مطالعه اثر تیمارهای اسید سالیسیلیک و سلنیوم بر ویژگیهای فیزیولوژیکی و زراعی گلرنگ (Carthamus tinctorius L.) تحت تنش خشکی
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیک
سعیده رشیدی
1
(گروه کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران)
کلید واژه: پرولین, گلرنگ, اسید سالیسیلیک, سلنیوم, فعالیت انزیم سوپر اکسید دیسموتاز,
چکیده مقاله :
به منظور بررسی اثر محلول پاشی اسید سالیسیلیک و سلنیوم بر ویژگیهای فیزیولوژیکی و زراعی گلرنگ در شرایط تنش خشکی، آزمایشی به صورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. عامل اصلی شامل آبیاری در سه سطح، آبیاری کامل در فصل رشد (شاهد)، قطع آبیاری در مرحله 50 درصد گلدهی و قطع آبیاری در مرحله 50 درصد تشکیل طبق بود. عامل فرعی محلول پاشی بوته‌های گلرنگ شامل عدم محلول پاشی (شاهد)، محلول پاشی با اسید سالیسیلیک همراه با سلنیوم در نظر گرفته شد. تنش خشکی باعث کاهش عملکرد بیولوژیکی ، اجزای عملکرد و عملکرد دانه شد. ولی درصد پروتئین، فعالیت آنزیم سوپر اکسید دیسموتازی و میزان پرولین را افزایش داد. همچنین بیشترین اثر منفی تنش خشکی در مرحله گلدهی مشاهده شد به طوری که تنش مرحله گلدهی سبب افت 49 درصدی عملکرد دانه و 33 درصدی زیست توده گلرنگ شد. محلول پاشی سبب بهبود عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد و فعالیت سوپر اکسید دیسموتازی نسبت به عدم محلول پاشی (شاهد) شد. بین تیمارهای محلول پاشی در عملکرد دانه و فعالیت سوپر اکسید دیسموتازی تفاوت معنی‌داری مشاهده نشد. اما محلول پاشی اسید سالیسیلیک با 7198 کیلوگرم در هکتار، بیشترین زیست توده را نشان داد. محلول پاشی در شرایط عدم تنش و تنش خشکی سبب افزایش درصد روغن دانه شد، به طوری که در آبیاری کامل و تنش مرحله گلدهی به ترتیب محلول پاشی اسید سالیسیلیک با 24 درصد و محلول پاشی اسید سالیسیلیک با سلنیوم با 28 درصد، بیشترین درصد روغن را دارا بودند. تیمارهای محلول پاشی موجب افزایش میزان پرولین در شرایط تنش نسبت به شاهد شد و در تنش مرحله گلدهی، محلول پاشی اسید سالیسیلیک و سلنیوم با 11 میکرومول بر گرم وزن تر گیاه بیشترین میزان پرولین را نشان داد. مرحله گلدهی در گلرنگ از نظر نیاز گلرنگ به آب، مرحله بحرانی بوده وتنش در این مرحله اثر منفی بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد دانه دارد. تیمارهای محلول پاشی با افزایش فعالیت آنزیم آنتی اکسیدانت (سوپر اکسید دیسموتاز) و افزایش میزان پرولین و تنظیم اسمزی سبب بهبود شرایط گیاه شدند.
In order to investigate the effect of salicylic acid and selenium foliar application on physiological characteristics and yield and yield components of safflower under drought stress conditions, an experiment was conducted as split plots based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The main factor included irrigation in three levels, complete irrigation during growing season (control), cutting irrigation at 50 percent flowering stage and cutting irrigation at 50 percent head forming stage. Sub factor was considered foliar application of safflower plants including nonspraying (control), foliar application by salicylic acid, selenium and salicylic acid with selenium. Drought stress reduced biologic yield, yield components and grain yield, but it increased protein percentage, the superoxide dismutase activity and proline concentration. Also, the highest negative effect of drought tension was observed in flowering stage, so that stress at flowering stage reduced 49 percent grain yield and 33 percent biomass of safflower. Foliar application improved yield, yield components and superoxide dismutase activity compared to non-spraying (control). However, between foliar application treatments in grain yield and superoxide dismutase activity, no significant difference was observed, but foliar application of salicylic acid with 7198 kg ha-1 showed the highest biomass. The foliar application in stress and non-stress conditions increased grain oil percentage, so that in complete irrigation and flowering stage stress , the highest grain oil percentage was belonged to salicylic acid foliar application with 24 percent and salicylic acid foliar application with selenium 28 percent. The foliar application treatments increased proline concentration in stress conditions compared to control and at flowering stress stage, salicylic acid and selenium foliar application with 11 micro Mol per gram fresh plant weigh showed the highest proline concentration. Keywords: Grain yield, Oil percentage, Proline and Safflower. .
Alscher, R.G., Erturk, N. and Heath, I.S. (2002). Role of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in controlling oxidative stress in plant. Journal of Experimental Botany. 53(372): 1331-1341.
Bates, L.S., Waldren, R.P. and Teare, L.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39:205-208.
Broadley, M., Brown, P., Cakmak, I., Ma, J.F., Rengel, Z. and Zhao, F. (2012). Beneficial elements In: P. Marschner (Ed). Marschner’s mineral nutrition of higher plants, 3nd Edition . Academic press Inc. San Diego, 672 p.
Dadnia, M.R. (2012). The effect of water deficit stress and selenium foliar application on the activity of some antioxidant enzymes in oil sunflower cultivars .Iranian journal of Crop Physiology. 4: 71-81
Daryayi, F., Keramat, B. and Arvin, M.J. (2014). Study the effects of se and cd on some parameters morphological and physiological in cultivars of wheat plant. Iranian Journal of Plant Process and Function. 3:101-114.
Davody, A., Mirshekary, B., Shirany Rad. A. and Rashidi, V. (2016). Investigate the effect of selenium application on quantity and quality of oil yield in canola cultivars under delayed planting conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Physiology. 8(31):129-143.
Dajue, L. and Mundel, H.H. (1996). Safflower. Carthamus tinctorius L. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 7. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben / International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. Rome. Italy, 83 p.
Dawood, M.G., Sadak. M.S. and Hosayen. M. (2012). Physiological role of salicylic acid in improving performance, yield and some biochemical aspects of sunflower plant growth under newly reclaimed sandy. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences.6(4): 82-89.
Fahad, S.H. and Bano, A.S. (2012). Effect of salicylic acid on physiological and biochemical characterization of maize growth in saline area. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 44(4): 1433-1438.
Farjam, S., Rokhzady, A., Mohamady, H. and Ghale shakhany, S. (2014). Effect of cut irrigation tension and foliar application of salicylic on growth , yield and yild components of three safflower cultivars . Iranian Journal of Crop Physiology. 6(23): 99-112.
Giannopolitis, C.N. and Ries, S.K. (1977). Superoxide dismutase. I. Occurrence in higher plant. Plant Physiology. 59( 2) : 309-314.
Hajiboland, R. (2012). Effects of micronutrient deficiencies on plants stress responses. In: A parvaiz, M.N.V. Prasad, (Eds). Abiotic stress response in plants: metabolism, productivity and sustainability. Springer Verlag. India, pp 282-326.
Hayat S. and Ahmad, A. (2007). Salicylic Acid – A Plant Hormone Springer. Netherlands, 410 p.
Hayat, S., Hasan, S.A., Fariduddin, Q. and Ahmad, A. (2008). Growth of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) in response to salicylic acid under water stress, Journal of palnt Internations. 3(4): 297-304.
Hayat, Q., Hayat, S., Irfan, M. and Ahmad, A. (2010). Effect of exogenous salicylic acid under changing environment: A review . Environmental and Experimental Botany. 68(1): 14-25.
Heydari, A., Bizhanzadeh, E., Naderi, R. and Emam,.Y. ( 2015). Effect of late season drought tension and salicylic acid on grain yield and canopy temperature of two rapeseed cultivars. Iranian journal of crop physiology. 7(27): 37-53.
Hussain, A., Ghaudhry. M. R., Wajad, A., Ahmed, A., Rafiq, M., Ibrahim, M. and Goheer, A.R. (2004). Influence of water stress on growth, yield and radiation use efficiency of various wheat cultivars. International Journal of Agriculture Biology. 6(6): 1074-1079.
Lascano, H.R., Antonicelli, G. E., Luna, C.M., Melchiorre, M.N., Gomez, L.D., Racca, R. W, Trippi, V.S. and Casano, L.M. (2001). Antioxidant system response of different wheat cultivars under drought: field and in vitro studies. Australian Journal of plant physiology. 28(11) : 1095-1102.
Lopez Pereira, M., Trapani, N. and Sadras, V.O. (2000). Genetic improvement of sunflower in Argentina between 1930 and 1995 III. Dry matter partitioning and grain composition Field Crops Research. 67(3): 215-221.
Ma, Q., Niknam, S.R. and Turner, D.W. (2006). Respones of osmotic adjustment and seed yield of Brassica napus and B.juncea to soil water deficit at different growth stage Australia Journal of Agricultural Research.57(2):221-226.
Mahdavian, K. (2017). Effect of different concentrations of salicylic acid on salinity tolerance of barley seedling (hordeum vulgare L.). Iranian Journal of Crop Physiology. 9(36):121-136
Malik, J.A., Kumar, S., Thakur, P., Shrma, S., Kaur, N., Kaur, R., Pathania, D., Bhandhari, K., Kaushal, N., Singh, K., Srivastava, A. and Nayyar, H. (2011). Promotion of growth in mungbean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb). By selenium is associated with stimulation of carbohydrate metabolism Biological Trace Elem Research. 143(1): 530-539.
McKersie, B.D., Murnaghan, J., Jones, K.S. and Bowley. S.R. (2000). Iron - superoxidase dismutase expression in transgenic alfalfa increases winter survival without a detectable increase in photosynthetic oxidative stress tolerance. Plant Physiology. 122(4): 1427-1437.
Metwally, A., Finkemeier, I., Georgi, M, and Dietz, K.J. (2003). Salicylic acid alleviates the cadmium toxicity in barley seedling. Plant Physiology. 132(1): 272-281.
Mohammad, T., Ali, A., Nadeem, M.A., Tanveer, A. and sabri, Q.M. (2007). Performance of canola under different irrigation levels. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 39 (3): 793-746.
Noreen, S. and Ashraf, M. (2008). Alleviation of adverse effects of salt stress on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) by exogenous application of salicylic acid: growth and photosynthesis. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 40(4): 1657-1663.
Naeimy, M., Akbary, GH., Shiranyrad, A., H. Hasanlo, T. and Akbary, Gh.A. (2012). Effect of zeolite application and selenium spraying on water relations traits and antioxidant enzymes in medicinal pumpkin under water deficit stress conditions. Iranian journal of crops improvement.14:67-81
Nematollahi, E., Jafary, A. and Bagheri, A. (2013). Effect of drought stress and salicylic acid on photosyn thesis pigments and macronutrient absorption in two sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars.Iranian Journal of Plant Ecophysiology. 5(12): 37-51.
Nowak, J., Kaklewski, K. and Ligocki, M. (2004). Influence of selenium on oxidoreductive enzymes activity in soil an in plants. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 36(10): 1553-1558.
Ozbolt,L., Kreft, S., Kreft, I., Germ, M. and Stibilj, V. (2008). Distribution of selenium and phenolics in buckwheat plants grown from seeds soaked in Se solution and under different levels of UV-B radiation. Food Chemistry. 110: 691-696.
Pazoki, A. R., Shirani Rad, A. H., Habibi, D., Paknejad, F., Kobraee, S. and Hadayat, N. (2010). Effect of drought stress and selenium spraying on superoxide dismutase activity of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars. World Academy of Science Engineering and Technology.44:688-691
Rahnema, A.A. and Bakhshande, A.M. (2006). Determination of optimum irrigation level and compatible canola varieties in the Mediterranean environment. Asian Journal of Plant Science. 5(3): 543-546.
Rao, M.S.S. and Mendham, N.J. (1991). Soil-plant-water relations of oilseeds rape (Brassica napus and B. Compestris). The Journal of Agricultural Science. 117(2): 197-205.
Rostayi,. KH. Movahedy dehnavy, M., khadem, S.A., and Oliayi , H.R. ( 2012). Effect of different super absorbent polymer and animal manure ratios on the qualitative characteridtics of soyben under drought stress.Iranian Journal of Crops Improvement. 14(1):33-42
Sankar, B., Jaleel, C. A., Manivannan, P., Kishorekumar, A., Somasundaram, R. and Panneerselvam, R. (2007). Drought-induced biochemical modifications and proline metabolism in Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. Acta Botanica Croatica, 66(1), 43-56.
Shoghian, M. and Roozbahani, A. (2017). The effect of salicylic acid foliar application on morphological traits, yield and yield components of red bean under drought tension conditions. Crop Physiology Journal, 34(9):131-147.
Siamy,. R., Mirshekary, B., Farahbakhsh, F., Rashidi, R., and Tarynejad, A.R. (2017). The effect of seed priming with salicylic acid and water deficit tension on enzyme activity and yield of grain corn . Iranian Journal of Crop Physiology. 9(34):23-35.
Tabatabaei, S.A., Ghasemy, A. and Shakeri, A. (2012). Effect of water stress on yield , yield components and oil quantity of canola cultivars . Iranian Journal of Crop Physiology. 3(12):41-53.
Vaisnad, S., and Talebi, R. (2015). Salicylic acid-enhanced morphological and physiological responses in chickpea (Cicer arientium L.) under water deficit stress. Environmental and Experimental Biology. 13(3): 109-115.
Weinberg, Z.G., Landau, S., Bar – Tal, A., Chen, Y., Gamburg, M., Brener, S. and Dvash, L. (2005). English safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) as an alternative winter forage crop. Proceedings of the 15th International conference, Belfast, Northern Ireland, (ICBNI’05), Wageningen Academic publ., Wagening, the Netherlands, pp 169-169.
Xue. T.L., Hartikainen, H. and Piironen, V. (2001). Antioxidative and growth-promoting effects of selenium on senescing lettuce. Plant and soil. 237: 55-61.
Yao, X., Chu, J. and Wang, G. (2009). Effects of selenium on wheat seedlings under drought stress. Biological Trace Element Research.3: 283-290.
Yusuf, M., Hasan, S. A., Ali, Hayat, S., Fariduddin, Q. and Ahmad, A. (2008). Effect of salicylic acid on salinity induced changes in Brassica juncea. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 50(9): 1096-1102.
Zahedi, H., Noor Mohamadi, G. H., Shirani Rad, A. Hl, Habibi, D. and Mashhadi Akbar Boojar, M. (2009). The effects of zeolite and foliar applications of selenium on growth, yield and yield components of three canola cultivars under drought stress. World Applied Sciences. 7(2): 255-262.
Zafary, M., Ebady, A., Jahanbahksh, S. and Sedghy, M. (2017). Effect of Brassinosteroide on yield potential and yield components of safflower (Cartahamus tinctorius L.) under different irrigation regimes. Iranian journal of Crop Production.10(2):115-126.
Zhang, S. B., Lu, Q.U., Yang, H., Li, Y. and Wang, S.( 2011). Aqueous enzymatic extraction of oil and protein hydrolysates from roasted peanut seeds. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society.88 (5): 727-732.
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Alscher, R.G., Erturk, N. and Heath, I.S. (2002). Role of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in controlling oxidative stress in plant. Journal of Experimental Botany. 53(372): 1331-1341.
Bates, L.S., Waldren, R.P. and Teare, L.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39:205-208.
Broadley, M., Brown, P., Cakmak, I., Ma, J.F., Rengel, Z. and Zhao, F. (2012). Beneficial elements In: P. Marschner (Ed). Marschner’s mineral nutrition of higher plants, 3nd Edition . Academic press Inc. San Diego, 672 p.
Dadnia, M.R. (2012). The effect of water deficit stress and selenium foliar application on the activity of some antioxidant enzymes in oil sunflower cultivars .Iranian journal of Crop Physiology. 4: 71-81
Daryayi, F., Keramat, B. and Arvin, M.J. (2014). Study the effects of se and cd on some parameters morphological and physiological in cultivars of wheat plant. Iranian Journal of Plant Process and Function. 3:101-114.
Davody, A., Mirshekary, B., Shirany Rad. A. and Rashidi, V. (2016). Investigate the effect of selenium application on quantity and quality of oil yield in canola cultivars under delayed planting conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Physiology. 8(31):129-143.
Dajue, L. and Mundel, H.H. (1996). Safflower. Carthamus tinctorius L. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 7. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben / International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. Rome. Italy, 83 p.
Dawood, M.G., Sadak. M.S. and Hosayen. M. (2012). Physiological role of salicylic acid in improving performance, yield and some biochemical aspects of sunflower plant growth under newly reclaimed sandy. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences.6(4): 82-89.
Fahad, S.H. and Bano, A.S. (2012). Effect of salicylic acid on physiological and biochemical characterization of maize growth in saline area. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 44(4): 1433-1438.
Farjam, S., Rokhzady, A., Mohamady, H. and Ghale shakhany, S. (2014). Effect of cut irrigation tension and foliar application of salicylic on growth , yield and yild components of three safflower cultivars . Iranian Journal of Crop Physiology. 6(23): 99-112.
Giannopolitis, C.N. and Ries, S.K. (1977). Superoxide dismutase. I. Occurrence in higher plant. Plant Physiology. 59( 2) : 309-314.
Hajiboland, R. (2012). Effects of micronutrient deficiencies on plants stress responses. In: A parvaiz, M.N.V. Prasad, (Eds). Abiotic stress response in plants: metabolism, productivity and sustainability. Springer Verlag. India, pp 282-326.
Hayat S. and Ahmad, A. (2007). Salicylic Acid – A Plant Hormone Springer. Netherlands, 410 p.
Hayat, S., Hasan, S.A., Fariduddin, Q. and Ahmad, A. (2008). Growth of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) in response to salicylic acid under water stress, Journal of palnt Internations. 3(4): 297-304.
Hayat, Q., Hayat, S., Irfan, M. and Ahmad, A. (2010). Effect of exogenous salicylic acid under changing environment: A review . Environmental and Experimental Botany. 68(1): 14-25.
Heydari, A., Bizhanzadeh, E., Naderi, R. and Emam,.Y. ( 2015). Effect of late season drought tension and salicylic acid on grain yield and canopy temperature of two rapeseed cultivars. Iranian journal of crop physiology. 7(27): 37-53.
Hussain, A., Ghaudhry. M. R., Wajad, A., Ahmed, A., Rafiq, M., Ibrahim, M. and Goheer, A.R. (2004). Influence of water stress on growth, yield and radiation use efficiency of various wheat cultivars. International Journal of Agriculture Biology. 6(6): 1074-1079.
Lascano, H.R., Antonicelli, G. E., Luna, C.M., Melchiorre, M.N., Gomez, L.D., Racca, R. W, Trippi, V.S. and Casano, L.M. (2001). Antioxidant system response of different wheat cultivars under drought: field and in vitro studies. Australian Journal of plant physiology. 28(11) : 1095-1102.
Lopez Pereira, M., Trapani, N. and Sadras, V.O. (2000). Genetic improvement of sunflower in Argentina between 1930 and 1995 III. Dry matter partitioning and grain composition Field Crops Research. 67(3): 215-221.
Ma, Q., Niknam, S.R. and Turner, D.W. (2006). Respones of osmotic adjustment and seed yield of Brassica napus and B.juncea to soil water deficit at different growth stage Australia Journal of Agricultural Research.57(2):221-226.
Mahdavian, K. (2017). Effect of different concentrations of salicylic acid on salinity tolerance of barley seedling (hordeum vulgare L.). Iranian Journal of Crop Physiology. 9(36):121-136
Malik, J.A., Kumar, S., Thakur, P., Shrma, S., Kaur, N., Kaur, R., Pathania, D., Bhandhari, K., Kaushal, N., Singh, K., Srivastava, A. and Nayyar, H. (2011). Promotion of growth in mungbean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb). By selenium is associated with stimulation of carbohydrate metabolism Biological Trace Elem Research. 143(1): 530-539.
McKersie, B.D., Murnaghan, J., Jones, K.S. and Bowley. S.R. (2000). Iron - superoxidase dismutase expression in transgenic alfalfa increases winter survival without a detectable increase in photosynthetic oxidative stress tolerance. Plant Physiology. 122(4): 1427-1437.
Metwally, A., Finkemeier, I., Georgi, M, and Dietz, K.J. (2003). Salicylic acid alleviates the cadmium toxicity in barley seedling. Plant Physiology. 132(1): 272-281.
Mohammad, T., Ali, A., Nadeem, M.A., Tanveer, A. and sabri, Q.M. (2007). Performance of canola under different irrigation levels. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 39 (3): 793-746.
Noreen, S. and Ashraf, M. (2008). Alleviation of adverse effects of salt stress on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) by exogenous application of salicylic acid: growth and photosynthesis. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 40(4): 1657-1663.
Naeimy, M., Akbary, GH., Shiranyrad, A., H. Hasanlo, T. and Akbary, Gh.A. (2012). Effect of zeolite application and selenium spraying on water relations traits and antioxidant enzymes in medicinal pumpkin under water deficit stress conditions. Iranian journal of crops improvement.14:67-81
Nematollahi, E., Jafary, A. and Bagheri, A. (2013). Effect of drought stress and salicylic acid on photosyn thesis pigments and macronutrient absorption in two sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars.Iranian Journal of Plant Ecophysiology. 5(12): 37-51.
Nowak, J., Kaklewski, K. and Ligocki, M. (2004). Influence of selenium on oxidoreductive enzymes activity in soil an in plants. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 36(10): 1553-1558.
Ozbolt,L., Kreft, S., Kreft, I., Germ, M. and Stibilj, V. (2008). Distribution of selenium and phenolics in buckwheat plants grown from seeds soaked in Se solution and under different levels of UV-B radiation. Food Chemistry. 110: 691-696.
Pazoki, A. R., Shirani Rad, A. H., Habibi, D., Paknejad, F., Kobraee, S. and Hadayat, N. (2010). Effect of drought stress and selenium spraying on superoxide dismutase activity of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars. World Academy of Science Engineering and Technology.44:688-691
Rahnema, A.A. and Bakhshande, A.M. (2006). Determination of optimum irrigation level and compatible canola varieties in the Mediterranean environment. Asian Journal of Plant Science. 5(3): 543-546.
Rao, M.S.S. and Mendham, N.J. (1991). Soil-plant-water relations of oilseeds rape (Brassica napus and B. Compestris). The Journal of Agricultural Science. 117(2): 197-205.
Rostayi,. KH. Movahedy dehnavy, M., khadem, S.A., and Oliayi , H.R. ( 2012). Effect of different super absorbent polymer and animal manure ratios on the qualitative characteridtics of soyben under drought stress.Iranian Journal of Crops Improvement. 14(1):33-42
Sankar, B., Jaleel, C. A., Manivannan, P., Kishorekumar, A., Somasundaram, R. and Panneerselvam, R. (2007). Drought-induced biochemical modifications and proline metabolism in Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. Acta Botanica Croatica, 66(1), 43-56.
Shoghian, M. and Roozbahani, A. (2017). The effect of salicylic acid foliar application on morphological traits, yield and yield components of red bean under drought tension conditions. Crop Physiology Journal, 34(9):131-147.
Siamy,. R., Mirshekary, B., Farahbakhsh, F., Rashidi, R., and Tarynejad, A.R. (2017). The effect of seed priming with salicylic acid and water deficit tension on enzyme activity and yield of grain corn . Iranian Journal of Crop Physiology. 9(34):23-35.
Tabatabaei, S.A., Ghasemy, A. and Shakeri, A. (2012). Effect of water stress on yield , yield components and oil quantity of canola cultivars . Iranian Journal of Crop Physiology. 3(12):41-53.
Vaisnad, S., and Talebi, R. (2015). Salicylic acid-enhanced morphological and physiological responses in chickpea (Cicer arientium L.) under water deficit stress. Environmental and Experimental Biology. 13(3): 109-115.
Weinberg, Z.G., Landau, S., Bar – Tal, A., Chen, Y., Gamburg, M., Brener, S. and Dvash, L. (2005). English safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) as an alternative winter forage crop. Proceedings of the 15th International conference, Belfast, Northern Ireland, (ICBNI’05), Wageningen Academic publ., Wagening, the Netherlands, pp 169-169.
Xue. T.L., Hartikainen, H. and Piironen, V. (2001). Antioxidative and growth-promoting effects of selenium on senescing lettuce. Plant and soil. 237: 55-61.
Yao, X., Chu, J. and Wang, G. (2009). Effects of selenium on wheat seedlings under drought stress. Biological Trace Element Research.3: 283-290.
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