تأثیر هورمون جیبرلین بر عملکرد، شاخص‌های رشدی و صفات بیوشیمیایی ذرت (Zea mays L.) تحت تنش خشکی
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیک
عباس ملکی
1
(گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد ایلام، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ایلام، ایران)
امین فتحی
2
(گروه زراعت، واحد آیت‌اله آملی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، آمل، ایران)
صادق بهامین
3
(گروه آگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد)
کلید واژه: پرولین, شاخص سطح برگ, ماده خشک, آمیلاز, پروتئاز,
چکیده مقاله :
به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر هورمون جیبرلین و تنش خشکی بر ذرت آزمایشی به صورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی عبارتند از سطوح تنش رطوبتی در سه سطح آبیاری نرمال (60I0=)، تنش متوسط (90I1=) و تنش شدید (120I2=) میلی‌متر تبخیر از تشتک تبخیر کلاس A به‌عنوان فاکتور اصلی و فاکتور فرعی شامل محلول‌پاشی هورمون جیبرلین در چهار سطح عدم مصرف (0G0=)، (ppm15G1=)، (ppm20G2=) و (ppm25G3=) می‌باشد. نتایج مقایسه میانگین نشان داد بیشترین و کمترین عملکرد دانه به ترتیب در تیمار 60 میلی متر تبخیر از تشتک تبخیر به همراه مصرف 20 پی پی ام جیبرلیک اسید و 120 میلی متر تبخیر از تشتک تبخیر بدون مصرف جیبرلیک اسید به میزان 2/9658 و 3/5797 کیلوگرم در هکتار مشاهده شد. همچنین در تمامی سطوح تنش مصرف جیبرلیک اسید موجب افزایش عملکرد دانه ذرت شد. اثر متقابل هورمون و آبیاری تأثیر معنی‌داری بر نشاسته، پرولین، آلفا آمیلاز، بتاآمیلاز، پروتئاز دارد. با اعمال تنش خشکی غلظت پرولین در برگ ذرت افزایش یافت. هورمون جیبرلین در شرایط عدم تنش خشکی تأثیر معنی‌داری بر غلظت پرولین برگ ذرت نداشت اما در شرایط تنش خشکی باعث افزایش غلظت پرولین گردید. کاربرد 20 و 25 پی پی ام جیبرلین در شرایط تنش کم آبی متوسط (90 میلی متر تبخیر از تشتک تبخیر) غلظت پرولین برگ در مقایسه با شاهد (عدم مصرف جیبرلین) به ترتیب به میزان 36 و 50 درصد افزایش داد. در شرایط تنش خشکی شدید (120 میلی متر تبخیر از تشتک تبخیر) غلظت پرولین با کاربرد 20 و 25 پی پی ام جیبرلین به ترتیب 32 و 21 درصد بیشتر از عدم مصرف جیبرلین بود. به‌طور کلی نتایج نشان داد که اسید جیبرلیک از طریق تأثیر مثبت بر افزایش و بهبود اجزاء عملکرد در نهایت می تواند عملکرد دانه ذرت را افزایش دهد.
In order to investigate the effect of gibberellin hormone and drought stress on corn, an experiment was conducted as split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included moisture stress at three levels of normal irrigation (I0=60), medium stress (I1=90), and severe stress (I2=120) mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan as main factor and a sub factor of gibberellin hormone spraying at four levels non-consumption (G0=0), (G1=15ppm), (G2=20ppm), and (G3=25ppm). Results showed that the highest and lowest grain yields were observed in 60 mm evaporation from evaporation pan with 20 ppm gibberellin acid and 120 mm evaporation from the evaporation pan without using gibberellin acid as 9658.2 and 5797.3 kg/h, respectively. Also, under all levels of drought stress, gibberellin acid application increased grain yield of corn. The interaction of hormones and irrigation had a significant effect on starch, proline, alpha amylase, beta amylase, and protease. Drought stress increased proline concentration in corn leaf. Gibberellin hormone had no significant effect on proline concentration in corn leaf under drought stress conditions, but under prolonged drought stress, proline concentration increased. The application of 20 and 25 ppm gibberellin under moderate dehydration (90 mm evaporation from evaporation pan) increased leaf proline concentrations by 36% and 50%, respectively, compared with control treatment (no gibberellin consumption). Under severe drought stress conditions (120 mm evaporation from the evaporation pan), proline concentrations with 20 and 25 ppm gibberellin were 32% and 21% higher than gibberellin consumption, respectively. Overall, the results showed that gibberellin acid, through positive effects on increasing and improving the yield components, can ultimately increase corn grain yield.
Akbari, J. and Maleki, A. (2018). The effect of ascorbic acid and salicylic acid foliar on vegetative properties and yield and yield components of Vigna unguiculata L. under drought stress. Applied Research of Plant Ecophysiology. 4 (2): 159-180.
Alizadeh, A. Majidi. A. Nadian, H. Noormohammadi, GH. and Ameriyan, M. (2007). Effect of drought stress and different nitrogen levels on phenology and growth of maize. Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 4 (5): 21-34.
Al-Shaheen, M.R. and Soh, A. (2016). Effect of proline and Gibberellic Acid on the qualities and qualitative of Corn (Zea maize L.) under the influence of different levels of the water stress. Intentional Journal science Research. 6 (4): 752-56.
Ashraf, M. Karim, F. and Rasul, E. (2002). Interactive effects of gibberellic acid (GA) and salt stress on growth, ion accumulation and photosynthetic capacity of two spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars differing in salt tolerance. Journal of Plant Growth Regulator. 36(1): 49- 59.
Atri, M. (1996). Plants organogenesis and morphogenesis. Jahad Daneshghahi Urmia Press. (In Persian).
Bahamin, S. Kocheki, A. Nasiri Mahallati, M. Beheshti, S.A. (2019). Effect of Biological and Chemical Fertilizers of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Quantitative and Qualitative Function of Maize under Drought Conditions. Journal of environmental stresses in crop sciences. 11(4): 863-872.
Bates, L.S. Waldren, R.D. and Teare, I.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free prolin for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39: 205-207.
Bradford, K.J. (1986). Manipulation of seed water relation via osmotic priming to improve germination under stress conditions. Horticultural Science. 21:1105-1111.
Dkhil, B.B. and Denden, M. (2010). Salt stress induced changes in germination, sugars, starch and enzyme of carbohydrate metabolism in Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench seeds. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 5(12): 1412-1418.
Dolan, M.S. Dowdy, R.H. Voorhees, W.B. Johnson, J.F. and Bidwellschradar, A.M. (1992). Corn phosphorus and potassium uptake in response to soil compaction. Agronomy Journal. 84 (4):639-642.
Faridoddin, Q. Hayat, S and Ahmad, A. (2003). Salicylic acid influences net photosynthetic rate, carboxilation efficiency, nitrate reductase activity and seed yield in Brassica juncea. Photosynthetica. 41: 281-284.
Farooq, M. Gogoi, N. Barthakur, S. Baroowa, B. Bharadwaj, N. Alghamdi, S.S. Siddique, K.H.M. (2016). Drought stress in grain legumes during reproduction and grain filling. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 10.1111/jac.12169.
Farooq, M. Wahid, A. Kobayashi, N. Fujita, D. and Basra, S.M.A. (2009). Plant drought stress: Effects, mechanisms and management. In Sustainable agriculture, Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 153-188.
Fathi, A. Fernia, A. and Maleki, A. (2016). The Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Vegetative Properties, Dry Matter and Corn Function. Applied field crops Research. 29 (1): 7-17.
Fathi, A. and Tari, D.B. (2016). Effect of Drought Stress and its Mechanism in Plants. International Journal of Life Sciences. 10(1): 1-6.
Feller, U. (2004). Proteolysis. In: Plant Cell Death Processes. Ed. Elsevier. 107-123.
Fujiwara, N. Masui, A. and Imanaka, T. (1993). Purification and properties of the highly thermostable alkaline protease from an alkaliphilic and thermophilic Bacillus sp. Journal of biotechnology. 30(2):245-256.
Ghaffari, H. Tadayon, M.R. Nadeem, M. Cheema, M. and Razmjoo, J. (2019). Proline-mediated changes in antioxidant enzymatic activities and the physiology of sugar beet under drought stress. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 41(2): 23-31.
Ghorbanli, M. and M. Niakan. (2005). Effect of drought stress on soluble suger, protein, proline, phenolic compound contents and reductase enzyme activity in Gorgan3 soybean cultivar. Journal of Sciense (Tteacher Training University). 5 (2): 538-550.
Gomes-Filho, E. Enéas-Filho, J. and Tarquinio Prisco, J. (1998). Effect of NaCl salinity on the expression of a cotyledonary a - amylase from Vigna unguiculata. Revista Brasileira de Fisiologia Vegetal. 10 (2): 97-100
Hedden, P. and Proebsting, W.M. (1999). Genetic analysis of gibberellin biosynthesis. Plant Physiology. 119(2): 365-370.
Heing, B. Ugrinovic, K. Sustar-Vozlic, J. and Kidric, M. (2004). Different classes of proteases are involved in the response to drought of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivars differing in sensitivity. Journal Plant Physiology. 161 (5): 519-530.
Hu, S. Sanchez, D.L. Wang, C. Lipka, A.E. Yin, Y. Gardner, C.A. and Lübberstedt, T. (2017). Brassinosteroid and gibberellin control of seedling traits in maize (Zea mays L.). Plant Science. 263: 132-141.
Jaberi, H. Lotfi, B. Jamshidnia, T. Fathi, A. Olad, R. and Abdollahi, A. (2015). Survey of yield of winter canola cultivars under drought stress on the yield at four different phonological stages. Scientia. 12(3): 144-148.
Karami Chame, S. Khalil-Tahmasbi, B. ShahMahmoodi, P. Abdollahi, A. Fathi, A. Seyed Mousavi, S.J. Bahamin, S. (2016). Effects of salinity stress, salicylic acid and Pseudomonas on the physiological characteristics and yield of seed beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). Scientia. 14(2): 234-238.
Keller, F. and Ludlow, M.M. (1993). Carbohydrates metabolism in drought– stressed leaves of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajana). Journal of Experimental Botany. 44 (8): 1351-1359.
Kumar, S. Saxena, S. N. Mistry, J.G. Fougat, R.S. Solanki, R.K. and Sharma, R. (2015). Understanding Cuminum cyminum: An important seed spice crop of arid and semi-arid regions. International of Journal Seed Spices. 5(2): 1-19.
Majdam, M. and A, Modhej. (2011). Effect of
nitrogen levels on water use efficiency, yield and yield components of corn rootstock under optimum conditions and drought stress. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Research. 10 (3): 554-546.
McDonald, M.B. (1999). Seed deterioration: Physiology, repair and assessment. Seed Science Technol. 27: 177-237.
Omena-Garcia, R.P. Martins, A. O. Medeiros, D.B. Vallarino, J.G. Ribeiro, D.M. Fernie, A.R. and Nunes-Nesi, A. (2019). Growth and metabolic adjustments in response to gibberellin deficiency in drought stressed tomato plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 159: 95-107.
Osborne, S.L. Schepers, J.S. Francis, D.D. and Schlemmer, M.R. (2002). Use of spectral radiance to in season biomass and grain yield in nitrogen and water stressed corn. Crop Science. 42: 165-171.
Pandey, R.K. Maranville, J.W. and Chetima, M.M. (2000). Deficit irrigation and nitrogen effect on maize in a sahelian environment. Shoot growth. Agric Water Manage. 46: 15-27.
Powell, A.A. (1998). Seed improvement by selection and invigoration. Sciense Agricultural Piracicaba. 55:126-133.
Sarwar, N. Farooq, O. Mubeen, K. Wasaya, A. Nouman, W. Ali, M.Z. and Shehzad, M. (2017). Exogenous Application of Gibberellic Acid Improves the Maize Crop Productivity Under Scarce and Sufficient Soil Moisture Condition. Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova. 50(4): 65-73.
Scott, N. S. Munns, R. and Barlow, E.W.R. (1979). Polyribosome content in young and egged wheat leaves subjected to drought. Journal Experiment Botany. 30: 905- 911.
Tajlil, A.H. Pazoki, A. Eradatmand Asli, D. (2014). Effects of seed priming by mannitol and zinc sulfate on biochemical parameters and seed germination of chickpea. International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences. 3: 294-298.
Tohidi, M. Fallahi, R. (2016). Evaluation of yield and yield components of corn with gibberellic acid solution. Ecophysiology of crops.10 (3): 656-645.
Zeid, I.M. and Shedeed, Z.A. (2006). Response of alfalfa to putrescine treatment under drought stress. Biology Plantarum. 50 (4): 635-640.
_||_Akbari, J. and Maleki, A. (2018). The effect of ascorbic acid and salicylic acid foliar on vegetative properties and yield and yield components of Vigna unguiculata L. under drought stress. Applied Research of Plant Ecophysiology. 4 (2): 159-180.
Alizadeh, A. Majidi. A. Nadian, H. Noormohammadi, GH. and Ameriyan, M. (2007). Effect of drought stress and different nitrogen levels on phenology and growth of maize. Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 4 (5): 21-34.
Al-Shaheen, M.R. and Soh, A. (2016). Effect of proline and Gibberellic Acid on the qualities and qualitative of Corn (Zea maize L.) under the influence of different levels of the water stress. Intentional Journal science Research. 6 (4): 752-56.
Ashraf, M. Karim, F. and Rasul, E. (2002). Interactive effects of gibberellic acid (GA) and salt stress on growth, ion accumulation and photosynthetic capacity of two spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars differing in salt tolerance. Journal of Plant Growth Regulator. 36(1): 49- 59.
Atri, M. (1996). Plants organogenesis and morphogenesis. Jahad Daneshghahi Urmia Press. (In Persian).
Bahamin, S. Kocheki, A. Nasiri Mahallati, M. Beheshti, S.A. (2019). Effect of Biological and Chemical Fertilizers of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Quantitative and Qualitative Function of Maize under Drought Conditions. Journal of environmental stresses in crop sciences. 11(4): 863-872.
Bates, L.S. Waldren, R.D. and Teare, I.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free prolin for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39: 205-207.
Bradford, K.J. (1986). Manipulation of seed water relation via osmotic priming to improve germination under stress conditions. Horticultural Science. 21:1105-1111.
Dkhil, B.B. and Denden, M. (2010). Salt stress induced changes in germination, sugars, starch and enzyme of carbohydrate metabolism in Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench seeds. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 5(12): 1412-1418.
Dolan, M.S. Dowdy, R.H. Voorhees, W.B. Johnson, J.F. and Bidwellschradar, A.M. (1992). Corn phosphorus and potassium uptake in response to soil compaction. Agronomy Journal. 84 (4):639-642.
Faridoddin, Q. Hayat, S and Ahmad, A. (2003). Salicylic acid influences net photosynthetic rate, carboxilation efficiency, nitrate reductase activity and seed yield in Brassica juncea. Photosynthetica. 41: 281-284.
Farooq, M. Gogoi, N. Barthakur, S. Baroowa, B. Bharadwaj, N. Alghamdi, S.S. Siddique, K.H.M. (2016). Drought stress in grain legumes during reproduction and grain filling. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 10.1111/jac.12169.
Farooq, M. Wahid, A. Kobayashi, N. Fujita, D. and Basra, S.M.A. (2009). Plant drought stress: Effects, mechanisms and management. In Sustainable agriculture, Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 153-188.
Fathi, A. Fernia, A. and Maleki, A. (2016). The Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Vegetative Properties, Dry Matter and Corn Function. Applied field crops Research. 29 (1): 7-17.
Fathi, A. and Tari, D.B. (2016). Effect of Drought Stress and its Mechanism in Plants. International Journal of Life Sciences. 10(1): 1-6.
Feller, U. (2004). Proteolysis. In: Plant Cell Death Processes. Ed. Elsevier. 107-123.
Fujiwara, N. Masui, A. and Imanaka, T. (1993). Purification and properties of the highly thermostable alkaline protease from an alkaliphilic and thermophilic Bacillus sp. Journal of biotechnology. 30(2):245-256.
Ghaffari, H. Tadayon, M.R. Nadeem, M. Cheema, M. and Razmjoo, J. (2019). Proline-mediated changes in antioxidant enzymatic activities and the physiology of sugar beet under drought stress. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 41(2): 23-31.
Ghorbanli, M. and M. Niakan. (2005). Effect of drought stress on soluble suger, protein, proline, phenolic compound contents and reductase enzyme activity in Gorgan3 soybean cultivar. Journal of Sciense (Tteacher Training University). 5 (2): 538-550.
Gomes-Filho, E. Enéas-Filho, J. and Tarquinio Prisco, J. (1998). Effect of NaCl salinity on the expression of a cotyledonary a - amylase from Vigna unguiculata. Revista Brasileira de Fisiologia Vegetal. 10 (2): 97-100
Hedden, P. and Proebsting, W.M. (1999). Genetic analysis of gibberellin biosynthesis. Plant Physiology. 119(2): 365-370.
Heing, B. Ugrinovic, K. Sustar-Vozlic, J. and Kidric, M. (2004). Different classes of proteases are involved in the response to drought of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivars differing in sensitivity. Journal Plant Physiology. 161 (5): 519-530.
Hu, S. Sanchez, D.L. Wang, C. Lipka, A.E. Yin, Y. Gardner, C.A. and Lübberstedt, T. (2017). Brassinosteroid and gibberellin control of seedling traits in maize (Zea mays L.). Plant Science. 263: 132-141.
Jaberi, H. Lotfi, B. Jamshidnia, T. Fathi, A. Olad, R. and Abdollahi, A. (2015). Survey of yield of winter canola cultivars under drought stress on the yield at four different phonological stages. Scientia. 12(3): 144-148.
Karami Chame, S. Khalil-Tahmasbi, B. ShahMahmoodi, P. Abdollahi, A. Fathi, A. Seyed Mousavi, S.J. Bahamin, S. (2016). Effects of salinity stress, salicylic acid and Pseudomonas on the physiological characteristics and yield of seed beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). Scientia. 14(2): 234-238.
Keller, F. and Ludlow, M.M. (1993). Carbohydrates metabolism in drought– stressed leaves of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajana). Journal of Experimental Botany. 44 (8): 1351-1359.
Kumar, S. Saxena, S. N. Mistry, J.G. Fougat, R.S. Solanki, R.K. and Sharma, R. (2015). Understanding Cuminum cyminum: An important seed spice crop of arid and semi-arid regions. International of Journal Seed Spices. 5(2): 1-19.
Majdam, M. and A, Modhej. (2011). Effect of
nitrogen levels on water use efficiency, yield and yield components of corn rootstock under optimum conditions and drought stress. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Research. 10 (3): 554-546.
McDonald, M.B. (1999). Seed deterioration: Physiology, repair and assessment. Seed Science Technol. 27: 177-237.
Omena-Garcia, R.P. Martins, A. O. Medeiros, D.B. Vallarino, J.G. Ribeiro, D.M. Fernie, A.R. and Nunes-Nesi, A. (2019). Growth and metabolic adjustments in response to gibberellin deficiency in drought stressed tomato plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 159: 95-107.
Osborne, S.L. Schepers, J.S. Francis, D.D. and Schlemmer, M.R. (2002). Use of spectral radiance to in season biomass and grain yield in nitrogen and water stressed corn. Crop Science. 42: 165-171.
Pandey, R.K. Maranville, J.W. and Chetima, M.M. (2000). Deficit irrigation and nitrogen effect on maize in a sahelian environment. Shoot growth. Agric Water Manage. 46: 15-27.
Powell, A.A. (1998). Seed improvement by selection and invigoration. Sciense Agricultural Piracicaba. 55:126-133.
Sarwar, N. Farooq, O. Mubeen, K. Wasaya, A. Nouman, W. Ali, M.Z. and Shehzad, M. (2017). Exogenous Application of Gibberellic Acid Improves the Maize Crop Productivity Under Scarce and Sufficient Soil Moisture Condition. Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova. 50(4): 65-73.
Scott, N. S. Munns, R. and Barlow, E.W.R. (1979). Polyribosome content in young and egged wheat leaves subjected to drought. Journal Experiment Botany. 30: 905- 911.
Tajlil, A.H. Pazoki, A. Eradatmand Asli, D. (2014). Effects of seed priming by mannitol and zinc sulfate on biochemical parameters and seed germination of chickpea. International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences. 3: 294-298.
Tohidi, M. Fallahi, R. (2016). Evaluation of yield and yield components of corn with gibberellic acid solution. Ecophysiology of crops.10 (3): 656-645.
Zeid, I.M. and Shedeed, Z.A. (2006). Response of alfalfa to putrescine treatment under drought stress. Biology Plantarum. 50 (4): 635-640.