اثر زمان و مقدار مصرف علف کش ایمازتاپیر بر خصوصیات رویشی و عملکرد باقلا (.Vicia faba L)
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعیعبدالرضا احمدی 1 , امیدعلی اکبرپور 2
1 - دانشیار علوم علفهایهرز، گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرمآباد، ایران
2 - استادیار گروه و زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرمآباد، ایران
کلید واژه: عملکرد دانه, علفهای هرز, باقلا, علفکش, ایمازتاپیر,
چکیده مقاله :
با هدف بررسی تاثیر زمان کاربرد غلظت های مختلف علف کش ایمازتاپیر در کنترل علف های هرز مزرعه باقلا آزمایشی در سال زراعی 95-1394 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه لرستان، در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با 15 تیمار و 3 تکرار اجرا شد. در این آزمایش کارآیی کاربردهای پیشکاشت، پیشرویشی و پسرویشی علف کش ایمازتاپیر در مقادیر (25/0، 5/0، 75/0 و 1 لیتر در هکتار) و کاربرد پیشکاشت، همچنین پسرویشی ایمازتاپیر به مقدار 1 لیتر در هکتار همراه با کنترل علفهرز در دو سطح (کنترل و عدم کنترل) مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. مهم ترین علفهایهرز در این آزمایش به ترتیب شامل گلرنگ وحشی (Carthamus oxyacantha)، شیرپنیر (Galium tricornutun)، خردلوحشی (Sinapis arvensis)، جغجغک (Vaccaria grandiflora) و گوشفیلی (Conringia orientalis) بودند. میانگین تراکم علفهای هرز برای کرتهای شاهد بدون کنترل برابر 133 بوته در مترمربع بود. بیشترین درصد کاهش زیستتوده علفهایهرز نسبت به شاهد بدون کنترل با 95/86 درصد به تیمار کاربرد پسرویشی ایمازتاپیر به میزان 75/0 و 1 لیتر در هکتار مربوط بود. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که بیشترین میانگین طول ریشه (46/12 سانتیمتر)، وزن خشک ریشه (95 گرم)، تعداد شاخه فرعی (33/5)، تعداد دانه در غلاف (3/9) و عملکرد دانه (7/3466 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در تیمار وجین دیده شد. بیشترین ارتفاع بوته (33/88 سانتیمتر) مربوط به تیمار شاهد، بیشترین شاخص سطحبرگ (59/2) در تیمار پیشکاشت علف کش به میزان 25/0 لیتر در هکتار، بیشترین تعداد غلاف در بوته (10 غلاف)، تعداد غلاف در مترمربع (100 غلاف) و عملکرد بیولوژیک (1/33367 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در کاربرد پیشرویشی علف کش به میزان 5/0 لیتر در هکتار و بیشترین وزن 100 دانه (6/109 گرم) در تیمار کاربرد پیشکاشت همراه با پسرویشی ایمازتاپیر به مقدار 1 لیتر در هکتار دیده شد. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که پس از تیمار وجیندستی، مناسب ترین غلظت علف کش کاربرد پیشرویشی علفکش ایمازتاپیر به 5/0لیتر در هکتار بود که با 99 درصد کاهش در تراکم کل علفهای هرز نسبت به شاهد (بدون کنترل) بهترین تیمار علفکشی بود. غلظت های بالاتر علف کش نیز به علت گیاه سوزی و کاهش سطح برگ و فتوسنتز موجب کاهش عملکرد باقلا گردید.
To evaluate the effect of time and rates of imazethapyr application on weed control of bean field an experiment was conducted in Agricultural Research Station of Lorestan University based on the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in 2015-2016. In this experiment, the effects of pre planting, pre emergence and post emergence applications of imazethapyr with different rates (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 lit.ha-1) and pre planting imazethapyr mixed with soil (1 lit.ha-1) plus post emergence with weed control in two levels (control and non- control) was studied. The most important weed species in the experimental site were safflower (Carthamus oxyacantha), catchweed bedstraw (Galium tricornutum), wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis), cow cockle (Vaccaria grandiflora), chickweed (Conringia orientalis). Weed density in weedy control condition was estimated to be 133 plants.m-2. The results showed the maximum percentage of weed dry weight loss, as compared to not controlling weed due to imazetapir post-treatment application of 0.75 and 1 L.ha-1, was 86.95%. Also highest average root length (12.46 cm), root dry weight (95 g), number of branches (5.33), number of seeds per pod (9.3) and seed yield were observed in hand weeding. The highest plant height (88.33 cm) belonged to weed control treatment, the highest LAI (2.59) in herbicide usage, in pre planting (0.25 lit.ha-1), the highest average number of pod per plant (10 pod), number of pod per m-2 (100 pod) and biological yield (33367.1 kg.ha-1) resulted from pre emergence herbicide application (0.5 lit.ha-1). The highest of 100 seed weight (109.6 g) for pre planting herbicide application (1 lit.ha-1) plus herbicide post emergence application (1 lit.ha-1) was seen. The results also showed that, after hand weeding, the best concentration of imazethapyr pre emergence application (0.5 lit.ha-1) that it could decrease weed density by 99% as compared to not controlling weed. This treatment (imazethapyr pre emergence application (0.5 lit.ha-1) was the best treatment. Higher concentrations of herbicides also decreased bean yield because of burning, reduction in leaf area and photosynthesis.
· Abdel Marouf, A.M.E. 2004. Chemical weed control in faba bean (vicia faba L.) using two foliar-applied herbicides. M.Sc. Thesis. University of Khartoum, Sudan.
· Ahmadi, A.R .2011. Determination of weed species and their density in lentil fields in Lorestan province of Iran. Ph.D. Dissertation. FerdowsiUniversity of Mashhad, Mashad, Iran. 161 p. (In Persian).
· Ahmadi, A.R., S. Shahbazi, and M. Diyanat. 2016. Efficacy of five herbicides for weed control in rain-fed lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.). Weed Technology. 30(2): 448-455.
· Anonymous. 2012. FAOSTAT. Prod Stat: Crops. FAO Statistical Databases (Faostat), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), http://faostat.fao.org
· Amador-Ramirez, M.D., R.G. Wilson, and A.R. Martin. 2001. Weed control and dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) response to in-row cultivation, rotary hoeing and herbicides. Weed Technology. 15: 429-436.
· Badeck, F.W., and F. Rizza. 2015. A combined field / laboratory method for assessment of frost tolerance with freezing tests and chlorophyll fluorescence. Agronomy Journal. 5: 71-88.
· Chattha, M.R., M. Jamil, and T.Z. Mahmood. 2009. Yield and yield components of mungbean as affected by various weed control methods under rain-fed conditions of Pakistan. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 9: 114- 119.
· Confalon, A., J. Lizaso, B. Ruiz-nogueira, F.X. Lopez-Cedron and F. Sau. 2010. Growth, par use efficiency, and yield components of field-grown (Vicia faba L.) under different temperature and photoperiod regimes. Filed Crops Research. 115: 140-148.
· Egli, D.B., and W.P. Bruening. 2001. Source-sink relationships, seed sucrose levels and seed growth rates in soybean. Annals of Botany. 88: 235-242.
· Faraji, H., and K. Amiri, K. 2010. Comparison of chemical herbicides to control weeds in broadleaf crops of beans in Yasooj Kohgiluye and Boyer Ahmad. Journal of Pulses Research. 1(2): 123-130. (In Persian).
· Ghatari, A.S., and A. Roozbahani. 2015. Chemical and mechanical weed control methods and their effects on photosynthetic pigments and grain yield of Kidney Bean. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 9(3): 461-476.
· Idris, A.L.Y. 2008. Effect of seed size and plant spacing on yield and yield components of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Research Journal of Agriculture & Biology Science. 4: 146-148.
· Kayan, N., and M.S. Adak. 2006. Effect of different soil tillage, weed control and phosphorus fertilization on weed biomass, protein and phosphorus content of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Asian Journal of Plant Science. 5: 300-303.
· Khairnar, C.B., V.V. Goud, and H.N. Sethi. 2014. Pre- and post-emergence herbicides for weed management in mungbean. Indian Journal of Weed Science. 46(4): 392–395.
· Krausz, F.R., B.G. Young, G. Kapusta, and J.L. Matthews. 2001. Influence of weed competition and herbicides on glyphosateresistant soybean (Glycine max). Weed Technology. 15: 530–534.
· Kumar Mawalia, A., S. Kumar, and S.S. Rana. 2015. Economics of post-emergence weed control in garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) under mid hill condition of Himachal Pradesh. Himachal Journal of Agricultural Research. 41(1): 15-29.
· Kumar, N., K.K. Hazra, and N. Nadarajan. 2016. Efficacy of post- emergence application of imazethapyr in summer mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). Legume Research. 39(1): 96-100.
· Lopez-Bellido, F.J., L. Lopz-Bellido, and R.J. Lpoez- Bellido. 2005. Competition, growth and yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). European Journal of Agronomy. 23: 359-378.
· Majnun Hussein, N. 2008. Agriculture and grain production. JihadUniversityTehran Press. 283P. (In Persian).
· Mousavi, S., K. Nazer Kakhki, S.H. Lak, R. Tabatabaii, and D. Behrozi. 2010. Evaluation of imazetapyr herbicide efficiency for weed control in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Iranian Journal of Pulses Research. 1(2): 111-122. (In Persian).
· Singh, A.K., B.P. Bhatt, A. Upadhyaya, S. Kumar, P.K. Sundaram, B.K. Singh, N. Chandra, and R.C. Bharati. 2012. Improvement of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) yield and quality through biotechnological approach: A review. African Journal of Biotechnology. 11(87): 15264-15271.
· Singh, G., H. Kaur, and V. Khanna. 2014. Weed management in lentil with post emergence herbicides. Indian Journal of Weed Science. 46(2): 187–189.
· Smitchger, J.A., I.C. Burke, and J.P. Yenish. 2012. The critical period of weed control in lentil (Lens culinaris) in the Pacific Northwest. Weed Science. 60: 81-85.
· Soltani, N., C. Shropshire, T. Cowan, and P. Sikkema. 2014. White bean sensitivity to preemergence herbicides. Weed Technology. 18: 675-679. (In Persian).
· Sprague, C.L., J.J. Kells, and K. Schirmacher. 2005. Weed control guide for field crops. Cooperative Extension Service.
· Turpin, J. E., M. J. Rabertson, N. Hillocoat, and D. E. Herridage. 2002. Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in Australia, s northern grains belt; canopy development biomass and nitrogen accumulation and partioning. Crop and Pasture Science. 53(2): 227-237.
· Vencill, W.K., 2002. Herbicide handbook, 8th ed. Lawrence, KS: Weed Science Society of America. 493 pp.
Zeiditoolabi, N., and A. Ahmadi. 2015. The effect of imazethapyr herbicides and hydro priming on yield and chickpea seed yield components. International Conference on Applide Research in Agriculture Science. 4-8 pp. (In Persian).
_||_· Abdel Marouf, A.M.E. 2004. Chemical weed control in faba bean (vicia faba L.) using two foliar-applied herbicides. M.Sc. Thesis. University of Khartoum, Sudan.
· Ahmadi, A.R .2011. Determination of weed species and their density in lentil fields in Lorestan province of Iran. Ph.D. Dissertation. FerdowsiUniversity of Mashhad, Mashad, Iran. 161 p. (In Persian).
· Ahmadi, A.R., S. Shahbazi, and M. Diyanat. 2016. Efficacy of five herbicides for weed control in rain-fed lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.). Weed Technology. 30(2): 448-455.
· Anonymous. 2012. FAOSTAT. Prod Stat: Crops. FAO Statistical Databases (Faostat), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), http://faostat.fao.org
· Amador-Ramirez, M.D., R.G. Wilson, and A.R. Martin. 2001. Weed control and dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) response to in-row cultivation, rotary hoeing and herbicides. Weed Technology. 15: 429-436.
· Badeck, F.W., and F. Rizza. 2015. A combined field / laboratory method for assessment of frost tolerance with freezing tests and chlorophyll fluorescence. Agronomy Journal. 5: 71-88.
· Chattha, M.R., M. Jamil, and T.Z. Mahmood. 2009. Yield and yield components of mungbean as affected by various weed control methods under rain-fed conditions of Pakistan. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 9: 114- 119.
· Confalon, A., J. Lizaso, B. Ruiz-nogueira, F.X. Lopez-Cedron and F. Sau. 2010. Growth, par use efficiency, and yield components of field-grown (Vicia faba L.) under different temperature and photoperiod regimes. Filed Crops Research. 115: 140-148.
· Egli, D.B., and W.P. Bruening. 2001. Source-sink relationships, seed sucrose levels and seed growth rates in soybean. Annals of Botany. 88: 235-242.
· Faraji, H., and K. Amiri, K. 2010. Comparison of chemical herbicides to control weeds in broadleaf crops of beans in Yasooj Kohgiluye and Boyer Ahmad. Journal of Pulses Research. 1(2): 123-130. (In Persian).
· Ghatari, A.S., and A. Roozbahani. 2015. Chemical and mechanical weed control methods and their effects on photosynthetic pigments and grain yield of Kidney Bean. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 9(3): 461-476.
· Idris, A.L.Y. 2008. Effect of seed size and plant spacing on yield and yield components of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Research Journal of Agriculture & Biology Science. 4: 146-148.
· Kayan, N., and M.S. Adak. 2006. Effect of different soil tillage, weed control and phosphorus fertilization on weed biomass, protein and phosphorus content of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Asian Journal of Plant Science. 5: 300-303.
· Khairnar, C.B., V.V. Goud, and H.N. Sethi. 2014. Pre- and post-emergence herbicides for weed management in mungbean. Indian Journal of Weed Science. 46(4): 392–395.
· Krausz, F.R., B.G. Young, G. Kapusta, and J.L. Matthews. 2001. Influence of weed competition and herbicides on glyphosateresistant soybean (Glycine max). Weed Technology. 15: 530–534.
· Kumar Mawalia, A., S. Kumar, and S.S. Rana. 2015. Economics of post-emergence weed control in garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) under mid hill condition of Himachal Pradesh. Himachal Journal of Agricultural Research. 41(1): 15-29.
· Kumar, N., K.K. Hazra, and N. Nadarajan. 2016. Efficacy of post- emergence application of imazethapyr in summer mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). Legume Research. 39(1): 96-100.
· Lopez-Bellido, F.J., L. Lopz-Bellido, and R.J. Lpoez- Bellido. 2005. Competition, growth and yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). European Journal of Agronomy. 23: 359-378.
· Majnun Hussein, N. 2008. Agriculture and grain production. JihadUniversityTehran Press. 283P. (In Persian).
· Mousavi, S., K. Nazer Kakhki, S.H. Lak, R. Tabatabaii, and D. Behrozi. 2010. Evaluation of imazetapyr herbicide efficiency for weed control in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Iranian Journal of Pulses Research. 1(2): 111-122. (In Persian).
· Singh, A.K., B.P. Bhatt, A. Upadhyaya, S. Kumar, P.K. Sundaram, B.K. Singh, N. Chandra, and R.C. Bharati. 2012. Improvement of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) yield and quality through biotechnological approach: A review. African Journal of Biotechnology. 11(87): 15264-15271.
· Singh, G., H. Kaur, and V. Khanna. 2014. Weed management in lentil with post emergence herbicides. Indian Journal of Weed Science. 46(2): 187–189.
· Smitchger, J.A., I.C. Burke, and J.P. Yenish. 2012. The critical period of weed control in lentil (Lens culinaris) in the Pacific Northwest. Weed Science. 60: 81-85.
· Soltani, N., C. Shropshire, T. Cowan, and P. Sikkema. 2014. White bean sensitivity to preemergence herbicides. Weed Technology. 18: 675-679. (In Persian).
· Sprague, C.L., J.J. Kells, and K. Schirmacher. 2005. Weed control guide for field crops. Cooperative Extension Service.
· Turpin, J. E., M. J. Rabertson, N. Hillocoat, and D. E. Herridage. 2002. Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in Australia, s northern grains belt; canopy development biomass and nitrogen accumulation and partioning. Crop and Pasture Science. 53(2): 227-237.
· Vencill, W.K., 2002. Herbicide handbook, 8th ed. Lawrence, KS: Weed Science Society of America. 493 pp.
Zeiditoolabi, N., and A. Ahmadi. 2015. The effect of imazethapyr herbicides and hydro priming on yield and chickpea seed yield components. International Conference on Applide Research in Agriculture Science. 4-8 pp. (In Persian).