تأثیر رژیم‌های مختلف آبیاری و کود نیتروژن بر عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد و محتوای عناصر ریزمغذی برنج قهوه‌ای و سفید دو رقم هاشمی و گیلانه
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعیسجاد عیسی‌پور نخجیری 1 , مجید عاشوری 2 , سید مصطفی صادقی 3 , ناصر محمدیان روشن 4 , مجتبی رضایی 5
1 - دانشجوی دکتری زراعت، واحد لاهیجان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، لاهیجان، ایران
2 - استادیار، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد لاهیجان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، لاهیجان، ایران
3 - دانشیار،گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد لاهیجان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، لاهیجان، ایران
4 - استادیار، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد لاهیجان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، لاهیجان، ایران
5 - استادیار پژوهش، موسسه تحقیقات برنج کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، رشت، ایران
کلید واژه: مس, تنش خشکی, برنج, کود نیتروژنه, محتوای روی, آهن و منگنز دانه,
چکیده مقاله :
به دلیل محدودیت در فراهمی آب در زراعت برنج، از خشک و تر کردن تناوبی به جای غرقاب نمودن دایمی جهت کاهش مصرف آب در شالیزارها استفاده می گردد. بدین منظور با هدف بررسی تاثیر روش های مختلف آبیاری و مقادیر کود نیتروژن بر عملکرد و محتوای عناصر ریزمغذی برنج قهوه ای و سفید در دو رقم هاشمی و گیلانه در سال های زراعی 96-1395 و 97-1396 به صورت کرت های دو بار خرد شده بر پایه طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در رشت اجرا گردید. تیمارهای آبیاری غرقاب، آبیاری با فاصله 7 روز و 14 روز در کرت اصلی، مصرف 50، 75 و 100 گیلوگرم در هکتار کود نیتروژن در کرت فرعی و ارقام هاشمی و گیلانه در کرت فرعی فرعی قرار داده شدند. نتایج نشان داد که اثر سال بر عملکرد و تعداد خوشه در مترمربع معنی دار شد. برهمکنش سه عامل مورد مطالعه بر عملکرد در سال 1396 و 1397، تعداد خوشه در مترمربع در سال 1396، و محتوای عناصر ریزمغذی دانه از نظر آماری معنی دار گردید. افزایش فاصله آبیاری تعداد خوشه در مترمربع، تعداد دانه در خوشه، وزن هزار دانه و عملکرد شلتوک را کاهش داد، در حالی که مصرف 75 و 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار کود نیتروژن این صفات را در هر سه سطح آبیاری در مقایسه با سطح 50 کیلوگرم در هکتار کود نیتروژن افزایش داد. برتری عملکرد و تعداد دانه در خوشه و تعداد خوشه در مترمربع بالاتری را در رقم گیلانه نسبت به هاشمی در هر سه سطح آبیاری نشان داد. افزایش فاصله آبیاری بر محتوای عناصر ریزمغذی در برنج قهوه ای و سفید افزود. دو سطح کودی 75 و 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار نیز این صفات را نسبت به سطح دیگر کود نیتروژن افزایش دادند. در آبیاری با فاصله 14 روز و مصرف 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار کود نیتروژن بیش ترین محتوای Zn، Cu، Fe و Mn در برنج قهوه ای و سفید مشاهده شد. مصرف 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار کود نیتروژن در هر دو رقم توانست در هر سه سطح آبیاری، عملکرد کمّی و کیفی دانه را در مقایسه با دو سطح دیگر کود نیتروژن افزایش دهد و سطح مناسبی از کود برای تعدیل اثرات مضر افزایش فواصل آبیاری باشد.
Due to the limit of water availability in rice fields, alternate wetting and drying irrigation are used instead of continuous submergence to reduce water consumption in rice fields. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different irrigation regimes and N fertilizer rates on yield, and the content of micronutrients in brown and white rice at Rashat during cropping seasons of 2016-2017 and 2017-2018. Experiment was arranged in split plot based on complete randomized block design with 3 replications in which water regimes continuous submergence (I1), 7 (I2) and 15 (I3) day interval irrigation were asseigned as main factor and nitrogen fertilizer levels (50 (N1), 75 (N2), and 100 (N3) kg.ha-1) as sub factor, and cultivars, Gilanh (C1) and Hashemi (C2) as sub sub factor. Results showed that the effect of year on yield and number of panicle per m2 was significant. The interaction of different irrigation treatments and N fertilizer and cultivar on the number of panicle per m2 in 2017, yield in 2017 and 2018, and micronutrient content were significant. Increasing the irrigation intervals decreased number of panicle per m2, number of seed per panicle, weight of 1000 grain, and yield, while the consumption of 75 and 100 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer increased these traits in all three irrigation treatments compared to the level of 50 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer. Gilaneh in all irrigation treatments showed higher yield, number of panicle per m2, and number of seed in panicle. Also, increasing of the irrigation intervals increased the content of micronutrients in brown and white rice seeds. The consumption of 75 and 100 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer increased these traits as compared to the other levels of nitrogen fertilizers. The highest content of Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn was observed in brown and white rice at irrigation interval at 14 days and 100 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer application. The consumption of 100 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer increased the quantitative and qualitative grain yield of both cultivars as compared to the other two levels of nitrogen fertilizer and to irrigation regimes. Proper level of fertilizer would compensate the adverse effects of increasing irrigation intervals.
· Ashouri, M. 2014. Water use efficiency, irrigation management and nitrogenutilization in rice production in the north of Iran. APCBEE Procedia. 8: 70 – 74.
· Ashouri, M. 2015. The effect of different irrigation regimes and nitrogen levels on some of rice growth analysis in north of Iran. International Journal of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Sciences. 3(1): 2320–4087.
· Bouman, B. 2007. Water management in irrigated rice: coping with water scarcity: Int. Rice Res. Inst.
· Castillo, E.G., T.P. Tuong, U. Singh, K. Inubushi, and J. Padilla. 2006. Drought response of dry-seeded rice to water stress timing and N-fertilizer rates and sources. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 52(4): 496-508.
· Chandel, G., S. Banerjee, S. See, R. Meena, D. Sharma, and S. Verulkar. 2010. Effects of different nitrogen fertilizer levels and native soil properties on rice grain Fe, Zn and protein contents. Rice Science. 17(3): 213-227.
· Chen, Y., M. Wang, and P.B. Ouwerkerk. 2012. Molecular and environmental factors determining grain quality in rice. Food and Energy Security. 1(2): 111-132.
· Emami, A. 1996. Methods of plant analysis (Volume I). Soil and Water Research Institue. 2(982). 128pp. (In Persian)
· Faraji, H., S.A. Siadat, Gh.A. Fathi, Y. Emam, H.A. Nadian, and A.R. Rasekh. 2006. Effect of nitrogen on wheat grain yield under terminal drought stress. The Science Journal of Agriculture. 29(1): 99-111. (In Persian).
· Farooq, M., S. Basra, A. Wahid, Z. Cheema, M. Cheema, and A. Khaliq. 2008. Physiological role of exogenously applied glycinebetaine to improve drought tolerance in fine grain aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 194(5): 325-333.
· Gandebe, M., A. Ngakou, and R. Ndjouenkeu. 2017. Changes in some nutritional and mineral components of nerica rice varieties as affected by field application with mycorrhiza and chemical fertilizer in Northern Cameroon. Food and Nutrition Sciences. 8(8): 823-839.
· Gomaa, M., F. Radwan, E. Kandil, and M. Shawer. 2015. Impact of micronutrients and bio-fertilization on yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Middle East Journal. 4(4): 919-924.
· Gu, J., J. Chen, L. Chen, Z. Wang, H. Zhang, and J. Yang. 2015. Grain quality changes and responses to nitrogen fertilizer of japonica rice cultivars released in the Yangtze River Basin from the 1950s to 2000s. The Crop Journal. 3(4): 285-297.
· Haefele, S., S. Jabbar, J. Siopongco, A. Tirol-Padre, S. Amarante, P.S. Cruz, and W. Cosico. 2008. Nitrogen use efficiency in selected rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes under different water regimes and nitrogen levels. Field Crops Research. 107(2): 137-146.
· Haefele, S.M., Y. Kato, and S. Singh. 2016. Climate ready rice: augmenting drought tolerance with best management practices. Field Crops Research. 190: 60-69.
· Hamnér, K., M. Weih, J. Eriksson, and H. Kirchmann. 2017. Influence of nitrogen supply on macro-and micronutrient accumulation during growth of winter wheat. Field Crops Research. 213: 118-129.
· Hao, H.L., Y.Z. Wei, X.E. Yang, F. Ying, and C.Y. Wu. 2007. Effects of different nitrogen fertilizer levels on Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn concentrations in shoot and grain quality in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Rice Science. 14(4): 289-294.
· Kheyri, N., Y. Niknejad, and M, Abbasalipour. 2018. The Effects of using organic and biological fertilizer along with lower rate of chemical nitrogen fertilizer on quality and quantity of rice yield. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 3(47): 445-460. (In Persian).
· Latifi, A. 2011. Effect of drying temperature and paddy final moidture on milling qulity of three rice varieties. Agronomy Journal (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi). 102: 71-75. (In Persian)
· Li, M., S. Wang, X. Tian, S. Li, Y. Chen, Z. Jia, and A. Zhao. 2016. Zinc and iron concentrations in grain milling fractions through combined foliar applications of Zn and macronutrients. Field Crops Research. 187: 135-141.
· Pan, J., Y. Liu, X. Zhong, R.M. Lampayan, G.R. Singleton, N. Huang, and K. Tian. 2017. Grain yield, water productivity and nitrogen use efficiency of rice under different water management and fertilizer-N inputs in South China. Agricultural Water Management. 184: 191-200.
· Pandey, A., A. Kumar, D. Pandey, and P. Thongbam. 2014. Rice quality under water stress. Indian Journal of Advances in Plant Research. 1(2): 23-26.
· Ramakrishna, Y., S. Singh, and S. Parihar. 2007. Influence of irrigation regime and nitrogen management on productivity, nitrogen uptake and water use by rice (Oryza sativa). Indian Journal of Agronomy. 52(2): 102-106.
· Rezaei, M., H.S. Vahed, E. Amiri, M.K. Motamed, and E. Azarpour. 2009. The effects of irrigation and nitrogen management on yield and water productivity of rice. World Applied Sciences Journal. 7(2): 203-210.
· Sadati Valojai, S.T., Y. Niknejad, H. Fallah, and D, Barati Tari. 2020. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nano-fertilizers on growth and seed of two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 1(57): 37-56. (In Persian).
· Samarah, N., R. Mullen, and S. Cianzio. 2004. Size distribution and mineral nutrients of soybean seeds in response to drought stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 27(5): 815-835.
· Shi, R., Y. Zhang, X. Chen, Q. Sun, F. Zhang, V. Römheld, and C. Zou. 2010. Influence of long-term nitrogen fertilization on micronutrient density in grain of winter wheat (Triticumaestivum L.). Journal of Cereal Science. 51(1): 165-170.
· Singh, B.R., Y.N. Timsina, O.C. Lind, S. Cagno, and K. Janssens. 2018. Zinc and iron concentration as affected by nitrogen fertilization and their localization in wheat grain. Frontiers in Plant Science. 9(307): 1-12.
· Wang, J., Y.P. Lu, J. Wang, R.X. Xu, J. Li, W. Hu, and X.H. Tian. 2018. Effects of elevated nitrogen application on nitrogen partitioning, plant growth, grain quality and key genes involved in glutamate biosynthesis among three rice genotypes. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research. 78(2): 152-164.
· Wang, Z., W. Zhang, S.S. Beebout, H. Zhang, L. Liu, J. Yang, and J. Zhang. 2016. Grain yield, water and nitrogen use efficiencies of rice as influenced by irrigation regimes and their interaction with nitrogen rates. Field Crops Research. 193: 54-69.
· Yamaji, E. 2011. Achieving more with less water: alternate wet and dry irrigation (AWDI) as an alternative to the conventional water management practices in rice farming. Journal of Agricultural Science. 3(3): 1-11.
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· Ashouri, M. 2014. Water use efficiency, irrigation management and nitrogenutilization in rice production in the north of Iran. APCBEE Procedia. 8: 70 – 74.
· Ashouri, M. 2015. The effect of different irrigation regimes and nitrogen levels on some of rice growth analysis in north of Iran. International Journal of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Sciences. 3(1): 2320–4087.
· Bouman, B. 2007. Water management in irrigated rice: coping with water scarcity: Int. Rice Res. Inst.
· Castillo, E.G., T.P. Tuong, U. Singh, K. Inubushi, and J. Padilla. 2006. Drought response of dry-seeded rice to water stress timing and N-fertilizer rates and sources. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 52(4): 496-508.
· Chandel, G., S. Banerjee, S. See, R. Meena, D. Sharma, and S. Verulkar. 2010. Effects of different nitrogen fertilizer levels and native soil properties on rice grain Fe, Zn and protein contents. Rice Science. 17(3): 213-227.
· Chen, Y., M. Wang, and P.B. Ouwerkerk. 2012. Molecular and environmental factors determining grain quality in rice. Food and Energy Security. 1(2): 111-132.
· Emami, A. 1996. Methods of plant analysis (Volume I). Soil and Water Research Institue. 2(982). 128pp. (In Persian)
· Faraji, H., S.A. Siadat, Gh.A. Fathi, Y. Emam, H.A. Nadian, and A.R. Rasekh. 2006. Effect of nitrogen on wheat grain yield under terminal drought stress. The Science Journal of Agriculture. 29(1): 99-111. (In Persian).
· Farooq, M., S. Basra, A. Wahid, Z. Cheema, M. Cheema, and A. Khaliq. 2008. Physiological role of exogenously applied glycinebetaine to improve drought tolerance in fine grain aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 194(5): 325-333.
· Gandebe, M., A. Ngakou, and R. Ndjouenkeu. 2017. Changes in some nutritional and mineral components of nerica rice varieties as affected by field application with mycorrhiza and chemical fertilizer in Northern Cameroon. Food and Nutrition Sciences. 8(8): 823-839.
· Gomaa, M., F. Radwan, E. Kandil, and M. Shawer. 2015. Impact of micronutrients and bio-fertilization on yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Middle East Journal. 4(4): 919-924.
· Gu, J., J. Chen, L. Chen, Z. Wang, H. Zhang, and J. Yang. 2015. Grain quality changes and responses to nitrogen fertilizer of japonica rice cultivars released in the Yangtze River Basin from the 1950s to 2000s. The Crop Journal. 3(4): 285-297.
· Haefele, S., S. Jabbar, J. Siopongco, A. Tirol-Padre, S. Amarante, P.S. Cruz, and W. Cosico. 2008. Nitrogen use efficiency in selected rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes under different water regimes and nitrogen levels. Field Crops Research. 107(2): 137-146.
· Haefele, S.M., Y. Kato, and S. Singh. 2016. Climate ready rice: augmenting drought tolerance with best management practices. Field Crops Research. 190: 60-69.
· Hamnér, K., M. Weih, J. Eriksson, and H. Kirchmann. 2017. Influence of nitrogen supply on macro-and micronutrient accumulation during growth of winter wheat. Field Crops Research. 213: 118-129.
· Hao, H.L., Y.Z. Wei, X.E. Yang, F. Ying, and C.Y. Wu. 2007. Effects of different nitrogen fertilizer levels on Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn concentrations in shoot and grain quality in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Rice Science. 14(4): 289-294.
· Kheyri, N., Y. Niknejad, and M, Abbasalipour. 2018. The Effects of using organic and biological fertilizer along with lower rate of chemical nitrogen fertilizer on quality and quantity of rice yield. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 3(47): 445-460. (In Persian).
· Latifi, A. 2011. Effect of drying temperature and paddy final moidture on milling qulity of three rice varieties. Agronomy Journal (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi). 102: 71-75. (In Persian)
· Li, M., S. Wang, X. Tian, S. Li, Y. Chen, Z. Jia, and A. Zhao. 2016. Zinc and iron concentrations in grain milling fractions through combined foliar applications of Zn and macronutrients. Field Crops Research. 187: 135-141.
· Pan, J., Y. Liu, X. Zhong, R.M. Lampayan, G.R. Singleton, N. Huang, and K. Tian. 2017. Grain yield, water productivity and nitrogen use efficiency of rice under different water management and fertilizer-N inputs in South China. Agricultural Water Management. 184: 191-200.
· Pandey, A., A. Kumar, D. Pandey, and P. Thongbam. 2014. Rice quality under water stress. Indian Journal of Advances in Plant Research. 1(2): 23-26.
· Ramakrishna, Y., S. Singh, and S. Parihar. 2007. Influence of irrigation regime and nitrogen management on productivity, nitrogen uptake and water use by rice (Oryza sativa). Indian Journal of Agronomy. 52(2): 102-106.
· Rezaei, M., H.S. Vahed, E. Amiri, M.K. Motamed, and E. Azarpour. 2009. The effects of irrigation and nitrogen management on yield and water productivity of rice. World Applied Sciences Journal. 7(2): 203-210.
· Sadati Valojai, S.T., Y. Niknejad, H. Fallah, and D, Barati Tari. 2020. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nano-fertilizers on growth and seed of two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 1(57): 37-56. (In Persian).
· Samarah, N., R. Mullen, and S. Cianzio. 2004. Size distribution and mineral nutrients of soybean seeds in response to drought stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 27(5): 815-835.
· Shi, R., Y. Zhang, X. Chen, Q. Sun, F. Zhang, V. Römheld, and C. Zou. 2010. Influence of long-term nitrogen fertilization on micronutrient density in grain of winter wheat (Triticumaestivum L.). Journal of Cereal Science. 51(1): 165-170.
· Singh, B.R., Y.N. Timsina, O.C. Lind, S. Cagno, and K. Janssens. 2018. Zinc and iron concentration as affected by nitrogen fertilization and their localization in wheat grain. Frontiers in Plant Science. 9(307): 1-12.
· Wang, J., Y.P. Lu, J. Wang, R.X. Xu, J. Li, W. Hu, and X.H. Tian. 2018. Effects of elevated nitrogen application on nitrogen partitioning, plant growth, grain quality and key genes involved in glutamate biosynthesis among three rice genotypes. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research. 78(2): 152-164.
· Wang, Z., W. Zhang, S.S. Beebout, H. Zhang, L. Liu, J. Yang, and J. Zhang. 2016. Grain yield, water and nitrogen use efficiencies of rice as influenced by irrigation regimes and their interaction with nitrogen rates. Field Crops Research. 193: 54-69.
· Yamaji, E. 2011. Achieving more with less water: alternate wet and dry irrigation (AWDI) as an alternative to the conventional water management practices in rice farming. Journal of Agricultural Science. 3(3): 1-11.
Zubaer, M., A. Chowdhury, M. Islam, T. Ahmed, and M. Hasan. 2007. Effects of water stress on growth and yield attributes of aman rice genotypes. International Journal of Sustainable Crop Production. 2(6): 25-30.