
Torfi, V., and K. Saeidi. 2016. Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on morphological traits and essential oil content of moldavian dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica). Journal of Plant Productions (Agronomy, Breeding and Horticulture). 39(2): 57-70.
Uribelarrea, M., S.P. Moose, and F.E. Below. 2007. Divergent selection for grain protein affects nitrogen use in maize hybrids. Field Crop Research. 100: 82-90.
Vukovic, I., M. Mesic, Z. Zgorelec, A. Jurisic, and K. Sajko. 2008. Nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat. Cereal Research Communications. 36: 1199-1202.
Wang, X., K. Dai, D. Zhang, X. Zhang, Y. Wang, Q. Zhao, D. Cai, W.B. Hoogmoed, and O. Oenema. 2011. Dryland maize yields and water use efficiency in response to tillage/crop stubble and nutrient management practices in China. Field Crop Research. 120: 47-57.
Zabet, M., S. Bahamin, S. Ghoreishi, H. Sadeghi, and S. Moosavi. 2015. Effect of deficit irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on quantitative yield of aboveground part of forage pear millet (Pennisetum glaucum) in Birjand. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 7(2): 187-194. (In Persian).
Zahir, A.Z., M. Arshad, and W.F. Frankenberger. 2004. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Journal of Advance Agronomy. 81(4): 97-168.
Zolfaghari, M., V. Nazeri, F. Sefidkon, and F. Rejali. 2015. The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant growth and essential oil content of Ocimum basilicim. Journal of Plant Productions (Agronomy, Breeding and Horticulture). 37(4): 47-56.
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Ahmad, A.G., S. Orabi, and A. Gaballah. 2010. Effect of bio-N-P fertilizer on the growth, yield and some biochemical component of two sunflower cultivars. International Journal of Academic Research. 4(2): 271-277.
Anwar, M., D.D. Patra, S. Chand, K. Alpesh, A.A. Naqvi, and S.P.S. Khanuja. 2005. Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer on growth, herb and oil yield, nutrient accumulation, and oil quality of French basil. Commun Soil Sciencse Plant Analysis. 36: 1737-1746.
Arazmjo, A., M. Heidari, A. Ghanbari, B. Siahsar, and A. Ahmadian. 2010. Effects of three types of fertilizers on essential oil, photosynthetic pigments and osmoregulators in chamomile under drought stress. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 3: 23-33. (In Persian).
Bahamin, S., A. Koocheki, M. Nassiri Mahallati, and S. Beheshti. 2019. Effect of biological and chemical fertilizers of nitrogen and phosphorus on quantitative and qualitative productivity of maize under drought stress conditions. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 12(1): 123-139. (In Persian).
Bahamin, S., A. Koocheki, M. Nassiri Mahallati, and S. Beheshti. 2021. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on yield and nutrient efficiency indices in maize under drought stress. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 14(3): 675-690. (In Persian).
Bahamin, S., M. Sohrab, A.B. Mohammad, K.T. Behroz, and A. Qorbanali. 2014. Effect of bio-fertilizer, manure and chemical fertilizer on yield and reproductive characteristics of sunflower (Helianthus annuus). International Journal Research Research and Environmental Sciences.3(1): 36-43.
Bahamin, S., S. Parsa, and S. Ghoreishi. 2013. The examination of effects of growth stimulating and salinity bacteria on the characteristics of Mentha spicata International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production. 4 (9): 2119-2125.
Banedjschafie, S., S. Bastani, P. Widmoser, and K. Mengel. 2008. Improvement of water use and N fertilizer efficiency by subsoil irrigation of winter wheat. European Journal of Agronomy. 28: 1–7.
Bazzaz, F.A. 1996. Plants in changing environments. Linking physiological, population, and community ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brueck, H., and M. Senbayram. 2009. Low nitrogen supply decreases water-use efficiency of oriental tobacco. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science Zogology Pflanzenernahr Bodenkd. 172: 216–223.
Cabrera-Bosquet, L., G. Molero, J. Bort, S. Nogués, and J.L. Araus. 2007. The combined effect of constant water deficit and nitrogen supply on WUE, NUE and 13C in durum wheat potted plants. Annals of Applied Biology. 151: 277–289.
Cao, H.X., B. Zhang, P. Xu, L.Y. Chu, H.B. Shao, Z.H. Lu, and J.H. Liu. 2007. Mutual physiological genetic mechanism of plant high water use efficiency and nutrition use efficiency. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 57: 1-7.
Chen, S.P., Y.F. Bai, L.X. Zhang, and X.G. Han. 2011. Comparing physiological responses of two dominant grass species to nitrogen addition in Xilin River Basin of China. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 53: 65–75.
Çoban, Ö., and N.G. Baydar. 2016. Brassinosteroid effects on some physical and biochemical properties and secondary metabolite accumulation in peppermint (Mentha piperita) under salt stress. Industrial Crops and Products. 86: 251-258.
Çoban, Ö., and N.G. Baydar. 2017. Brassinosteroid modifies growth and essential oil production in peppermint (Mentha piperita). Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 36(1): 43-49.
De Sousa Guedes, J.P., J.A. da Costa Medeiros, R.S.D.S. de Silva, J.M.B. de Sousa, M.L. da Conceição, and E.L. de Souza. 2016. The efficacy of Mentha arvensis and M. piperita L. essential oils in reducing pathogenic bacteria and maintaining quality characteristics in cashew, guava, mango, and pineapple juices. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 238: 183-192.
Di Paolo, E., and M. Rinaldi. 2008. Yield response of corn to irrigation and nitrogen fertilization in a Mediterranean environment. Field Crops Research. 105: 202–210.
Fadaei, E., Y. Parvizi, M. Gerdakane, and M. Khan-ahmadi. 2018. The effects of mycorhiza (Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradiceae) and phosphorus on growth and phytochemical traits of Dracocephalum moldavica under drought stress. Journal Medical Plants. 2(66): 100-112.
Fathi, A., and S. Bahamin. 2018. The effect of irrigation levels and foliar application (zinc, humic acid and salicylic acid) on growth characteristics, yield and yield components of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa). Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 11(3): 661-674. (In Persian).
Francis, C., G. Lieblein, S. Gliessman, T. Breland, N. Creamer, and R. Harwood. 2003. Agroecology: the ecology of food systems. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture. 22: 99-118.
Golestani, M. 2020. Evaluating the relationships among traits in thyme (Thymus daenensis subsp. Daenensis) ecotypes under non-Stress and drought sress conditions. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 13(52): 517-534.
Hasani, M., M. Nouri, V. Hakimzadeh, and M. Maleki. 2015. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Mentha piperita endemic in Khorasan-Iran. BioTechnology: An Indian Journal. 11(5): 197-200.
Kardoni, F., S. Bahamin, B. Khalil Tahmasebi, S. Ghavim-Sadati, and S. Vahdani. 2019. Yield comparisons of mung-bean as affected by its different nutritions (chemical, biological and integration) under tillage systems. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 13(49): 87-102. (In Persian).
Kennedy, I.R., A.T. Choudhury, and M.A. Kecskes. 2004. Non-symbiotic bacterial diazotrophs in crop-farming systems: can their potential for plant growth promotion be better exploited? Journal of Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 36: 1229-1244.
Khoshkhabar, H., M. Jafari, A. Feilinezhad, and S. Bahamin. 2015. Effect of Sodium Silicate on the Yield and Yield Components of Pea under Salinity Stress. Biological Forum – An International Journal. 7(1): 1045-1049.
Kogbe, J.O.S., and J.A. Adediran. 2003. Influenced of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium application on the yield of maize in savanna zone of Nigeria. African Journal of Biological Sciences. 2: 345-349.
Leopold, A.C. 1990. Coping with sesication, In: Alscher, R.G., and J.R. Cumming (eds.) Stress response in plants: adaptation mechanisms. Wiley Liss New York. pp. 37-56.
Maleki, A., A. Fathi, and S. Bahamin. 2020. The effect of gibberellin hormone on yield, growth indices, and biochemical traits of corn (Zea Mays) under drought stress. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research. 15(59): 1-16. (In Persian).
Mandal, S.M., K.C. Mondal, S. Dey, and B.R. Pati. 2007. Optimization of cultural and nutritional conditions for indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production by a Rhizobium isolated from root nodules of Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper. Research Journal of Microbiology. 2: 239-246.
Mangang, J.S., R. Deaker, and G. Rogers. 2015. Early seedling growth response of lettuce, tomato and cucumber to Azospirillum brasilense inoculated by soaking and drenching. Horticultural Science. 42: 37–46.
Rahmani, H., M. Mojaddam, A. Shokuhfar, M. Alavi Fazel, S. Lak. 2022. Effect of integrated management of biological and chemical nitrogen fertilizers with different plant densities on seed and oil percentage of sunflower (Helianthus annuus ) under water deficit stress. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 16(61): 27-42.
Rezaei, A., B. Lotfi, M. Jafari, and S. Bahamin. 2015. Survey of effects of PGPR and salinity on the characteristics of Nigella leaves. In Biological Forum-An International Journal. 7:1085-1092.
Saedi, H. 2007. Effect of some high and low consumption elements on yield components and other agronomic traits of sunflower in a calcareous soil in Isfahan. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 1(11): 365-355.
Seyedi, M., S. Mousavi Mirkalaei, and H. Zahedi. 2022. The effect of water deficit stress and foliar application of zinc oxide nano particles on morphophysiological characteristics of Landraces Withania coagulans L. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 16(62): 163-178. (In Persian).
Shaukat, K., Sh. Afrasayab, and Sh. Hasnain. 2006. Growth responses of Helianthus annus to plant growth promoting rhizobacteria used as a biofertilizers. International Journal of Agriculture Research. 1)6(: 573-581.
Torfi, V., and K. Saeidi. 2016. Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on morphological traits and essential oil content of moldavian dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica). Journal of Plant Productions (Agronomy, Breeding and Horticulture). 39(2): 57-70.
Uribelarrea, M., S.P. Moose, and F.E. Below. 2007. Divergent selection for grain protein affects nitrogen use in maize hybrids. Field Crop Research. 100: 82-90.
Vukovic, I., M. Mesic, Z. Zgorelec, A. Jurisic, and K. Sajko. 2008. Nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat. Cereal Research Communications. 36: 1199-1202.
Wang, X., K. Dai, D. Zhang, X. Zhang, Y. Wang, Q. Zhao, D. Cai, W.B. Hoogmoed, and O. Oenema. 2011. Dryland maize yields and water use efficiency in response to tillage/crop stubble and nutrient management practices in China. Field Crop Research. 120: 47-57.
Zabet, M., S. Bahamin, S. Ghoreishi, H. Sadeghi, and S. Moosavi. 2015. Effect of deficit irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on quantitative yield of aboveground part of forage pear millet (Pennisetum glaucum) in Birjand. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 7(2): 187-194. (In Persian).
Zahir, A.Z., M. Arshad, and W.F. Frankenberger. 2004. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Journal of Advance Agronomy. 81(4): 97-168.
Zolfaghari, M., V. Nazeri, F. Sefidkon, and F. Rejali. 2015. The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant growth and essential oil content of Ocimum basilicim. Journal of Plant Productions (Agronomy, Breeding and Horticulture). 37(4): 47-56.
