تأثیر کاربرد برگی هورمون‌های جیبرلین و کینیتین بر ویژگی‌های مورفولوژیکی، بیوشیمیایی و عملکردی هیبریدهای ذرت (.Zea mays L)
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعیعقیل عالی پور 1 , طیب ساکی نژاد 2 , شهرام لک 3 , علیرضا شکوه فر 4 , مجتبی علوی فاضل 5
1 - گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
2 - گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
3 - گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
4 - گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
5 - گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
کلید واژه: عملکرد, کلروفیل, جیبرلین, هیبریدهای ذرت, کینتین,
چکیده مقاله :
در مدیریت به‌زراعی ذرت، علاوه بر تأمین بذر هیبرید مناسب، عوامل دیگری از جمله هورمون‌های گیاهی نیز اهمیت دارند از این رو این تحقیق به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر نوع بذر هیبرید و کاربرد برگی هورمون‌های جیبرلین و کینتین بر شاخص‌های رشدی، بیوشیمیایی و عملکردی ذرت در شهرستان اهواز در قالب طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی به‌صورت اسپلیت‌پلات طی دو سال زراعی با چهار تکرار انجام شد. هیبریدهای ذرت دانه‌ای شامل سینگل‌کراس 704 (دیررس)، 616 (متوسط‌رس) و 71AS (متوسط رس) به عنوان فاکتور اصلی و محلول‌پاشی کینتین/جیبرلین در سه سطح صفر، 200/150 و 400/300 پی‌پی‌ام به عنوان فاکتور فرعی مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. نتایج حاکی از آن بود که اثر ساده نوع هیبرید و محلول‌پاشی کینتین/جیبرلین بر ارتفاع بوته، قطر ساقه، وزن خشک اندام هوایی، وزن هزاردانه، عملکرد بیولوژیکی، عملکرد دانه، شاخص برداشت، کلروفیل‌های a، b و کل و درصد پروتئین دانه از نظر آماری مؤثر بود. همچنین، اثر متقابل محلول‌پاشی کینتین/جیبرلین در هیبرید بر روی ارتفاع بوته، قطر ساقه، وزن خشک اندام‌هوایی، وزن هزار دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیکی، عملکرد دانه، شاخص برداشت، کلروفیل‌های a، b و کل ودرصد پروتئین دانه و اثر متقابل هیبرید در محلول‌پاشی کینتین/جیبرلین در سال بر شاخص سطح برگ هیبریدهای مختلف ذرت تأثیر معنی دار آماری داشت. نتایج نشان داد بیشترین مقادیر صفات مورد بررسی در هر دو سال زراعی در سینگل کراس 704 ذرت و پس از محلول‌پاشی جیبرلین/کینتین به نسبت 200/150 پی‌پی‌ام به‌دست آمد. نسبت جیبرلین/کینتین 200/150 پی‌پی‌ام در همه هیبریدها، تأثیر بهتری بر صفات مختلف مورفولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی داشت. بیشترین عملکرد بیولوژیکی، عملکرد دانه و شاخص برداشت که صفات بسیار مهمی هستند، مربوط به رقم سینگل کراس 704 همراه با محلول‌پاشی هورمون‌ها به نسبت 200/150 پی‌پی‌ام بود. با توجه به‌نتایج به‌دست آمده، استفاده از هیبرید سینگل کراس 704 ذرت و محلول‌پاشی آن با جیبرلین و کینتین به نسبت 200/150 پی‌پی‌ام می تواند مورد توجه باشد.
In agronomic management of corn, in addition to providing suitable hybrid seeds, other factors such as plant hormones are also important. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of hybrid seed type and leaf application of gibberellin and kinetin hormones on growth, biochemical and yield indices of corn in Ahvaz. The basic design of randomized complete blocks was done as a split plot in two cropping years with four replications. Single-grain corn hybrids 704 (late ripening), 616 (medium ripening) and 71AS (medium ripening) were studied as the main factor and kinetin/gibberellin foliar application at three levels of 0, 150/200 and 300/400 ppm as the secondary factor. The results showed that the simple effect of hybrid type and kinetin/gibberellin foliar application on plant height, stem diameter, shoot dry weight, 1000-seed weight, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, chlorophylls a, b and total and the percentage of grain protein was statistically significant. Also, the effect of kinetin/gibberellin foliar application × hybrids on plant height, stem diameter, shoot dry weight, 1000-seed weight, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, chlorophylls a, b and total and hybrid interaction in kinetin/gibberellin foliar application had a statistically significant effect on leaf area index per year. The results showed that the highest values of the studied traits in both cropping years were obtained in single cross 704 maize and after kinetin/gibberellin foliar application at 150-200 ppm. The kinetin/gibberellin ratio of 150/200 ppm in all hybrids had a better effect on various morphological and biochemical traits. The highest biological yield, grain yield and harvest index, which are very important traits, were related to single-cross corn hybrid with hormone foliar application at the rate of 150/200 ppm. According to the obtained results, the use of single-cross corn hybrid of corn and foliar application of maize plants with gibberellin and quinine in the ratio of 150/200 ppm is recommended.
Abbasi, K.A., T. Mir-Mahmood, and N. Jalilnezhad. 2015. Effects of azospirillum bacteria and cytokinin hormone on morphology, yield and yield components of corn (Zea mays). International Journal of Biosciences. 6(3): 378-386. (In Persian).
Ahmadi, A., P. Ehsanpour, and F. Jabari. 2004. An introduction to plant physiology volume One, TehranUniversity.Paper 653. (In Persian).
Alizadeh, O., B. Jafari-Haghighi, and K. Ordookhani. 2010. The effects of exogenous cytokinin application on sink size in bread wheat (Triticumaestivum). African Journal of Agricultural Research. 5(21): 2893-2898. doi: 5897/AJAR.9000705.
Al-Khafaji, A.S.K., and M.H.S. Al-Asadi. 2018. Effect of detasseling and spraying of gibberellic acid in the growth and yield of some subspecies of yellow corn. Euphrates Journal of Agriculture Science. 10(2): 93-109.
Al-Shaheen, M.R., A. Soh, and G.F. Al-Samarai. 2014. Growth response of Corn (Zea mays) to proline and gibberellic acid under different irrigation levels. International Journal of Botany and Research. 4(6): 7-15.
Arvin, P., and R. Firozeh. 2017. Effect of density and gibberellin on some morphological, physiological and essence content in the medicinal plant of coriander )Corianderum sativum(. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research. 34(6): 888-908. (In Persian). doi: 10.22092/ijmapr.2019. 121029. 2279
Ashraf, M.Y., N. Azhar, and M. Hussain. 2006. Indole acetic acid (IAA) induced changes in growth, relative water contents and gas exchange attributes of barley (Hordeum vulgare) grown under water stress conditions. Plant Growth Regulation. 50(1): 85-90. doi: 10.1007/s10725-006-9130-6.
Bottini, R., F. Cassan, and P. Piccoli. 2004. Gibberellin production by bacteria and its involvement in plant growth promotion and yield increase. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 65(5): 497-503. doi:1007/s00253-004-1696-1.
Cox, W.J., and D.J.R. Cherney. 2001. Row spacing, plant density, and nitrogen effects on corn silage. Agronomy Journal. 93: 597-602. doi: 10.2134/agronj2001.933597x.
Cui, W., Q. Song, B. Zuo, Q. Han, and Zh. Jia. 2020. Effects of gibberellin (GA4+7) in grain filling, hormonal behavior, and antioxidants in high-density maize (Zea mays). Plants. 9: 978. doi:10.3390/plants9080978.
Davani, D., M. Nabipour, and H. Roshanfekr Dezfuli. 2016. Effect of different concentrations of cytokinin and auxin on yield and yield components of maize (Zeamays). Journal of Plant Production. 40(1): 69-81. (In Persian). doi: 10.22055/ppd.2016.12433.
Dayal, V., A.K. Dubey, S.K. Singh, R.M. Sharma, A. Dahuja, and C. Kaur. 2016. Growth, yield and physiology of mango (Mangifera indica) cultivars as affected by polyembryonic rootstocks. Scientia Horticulturae. 199(16): 186–197. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2015.12.042.
El-Ghait, A., M. Emam, O.A. Gomeaa, A.S.M. Youssef, and A.M. El- Nemr. 2018. Effect of kinetin and GA3 treatments on growth and flowering of Dendranthemagran diflorium Art Queen plants. Middle East Journal. 7(3): 801-815.
Esmaeili, S., O. Rohi, and B. Shiran. 2013. Investigation of the effects of calcium chloride, gibberellin and benzyl adenine on quantitative and qualitative properties and longevity of ahar flower (Zinnia elegans). Journal of Horticultural Sciences. 27(4): 444-452. (In Persian).
Estakhar, A., and Z. Dehghanpour. 2010. Determining the appropriate planting date for new early cultivars of corn in the second crop in temperate area of Fars province. Seed and Plant Breeding Journal. 26(2): 169-191. (In Persian). doi: 22092/sppj. 2017.110402.
Fathi, S., A. Samadi, M. Davari, and S. Asadi Kapourchal. 2014. Evaluating different extractants for determining corn available potassium in some calcareous soils of Kurdistan province. A Quarterly Journal Cereal Research. 4(3): 253-266. doi: 1001.1.22520163.1393.4.3.6.4
Ghateei, A., A. Bakhshande, A.R. Ebdali Mashhadi, and S.A.A. Syadat. 2015. Effect of different levels of nitrogen and foliar application of cytokinin on yield and yield components of wheat under end-of-season heat stress conditions in Ahvaz. Journal of Production and Processing of Agricultural and Horticultural Products. 5(16): 97-106. (In Persian). doi: 10.18869/acadpub.jcpp.5.16.97
Ghorbani Javid, M., A. Sorooshzadeh, F. Moradi, S.A.M. Modarres Sanavy, and I. Allahdadi. 2011. The role of phytohormones in alleviating salt stress in crop plants. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 5(6): 726-734.
Islam, MS, M.K. Hasan, B. Islam, N.A. Renu, M.A. Hakim, M.R. Islam, M.K. Chowdhury, A. Ueda, Saneoka, M. Ali Raza, S. Fahad, C. Barutçular, F. Cig, M. Erman, and A. El Sabagh. 2021. Responses of water and pigments status, dry matter partitioning, seed production, and traits of yield and quality to foliar application of GA3 in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). Front Agronomy. 2:596850. doi: 10.3389/fagro.2020.596850.
Islam, S., and H. Mehraj. 2014. Growth and yield of wheat as influenced by GA3 International Journal of Business Social and Scientific Research. 2(1): 74-78.
Itoh, H., M. Tanaka-Ueguchi, H. Kawaide, X.B. Chen, Y. Kamiya, and M. Matsuoka. 1999. The gene encoding tobacco gibberellin 3 β-hydroxylase is expressed at the site of GA action during stem elongation and flower organ development. The Plant Journal for Cell and Molecular Biology. 20(1): 15–24. doi: 1046/j.1365-313X.1999.00568.x
Jaddoa, K.A., A.H. AL-Maeini, and R.A. AL-Zobiady. 2017. Effect of gibberellin and ethephon on growth and yield of bread wheat grown in different sowing dates. International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences. 3(5): 136-142. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaas.20170305.15
Khan, N.A., S. Singh, R. Nazar, and P.M. Lone. 2007. The source sinks relationship in mustard. Asian and Australasian Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology. 1(1): 10-18.
Kochaki, A., and GH.H. Sarmadnia. 2012. Plant physiology. University Jihad Publications of Shahid Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. 400 Paper. (In Persian).
Machanda, G., and N. Garg. 2008. Salinity and its effects on the functional biology of legumes. Agricultural Plant Physiology. 30(5): 595-618. doi: 1007/s11738-008-0173-3.
Mahrokh, A., M. Nabipour, H.A. Roshanfekr Dezfuli, and R. Chokan. 2016. Effect of auxin and cytokinin concentrations on photosynthetic pigments and proline amino acid under drought stress in single cross maize 704. Journal of Plant Process and Function. 5(16): 165-178. (In Persian). doi: 1001.1.23222727.1395.5.16.15.0
Mohammadi, C., L. Alivand, F. Farahvash, H. Hamzeh, K. Anori, and C. Arefi. 2013. Grouping of maize hybrids based on some agronomic characteristics. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 1(25): 1-16. (In Persian).
Mohammadi, M., and A. Khademi. 2017. Evaluation of the effect of foliar application of gibberellin and calcium at different stages of growth on some quantitative and qualitative traits of sweet pepper. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Sciences. 48(4): 823-832. (In Persian). doi: 22059/ijhs.2018.211788.1048.
Niakan, M., and M. Habibi. 2016. The effect of cytokinin on growth indices and photosynthesis of Cucurbita maxima at different drought levels. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology. 11(42): 56-65. (In Persian). doi: 20.1001.1. 76712423.1395.11.42.2.7
Nordstrom, A., P. Tarkowski, D. Tarkowska, R. Norbaek, C. Astot, K. Dolezal, and G. Sandberg. 2004. Auxin regulation of cytokinin biosynthesisin Arabidopsis thaliana: A factor of potential importance for auxin-cytokinin regulated development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 101(21): 8039-8044. doi:1073/pnas.0402504101.
Passos, A.M.A.D., P.M.D. Rezende, A.A.D. Alvarenga, D.P. Baliza, E.R. Carvalho, and H.P.D. Alcantara. 2011. Yield per plant and other characteristics of soybean plants treated with kinetin and potassium nitrate. Cienciae Agrotecnologia. 35(5): 965-972. doi: 1590/S1413-70542011000500014.
Peel, M.C., B.L. Finlayson, and T.A. Mc Mahon. 2007. Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions. 4(2): 439-473. doi: 5194/hess-11-1633-2007.
Rafiee, M. 2014. Evaluation of grain yield and yield components of maize hybrids in double cropping with winter crops in temperate condition of Khorramabad. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 16 (1): 39-50. (In Persian).
Rahnama, A. 2006. Plant physiology. Publications Puran Pajohesh. 332 Paper. (In Persian).
Sadi, S., and T. Sakinezhad. 2016. Effect of different amounts of humic magnesium chelate and gibberellin hormone on yield and yield components of cowpea. Journal of Agricultural Research in the Edge of the Desert. 13(1): 11-19. (In Persian).
Safi, S.M., and A.J. AlFaid. 2018. Effect of spraying kinetin and licorice root extraction wheat yield and its components. International Journal of Agricultural and Statistical Sciences. 14(1): 271-277.
Sakakibara, H., K. Takei, and N. Hirose. 2006. Interactions between nitrogen and cytokinin in the regulation of metabolism and development. Trends in Plant Science. 11(9): 440-448. doi: 1016/j.tplants.2006.07.004.
Salem Meraji, H., A. Tavakoli, and N.A. Sepehvand. 2020. The effect of cytokinin on physiological characteristics and traits related to quinoa function under drought stress conditions. Journal of Plant Breeding Agriculture. 22(2): 419-432. (In Persian). doi:22059/jci.2020.292821.2298.
Sarwar, N., O. Farooq, K. Mubeen, A. Wasaya, W. Nouman, M.Z. Ali, and M. Shehzad. 2017. Exogenous application of gibberellic acid improves the maize crop productivity under scarce and sufficient soil moisture condition. Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova. 50(4): 65-73. doi: 1515/cerce-2017-0036.
Singh, M., N. Kumawat, I. Tomar, T. Duwet, R.K. Yadav, and Y.K. Sahu. 2018. Effect of gibberllic acid on growth, yield and economics of maize (Zea mays). Journal of AgriSearch. 5(1): 25-29. doi: 10.21921/jas.v5i01.11128.
Soltani, A., R.A. Khvarinezhad, S.A.H. Angaji, and F. Najafi. 2016. Effect of salinity and gibberellic acid interaction on the content of photosynthetic pigments and some antioxidant enzymes in two cultivars of Iranian chickpea (Cicer arientinum). Journal of Plant Process and Function. 5(16): 179-188. (In Persian). doi: 20.1001.1.23222727.1395.5.16.12.7.
Werner, T., V. Motyka, M. Strnad, and T. Schmulling. 2001. Regulation of plant growth by cytokinin. Plant Biology. 98(18): 10487-10492. doi: 1073/ pnas.171304098.
Yang, J., J. Zhang, Z. Huang, Z. Wang, Q. Zhu, and L. Liu. 2002. Correlation of cytokinin levels in the endosperms and roots with cell number and cell division activity during endosperm development in rice. Annals of Botany. 90(3): 369–377. DOI: 1093/aob/mcf198.
Pouryousef Miandoab, M., and F. Ismailzadeh. 2016. The effect of foliar application and seed priming with growth stimulants on yield and amount of flaxseed oil (Linum usitatissimum). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 4(40): 857-874. (In Persian).
Zare, M. 2006. Investigation of the effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and kinetin on germination and growth of wheat seedlings under salinity stress. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 12(4): 855-865. (In Persian).
_||_Abbasi, K.A., T. Mir-Mahmood, and N. Jalilnezhad. 2015. Effects of azospirillum bacteria and cytokinin hormone on morphology, yield and yield components of corn (Zea mays). International Journal of Biosciences. 6(3): 378-386. (In Persian).
Ahmadi, A., P. Ehsanpour, and F. Jabari. 2004. An introduction to plant physiology volume One, TehranUniversity.Paper 653. (In Persian).
Alizadeh, O., B. Jafari-Haghighi, and K. Ordookhani. 2010. The effects of exogenous cytokinin application on sink size in bread wheat (Triticumaestivum). African Journal of Agricultural Research. 5(21): 2893-2898. doi: 5897/AJAR.9000705.
Al-Khafaji, A.S.K., and M.H.S. Al-Asadi. 2018. Effect of detasseling and spraying of gibberellic acid in the growth and yield of some subspecies of yellow corn. Euphrates Journal of Agriculture Science. 10(2): 93-109.
Al-Shaheen, M.R., A. Soh, and G.F. Al-Samarai. 2014. Growth response of Corn (Zea mays) to proline and gibberellic acid under different irrigation levels. International Journal of Botany and Research. 4(6): 7-15.
Arvin, P., and R. Firozeh. 2017. Effect of density and gibberellin on some morphological, physiological and essence content in the medicinal plant of coriander )Corianderum sativum(. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research. 34(6): 888-908. (In Persian). doi: 10.22092/ijmapr.2019. 121029. 2279
Ashraf, M.Y., N. Azhar, and M. Hussain. 2006. Indole acetic acid (IAA) induced changes in growth, relative water contents and gas exchange attributes of barley (Hordeum vulgare) grown under water stress conditions. Plant Growth Regulation. 50(1): 85-90. doi: 10.1007/s10725-006-9130-6.
Bottini, R., F. Cassan, and P. Piccoli. 2004. Gibberellin production by bacteria and its involvement in plant growth promotion and yield increase. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 65(5): 497-503. doi:1007/s00253-004-1696-1.
Cox, W.J., and D.J.R. Cherney. 2001. Row spacing, plant density, and nitrogen effects on corn silage. Agronomy Journal. 93: 597-602. doi: 10.2134/agronj2001.933597x.
Cui, W., Q. Song, B. Zuo, Q. Han, and Zh. Jia. 2020. Effects of gibberellin (GA4+7) in grain filling, hormonal behavior, and antioxidants in high-density maize (Zea mays). Plants. 9: 978. doi:10.3390/plants9080978.
Davani, D., M. Nabipour, and H. Roshanfekr Dezfuli. 2016. Effect of different concentrations of cytokinin and auxin on yield and yield components of maize (Zeamays). Journal of Plant Production. 40(1): 69-81. (In Persian). doi: 10.22055/ppd.2016.12433.
Dayal, V., A.K. Dubey, S.K. Singh, R.M. Sharma, A. Dahuja, and C. Kaur. 2016. Growth, yield and physiology of mango (Mangifera indica) cultivars as affected by polyembryonic rootstocks. Scientia Horticulturae. 199(16): 186–197. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2015.12.042.
El-Ghait, A., M. Emam, O.A. Gomeaa, A.S.M. Youssef, and A.M. El- Nemr. 2018. Effect of kinetin and GA3 treatments on growth and flowering of Dendranthemagran diflorium Art Queen plants. Middle East Journal. 7(3): 801-815.
Esmaeili, S., O. Rohi, and B. Shiran. 2013. Investigation of the effects of calcium chloride, gibberellin and benzyl adenine on quantitative and qualitative properties and longevity of ahar flower (Zinnia elegans). Journal of Horticultural Sciences. 27(4): 444-452. (In Persian).
Estakhar, A., and Z. Dehghanpour. 2010. Determining the appropriate planting date for new early cultivars of corn in the second crop in temperate area of Fars province. Seed and Plant Breeding Journal. 26(2): 169-191. (In Persian). doi: 22092/sppj. 2017.110402.
Fathi, S., A. Samadi, M. Davari, and S. Asadi Kapourchal. 2014. Evaluating different extractants for determining corn available potassium in some calcareous soils of Kurdistan province. A Quarterly Journal Cereal Research. 4(3): 253-266. doi: 1001.1.22520163.1393.4.3.6.4
Ghateei, A., A. Bakhshande, A.R. Ebdali Mashhadi, and S.A.A. Syadat. 2015. Effect of different levels of nitrogen and foliar application of cytokinin on yield and yield components of wheat under end-of-season heat stress conditions in Ahvaz. Journal of Production and Processing of Agricultural and Horticultural Products. 5(16): 97-106. (In Persian). doi: 10.18869/acadpub.jcpp.5.16.97
Ghorbani Javid, M., A. Sorooshzadeh, F. Moradi, S.A.M. Modarres Sanavy, and I. Allahdadi. 2011. The role of phytohormones in alleviating salt stress in crop plants. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 5(6): 726-734.
Islam, MS, M.K. Hasan, B. Islam, N.A. Renu, M.A. Hakim, M.R. Islam, M.K. Chowdhury, A. Ueda, Saneoka, M. Ali Raza, S. Fahad, C. Barutçular, F. Cig, M. Erman, and A. El Sabagh. 2021. Responses of water and pigments status, dry matter partitioning, seed production, and traits of yield and quality to foliar application of GA3 in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). Front Agronomy. 2:596850. doi: 10.3389/fagro.2020.596850.
Islam, S., and H. Mehraj. 2014. Growth and yield of wheat as influenced by GA3 International Journal of Business Social and Scientific Research. 2(1): 74-78.
Itoh, H., M. Tanaka-Ueguchi, H. Kawaide, X.B. Chen, Y. Kamiya, and M. Matsuoka. 1999. The gene encoding tobacco gibberellin 3 β-hydroxylase is expressed at the site of GA action during stem elongation and flower organ development. The Plant Journal for Cell and Molecular Biology. 20(1): 15–24. doi: 1046/j.1365-313X.1999.00568.x
Jaddoa, K.A., A.H. AL-Maeini, and R.A. AL-Zobiady. 2017. Effect of gibberellin and ethephon on growth and yield of bread wheat grown in different sowing dates. International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences. 3(5): 136-142. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaas.20170305.15
Khan, N.A., S. Singh, R. Nazar, and P.M. Lone. 2007. The source sinks relationship in mustard. Asian and Australasian Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology. 1(1): 10-18.
Kochaki, A., and GH.H. Sarmadnia. 2012. Plant physiology. University Jihad Publications of Shahid Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. 400 Paper. (In Persian).
Machanda, G., and N. Garg. 2008. Salinity and its effects on the functional biology of legumes. Agricultural Plant Physiology. 30(5): 595-618. doi: 1007/s11738-008-0173-3.
Mahrokh, A., M. Nabipour, H.A. Roshanfekr Dezfuli, and R. Chokan. 2016. Effect of auxin and cytokinin concentrations on photosynthetic pigments and proline amino acid under drought stress in single cross maize 704. Journal of Plant Process and Function. 5(16): 165-178. (In Persian). doi: 1001.1.23222727.1395.5.16.15.0
Mohammadi, C., L. Alivand, F. Farahvash, H. Hamzeh, K. Anori, and C. Arefi. 2013. Grouping of maize hybrids based on some agronomic characteristics. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 1(25): 1-16. (In Persian).
Mohammadi, M., and A. Khademi. 2017. Evaluation of the effect of foliar application of gibberellin and calcium at different stages of growth on some quantitative and qualitative traits of sweet pepper. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Sciences. 48(4): 823-832. (In Persian). doi: 22059/ijhs.2018.211788.1048.
Niakan, M., and M. Habibi. 2016. The effect of cytokinin on growth indices and photosynthesis of Cucurbita maxima at different drought levels. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology. 11(42): 56-65. (In Persian). doi: 20.1001.1. 76712423.1395.11.42.2.7
Nordstrom, A., P. Tarkowski, D. Tarkowska, R. Norbaek, C. Astot, K. Dolezal, and G. Sandberg. 2004. Auxin regulation of cytokinin biosynthesisin Arabidopsis thaliana: A factor of potential importance for auxin-cytokinin regulated development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 101(21): 8039-8044. doi:1073/pnas.0402504101.
Passos, A.M.A.D., P.M.D. Rezende, A.A.D. Alvarenga, D.P. Baliza, E.R. Carvalho, and H.P.D. Alcantara. 2011. Yield per plant and other characteristics of soybean plants treated with kinetin and potassium nitrate. Cienciae Agrotecnologia. 35(5): 965-972. doi: 1590/S1413-70542011000500014.
Peel, M.C., B.L. Finlayson, and T.A. Mc Mahon. 2007. Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions. 4(2): 439-473. doi: 5194/hess-11-1633-2007.
Rafiee, M. 2014. Evaluation of grain yield and yield components of maize hybrids in double cropping with winter crops in temperate condition of Khorramabad. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 16 (1): 39-50. (In Persian).
Rahnama, A. 2006. Plant physiology. Publications Puran Pajohesh. 332 Paper. (In Persian).
Sadi, S., and T. Sakinezhad. 2016. Effect of different amounts of humic magnesium chelate and gibberellin hormone on yield and yield components of cowpea. Journal of Agricultural Research in the Edge of the Desert. 13(1): 11-19. (In Persian).
Safi, S.M., and A.J. AlFaid. 2018. Effect of spraying kinetin and licorice root extraction wheat yield and its components. International Journal of Agricultural and Statistical Sciences. 14(1): 271-277.
Sakakibara, H., K. Takei, and N. Hirose. 2006. Interactions between nitrogen and cytokinin in the regulation of metabolism and development. Trends in Plant Science. 11(9): 440-448. doi: 1016/j.tplants.2006.07.004.
Salem Meraji, H., A. Tavakoli, and N.A. Sepehvand. 2020. The effect of cytokinin on physiological characteristics and traits related to quinoa function under drought stress conditions. Journal of Plant Breeding Agriculture. 22(2): 419-432. (In Persian). doi:22059/jci.2020.292821.2298.
Sarwar, N., O. Farooq, K. Mubeen, A. Wasaya, W. Nouman, M.Z. Ali, and M. Shehzad. 2017. Exogenous application of gibberellic acid improves the maize crop productivity under scarce and sufficient soil moisture condition. Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova. 50(4): 65-73. doi: 1515/cerce-2017-0036.
Singh, M., N. Kumawat, I. Tomar, T. Duwet, R.K. Yadav, and Y.K. Sahu. 2018. Effect of gibberllic acid on growth, yield and economics of maize (Zea mays). Journal of AgriSearch. 5(1): 25-29. doi: 10.21921/jas.v5i01.11128.
Soltani, A., R.A. Khvarinezhad, S.A.H. Angaji, and F. Najafi. 2016. Effect of salinity and gibberellic acid interaction on the content of photosynthetic pigments and some antioxidant enzymes in two cultivars of Iranian chickpea (Cicer arientinum). Journal of Plant Process and Function. 5(16): 179-188. (In Persian). doi: 20.1001.1.23222727.1395.5.16.12.7.
Werner, T., V. Motyka, M. Strnad, and T. Schmulling. 2001. Regulation of plant growth by cytokinin. Plant Biology. 98(18): 10487-10492. doi: 1073/ pnas.171304098.
Yang, J., J. Zhang, Z. Huang, Z. Wang, Q. Zhu, and L. Liu. 2002. Correlation of cytokinin levels in the endosperms and roots with cell number and cell division activity during endosperm development in rice. Annals of Botany. 90(3): 369–377. DOI: 1093/aob/mcf198.
Pouryousef Miandoab, M., and F. Ismailzadeh. 2016. The effect of foliar application and seed priming with growth stimulants on yield and amount of flaxseed oil (Linum usitatissimum). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 4(40): 857-874. (In Persian).
Zare, M. 2006. Investigation of the effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and kinetin on germination and growth of wheat seedlings under salinity stress. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 12(4): 855-865. (In Persian).