اثر تناوب گیاهان پیش‌کاشت و مصرف نیتروژن بر عملکرد کمی و کیفی برنج (Oryza sativa)
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیکسید رسول موسوی 1 , یوسف نیک نژاد 2 , هرمز فلاح آملی 3 , سلمان دستان 4 , داوود براری تاری 5
1 - گروه زراعت، واحد آیت‌الله آملی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، آمل، ایران،
2 - گروه زراعت، واحد آیت‌الله آملی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، آمل، ایران،
3 - گروه زراعت، واحد آیت‌الله آملی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، آمل، ایران،
4 - پژوهشگاه بیوتکنولولوژی کشاورزی ایران، کرج، ایران
5 - گروه زراعت، واحد آیت‌الله آملی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، آمل، ایران،
کلید واژه: بقایای گیاهی, پرکو, جذب نیتروژن, بوکو, جذب پتاسیم, رامتیل, فاسیلیا,
چکیده مقاله :
بهره‌برداری مستمر و عدم اجرای تناوب زراعی باعث کاهش ماده آلی خاک می‌شود. کاشت مداوم برنج به‌دلیل عملیات غرقابی و گل‌خرابی اثر منفی بر خصوصیات مختلف خاک دارد. لذا، پیش‌کاشت گیاهان از خانواده لگوم و براسیکا در تناوب با برنج منجر به افزایش فعالیت‌های ریزجانداران شده و فرآیند معدنی شدن نیتروژن می‌شود. بنابراین، این پژوهش با هدف بررسی اثر بقایای گیاهان پیش‌کاشت از خانواده براسیکا و لگوم بر عملکرد کمی و کیفی برنج در تناوب زراعی دو ساله بود. آزمایش به‌صورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار در شهرستان ساری طی سال‌های 1395 و 1396 اجرا شد. شش سطح تناوب گیاهان پیش‌کاشت شامل آیش (شاهد)، باقلا، شبدر برسیم، پرکو، بوکو و ترکیب شبدر برسیم + رامتیل + فاسیلیا به‌عنوان عامل اصلی و چهار سطح کود نیتروژن شامل عدم مصرف (شاهد)، 50 درصد کمتر از توصیه کودی، توصیه کودی و 50 درصد بیشتر از توصیه کودی به‌ترتیب 0، 50، 100 و 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار از منبع اوره به‌عنوان عامل فرعی در نظر گرفته شدند. گیاهان پیش‌کاشت انتخاب شده شامل دو گیاه زراعی از خانواده براسیکاسه (پرکو و بوکو) و دو گیاه زراعی رامتیل و فاسلیا که در مناطق معتدل اروپا کشت می‌شوند به همراه دو گیاه از خانواده لگومینوزه بومی منطقه (شبدر برسیم و باقلا) بودند. بر اساس نتایج بیشترین عملکرد شلتوک (5147 کیلوگرم در هکتار) برای پیش‌کاشت پرکو با مصرف نیتروژن برابر توصیه کودی حاصل شد و پیش‌کاشت بوکو و ترکیبی با مصرف نیتروژن برابر توصیه کودی در رتبه‌های بعدی قرار گرفتند. در مجموع، با پیش‌کاشت پرکو، بوکو، ترکیبی و شبدر برسیم بالاترین مقدار عملکرد مربوط به مصرف نیتروژن برابر کودی به‌دست آمد. ولی، در پیش‌کاشت باقلا و آیش بالاترین عملکرد شلتوک با مصرف نیتروژن بالاتر از توصیه کودی حاصل شد. بیشترین عملکرد پروتئین دانه به پیش‌کاشت پرکو و بوکو تعلق گرفت.
Regular rice transplanting due to flooding, puddling and leveling has a negative impact on the soil structure, chemical properties and soil microbial activity. Therefore, the study was conducted on the effect of residues of pre-sowing some plants on quantitative and qualitative yield of rice in crop rotation. The experiment was conducted as split plots based on a randomized complete blocks design with four replications in Sari region during 2016 and 2017. Six crop rotation levels including fallow (control), faba bean, clover, perko, buko, and clover + ramtil + phaselia were used as main plots and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer including no consumption (control), 50% less than recommendation amount, recommendation amount based on soil test and 50% more than recommendation amount were 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg/ha of urea source as a sub plots, respectively According to the findings, the highest paddy yield (5147 kg/ha) was obtained for perko pre-sowing with 100 kg urea consumption per hectare, and pre-sowing of buko and multiple of clover + ramtil + phaselia was ranked next with 100 kg urea consumption per hectare. Totally, the highest paddy yield was achieved with pre-sowing of perko, buko, multiple of clover + ramtil + phaselia and clover and nitrogen consumption equals 100 kg urea per hectare. But, in pre-sowing of faba beans and fallow, the highest paddy yield was obtained with nitrogen consumption higher than recommendation amount (150 kg/ha). The highest protein yield was attributed to perko and buko pre-sowing. Moreover, the highest conversion efficiency, amylose content and gel consistency were obtained with perko pre-sowing, and these parameters got ranked next with pre-sowing of buko, clover + ramtil + phaselia, clover and faba bean, respectively.
Abbasi, M.K., Kazmi, M., and Hussan, F. (2005). Nitrogen use efficiency and herbage production of an established grass sward in relation to moisture and nitrogen fertilization. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 28: 1693-1708. (In Persian)
Ahmad, T., Hafeez, F.Y., Mahmood, T., and Malik, K.A. (2001). Residual effect of nitrogen fixed by mungbean (Vigna radiata) and blackgram (Vigna mungo) on subsequent rice and wheat crops. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 41: 245-248. (In Persian)
Akbari Moghaddam, H., Ramroudi, M., Koohkan, Sh.A., Fanaei, H.R., Akbari Moghaddam, A.R. (2011). Effects of crop rotation systems and nitrogen levels on wheat yield, some soil properties and weed population, International Journal of Agricultural Science. 1(3): 651-613. (In Persian)
Ayenehband, A. (2005). Crop rotation. Publisher of academic center of education culture and research, Mashhad Branch, 407 pp.
Baldwin, K.R., and Creamer, N.G. (2006). Cover Crops for Organic Farms. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service Publications Available on-line at:http:// www. Cefs. Ncsu.Edu/PDFs/Updated /Cover crops FINAL Pdf Jan 2009.pdf.
Benintend, M.C., Sterren, M.A., and Battista, J.J.D. (2008). Soil microbiological indicators of soil quality in four rice rotation system. Ecological Indicators. 8(5): 704-708.
Bindra, A.D., Kalia, B.D., and Kumar, S. (2000). Effect of N-Levels and dates of transplanting on growth, yield and yield attributes of scented rice. Advances in Agricultural Research in India. 10: 45-48
Cherr, C.M., Scholberg, J.M.S., and Mc Sorley, R. (2006). Green manure approaches to crop production: A synthesis. Agronomy Journal. 98: 302-319.
Cho, Y.S., Hidaka, K., and Mineta, T. (2003). Evaluation of white clover and rye grown in rotation with no-tilled rice. Field Crop Research. 83(3/15): 237-250
Collins, H.P., Delgado, J.A., Alva, A.K., and Follett, R.F. (2007). Use of nitrogen-15isotopic techniques to estimate nitrogen cycling from a mustard cover crop to potatoes. Agronomy Journal. 99(1): 27-35.
Danga, B.O., Ouma, J.P., Wakindiki, I.I.C., and Bar-Tal, A. (2009). Legume– wheat rotation effects on residual soil moisture, nitrogen and wheat yield in tropical regions. Advances in Agronomy. 101: 315-349.
Dobermann, A. (2005). Nitrogen Use Efficiency - State of the Art. IFA International Workshop on Enhanced - Efficiency Fertilizers Frankfurt, Germany, 28-30 June.
Draper, P. (2006). Cool season pulse suitable for rotation with rice. Rural industries Research and Development Corporation of Australian.
Fyson, A., and Oaks, A. (1990). Growth promotion of maize by legume in soils. Plant and Soil. 122: 259–266.
Hirel, B., Le Gouis, J., Ney, B., and Gallais, A. (2007). The challenge of improving nitrogen use efficiency in crop plants: toward a more central role for genetic variability and quantitative genetics within integrated approaches. Journal of Experimental Botant. 58(9): 2369-2387.
Lehrsch, G.A., and Gallian, J.J. (2010). Oilseed Radish Effects on Soil Structure and Soil Water Relations. Journal of Sugar Beet Research. 47(1/2): 1-21.
Lifang, H., Fan, S., Zongsheng, Z., and Libo, F. (2000). A systematic approach to balancing soil in Broad bean-Rice rotation in Yunnan. Better Crops International Plant Nutrition Institute. 14(2): 55-71.
Lopez-Bellido, L., Lopez-Bellido, R.J., and Redondo, R. (2005). Nitrogen efficiency in wheat under rainfed Mediterranean conditions as affected by split nitrogen application. Field Crops Research. 92(94): 86-97.
Lopez-Bellido, R.J., and Lopez-Bellido, L. (2001). Efficiency of nitrogen in wheat under Mediterranean condition:effect of tillage, crop rotation and N fertilization. Field Crops Research. 71: 31-64.
Lopez-Bellido, R.J., Lopez-Bellido, L., Castillo, J.E., and Lopez-Bellido, F.J. (2004). Chickpea response to tillage and soil residual nitrogen in a continuous rotation with wheat II. Soil nitrate, N uptake and influence on wheat yield. Field Crops Research. 88: 201–210.
Martre, P., Porter, J.R., Jamieson, P.D., and Triboi, E. (2003). Modeling Grain Nitrogen Accumulation and Protein Composition to Understand the Sink/Source Regulations of Nitrogen Remobilization for Wheat. Plant Physiology. 133: 1959-1967.
Montemuro, F., Maiorana, M., Ferri, D., and Convertini, G. (2006). Nitrogen indicators, uptake and utilization efficiency in a maize and barley rotation cropped at different levels and source of N fertilization. Field Crops Research. 99: 114-124.
Peoples, M.B., and Herridge, D.F. (1990). Nitrogen fixation by legumes in tropical and sub-tropical agriculture. Advances in Agronomy. 44: 155-223.
Rahimizadeh, M., Kashani, A., Zare-Feizabadi, A., Koocheki, A.R., ad Nassiri-Mahallati, M. (2012). Nitrogen use efficiency of wheat as affected by preceding crop, application rate of nitrogen and crop residues. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 4(5): 363-368. (In Persian)
Samonte, S.O., Wilson, L.T., Medley, J.C., Pinson, S.R.M., McClung, A.M., and Lales, J.S. (2006). Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency: Relationships with grain yield, grain protein, and yield-related traits in rice. Agronomy Journal. 98: 168-176.
Shalikar, O.H., Ayoubi, S., Khormali, F., and Ghorbani Nasrabadi, R. (2009). Assessment of soil quality indicators in different rice rotation systems in Dasht-Sar district, Amol, Mazandaran Province. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resource. 15(6):1-12. (In Persian)
Shoghi Kalkhoran, S., Ghalavand, A., and Modares Sanavi, S.A.M. (2012). Effects of Bio Fertilizer and Green Manure (Winter Wheat) in Combination with Integrated Nitrogen Sources (Chemical-Farmyard Manure) on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Environmental Sciences. 9(2): 35-52. (In Persian)
Tabrizi, A.A., Nour Mohammadi, G., and Mobasser, H.R. (2015). Effects of Different Cropping Systems on Fertility of Paddy Soil. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 9(2): 191-202. (In Persian)
Thuy, N.H., Shan, Y., Singh, B., Wang, K., Cai, Z., Singh, Y., and Buresh, R.J. (2008). Nitrogen supply in rice-based cropping systems as affected by crop residue management. Soil Science Society of American Journal. 72: 514-523
Zeng, X.B., Shenge, G., Wang, B., and Fang, L. (2007). Effect of cropping system change for paddy field with double harvest rice on the crop growth and soil nutrient. Agricultural Science in China. 6(9): 1115-1123.
_||_Abbasi, M.K., Kazmi, M., and Hussan, F. (2005). Nitrogen use efficiency and herbage production of an established grass sward in relation to moisture and nitrogen fertilization. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 28: 1693-1708. (In Persian)
Ahmad, T., Hafeez, F.Y., Mahmood, T., and Malik, K.A. (2001). Residual effect of nitrogen fixed by mungbean (Vigna radiata) and blackgram (Vigna mungo) on subsequent rice and wheat crops. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 41: 245-248. (In Persian)
Akbari Moghaddam, H., Ramroudi, M., Koohkan, Sh.A., Fanaei, H.R., Akbari Moghaddam, A.R. (2011). Effects of crop rotation systems and nitrogen levels on wheat yield, some soil properties and weed population, International Journal of Agricultural Science. 1(3): 651-613. (In Persian)
Ayenehband, A. (2005). Crop rotation. Publisher of academic center of education culture and research, Mashhad Branch, 407 pp.
Baldwin, K.R., and Creamer, N.G. (2006). Cover Crops for Organic Farms. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service Publications Available on-line at:http:// www. Cefs. Ncsu.Edu/PDFs/Updated /Cover crops FINAL Pdf Jan 2009.pdf.
Benintend, M.C., Sterren, M.A., and Battista, J.J.D. (2008). Soil microbiological indicators of soil quality in four rice rotation system. Ecological Indicators. 8(5): 704-708.
Bindra, A.D., Kalia, B.D., and Kumar, S. (2000). Effect of N-Levels and dates of transplanting on growth, yield and yield attributes of scented rice. Advances in Agricultural Research in India. 10: 45-48
Cherr, C.M., Scholberg, J.M.S., and Mc Sorley, R. (2006). Green manure approaches to crop production: A synthesis. Agronomy Journal. 98: 302-319.
Cho, Y.S., Hidaka, K., and Mineta, T. (2003). Evaluation of white clover and rye grown in rotation with no-tilled rice. Field Crop Research. 83(3/15): 237-250
Collins, H.P., Delgado, J.A., Alva, A.K., and Follett, R.F. (2007). Use of nitrogen-15isotopic techniques to estimate nitrogen cycling from a mustard cover crop to potatoes. Agronomy Journal. 99(1): 27-35.
Danga, B.O., Ouma, J.P., Wakindiki, I.I.C., and Bar-Tal, A. (2009). Legume– wheat rotation effects on residual soil moisture, nitrogen and wheat yield in tropical regions. Advances in Agronomy. 101: 315-349.
Dobermann, A. (2005). Nitrogen Use Efficiency - State of the Art. IFA International Workshop on Enhanced - Efficiency Fertilizers Frankfurt, Germany, 28-30 June.
Draper, P. (2006). Cool season pulse suitable for rotation with rice. Rural industries Research and Development Corporation of Australian.
Fyson, A., and Oaks, A. (1990). Growth promotion of maize by legume in soils. Plant and Soil. 122: 259–266.
Hirel, B., Le Gouis, J., Ney, B., and Gallais, A. (2007). The challenge of improving nitrogen use efficiency in crop plants: toward a more central role for genetic variability and quantitative genetics within integrated approaches. Journal of Experimental Botant. 58(9): 2369-2387.
Lehrsch, G.A., and Gallian, J.J. (2010). Oilseed Radish Effects on Soil Structure and Soil Water Relations. Journal of Sugar Beet Research. 47(1/2): 1-21.
Lifang, H., Fan, S., Zongsheng, Z., and Libo, F. (2000). A systematic approach to balancing soil in Broad bean-Rice rotation in Yunnan. Better Crops International Plant Nutrition Institute. 14(2): 55-71.
Lopez-Bellido, L., Lopez-Bellido, R.J., and Redondo, R. (2005). Nitrogen efficiency in wheat under rainfed Mediterranean conditions as affected by split nitrogen application. Field Crops Research. 92(94): 86-97.
Lopez-Bellido, R.J., and Lopez-Bellido, L. (2001). Efficiency of nitrogen in wheat under Mediterranean condition:effect of tillage, crop rotation and N fertilization. Field Crops Research. 71: 31-64.
Lopez-Bellido, R.J., Lopez-Bellido, L., Castillo, J.E., and Lopez-Bellido, F.J. (2004). Chickpea response to tillage and soil residual nitrogen in a continuous rotation with wheat II. Soil nitrate, N uptake and influence on wheat yield. Field Crops Research. 88: 201–210.
Martre, P., Porter, J.R., Jamieson, P.D., and Triboi, E. (2003). Modeling Grain Nitrogen Accumulation and Protein Composition to Understand the Sink/Source Regulations of Nitrogen Remobilization for Wheat. Plant Physiology. 133: 1959-1967.
Montemuro, F., Maiorana, M., Ferri, D., and Convertini, G. (2006). Nitrogen indicators, uptake and utilization efficiency in a maize and barley rotation cropped at different levels and source of N fertilization. Field Crops Research. 99: 114-124.
Peoples, M.B., and Herridge, D.F. (1990). Nitrogen fixation by legumes in tropical and sub-tropical agriculture. Advances in Agronomy. 44: 155-223.
Rahimizadeh, M., Kashani, A., Zare-Feizabadi, A., Koocheki, A.R., ad Nassiri-Mahallati, M. (2012). Nitrogen use efficiency of wheat as affected by preceding crop, application rate of nitrogen and crop residues. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 4(5): 363-368. (In Persian)
Samonte, S.O., Wilson, L.T., Medley, J.C., Pinson, S.R.M., McClung, A.M., and Lales, J.S. (2006). Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency: Relationships with grain yield, grain protein, and yield-related traits in rice. Agronomy Journal. 98: 168-176.
Shalikar, O.H., Ayoubi, S., Khormali, F., and Ghorbani Nasrabadi, R. (2009). Assessment of soil quality indicators in different rice rotation systems in Dasht-Sar district, Amol, Mazandaran Province. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resource. 15(6):1-12. (In Persian)
Shoghi Kalkhoran, S., Ghalavand, A., and Modares Sanavi, S.A.M. (2012). Effects of Bio Fertilizer and Green Manure (Winter Wheat) in Combination with Integrated Nitrogen Sources (Chemical-Farmyard Manure) on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Environmental Sciences. 9(2): 35-52. (In Persian)
Tabrizi, A.A., Nour Mohammadi, G., and Mobasser, H.R. (2015). Effects of Different Cropping Systems on Fertility of Paddy Soil. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 9(2): 191-202. (In Persian)
Thuy, N.H., Shan, Y., Singh, B., Wang, K., Cai, Z., Singh, Y., and Buresh, R.J. (2008). Nitrogen supply in rice-based cropping systems as affected by crop residue management. Soil Science Society of American Journal. 72: 514-523
Zeng, X.B., Shenge, G., Wang, B., and Fang, L. (2007). Effect of cropping system change for paddy field with double harvest rice on the crop growth and soil nutrient. Agricultural Science in China. 6(9): 1115-1123.