تاثیر محلول‌پاشی نانو دی‌اکسید تیتانیوم و اسید سالیسیلیک بر برخی از صفات فیزیولوژیک گیاه سرخارگل (Echinaceae purpurea L.) در شرایط کمبود آب
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیک
آسیه امید حقی
1
(گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران)
ابراهیم خلیل وند بهروزیار
2
(گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران)
فرهاد فرح‌وش
3
(گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران)
مهرداد یارنیا
4
(گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران)
عبداله حسن زاده
5
(بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان آذربایجان غربی،
سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ارومیه، ایران)
کلید واژه: محتوای کلروفیل, پرولین, تنش کمبود آب, محتوای نسبی آب برگ, پراکسید هیدروژن,
چکیده مقاله :
به منظور ارزیابی تاثیر تنش کمبود آب و محلول پاشی اسید سالیسیلیک و نانو ذرات دی اکسید تیتانیوم بر برخی از صفات فیزیولوژیکی گیاه دارویی سرخارگل (Echinacea purpurea L.) آزمایشی به صورت اسپلیت پلات فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در سال 1397-1396 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تبریز به اجرا در آمد. عامل اصلی تنش کمبود آب در سه سطح آبیاری تا 50، 75 و 100 درصد ظرفیت زراعی و ترکیب تیماری محلول پاشی اسید سالیسیلیک و نانو ذرات دی اکسید تیتانیوم هر کدام در دو سطح 02/0 و 04/0 درصد به عنوان عامل فرعی و محلول پاشی آب مقطر به‌عنوان تیمار عدم مصرف این ترکیبات در نظر گرفته شد. نتایج نشان داد که اثر تنش کمبود آب بر صفات محتوای رطوبت نسبی و میزان پرولین در سطح احتمال یک درصد معنی دار بود. بر همکنش تنش کمبود آب و محلول‌پاشی نانو دی اکسید تیتانیوم و اسید سالیسیلیک بر صفات محتوای کلروفیل b، کلروفیل کل و میزان پراکسید هیدروژن در سطح احتمال یک درصد معنی دار شد.اعمال تنش آبیاری تا 50 درصد رطوبت زراعی موجب افزایش 40 درصدی میزان پرولین و کاهش 10 درصدی محتوای رطوبت نسبی نسبت به آبیاری کامل (آبیاری تا 100 درصد ظرفیت زراعی) شد. محلول پاشی با 04/0 درصد اسید سالیسیلیک و 04/0 درصد نانو دی اکسید تیتانیوم تحت آبیاری تا 100 درصد رطوبت زراعی موجب کاهش میزان پراکسید هیدروژن نسبت به تیمار آبیاری تا 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی و عدم محلول پاشی گردید. بیشترین میزان کلروفیل کل برگ در تیمار آبیاری تا100 درصد ظرفیت زراعی و محلول پاشی با 02/0 درصد اسید سالیسیلیک و 04/0 درصد نانو دی اکسید تیتانیوم به دست آمد که افزایش 52/79 درصدی نسبت به تیمار آبیاری تا 100 درصد ظرفیت زراعی و عدم محلول پاشی نشان داد.
In order to investigate the effect of drought stress and nano-TiO2 and salicylic acid foliar application on some physiological traits of Echinaceae purpurea under water, an experiment was conducted in split plot factorial based on RCBD in three replications at the Research Station of the Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, during growing seasons of 2017-2018. The main factors were water deficit stress at three levels of 50, 75, and 100% filed capacity, thefactorial combination of nano-TiO2 (n-TiO2) foliar application at two levels (0.02 and 0.04%) and salicylic acid foliar application at two levels (0.02 and 0.04%), and also distilled water foliar application as control treatment. Findingsshowed a significant effect of water deficit stress on relative water content (RWC) and proline (p≤0.01). Also, interaction of the effects of water deficit stress and nano-TiO2 and salicylic acid foliar application on Chl. b, total Chl., and hydrogen peroxide contents was significant (p≤0.01). Application of water deficit stress treatment up to 50% FC increased proline content by 40% and reduced RWC by 10% compared to complete irrigation (100% FC). Furthermore, 0.04% n-TiO2 and 0.04% SA foliar application increased hydrogen peroxide content by 50% compared to complete irrigation group and the control. The maximum total Chl. Contents of leaves was obtained under 100% FC irrigation and and 0.04% n-TiO2 and 0.02% SA foliar application showing 79.52% increase compared to 100% FC irrigation and no foliar application.
References
Abdel Latef, A.A.H., Srivastava, A.K. Abd El-Sadek, M.S., Kordrostami, M. and Tran, L.P.(2017). Titanium dioxide nanoparticles improve growth and enhance tolerance of broad bean plants under saline soil conditions. Land Degradation and Development, 29 (4): 1065-1073.
Ahmadi, A., Emam, Y. and Pessarakli, M. (2010). Biochemical changes in maize seedling exposed to drought stressconditions at different nitrogen levels. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 33: 541.556.
Araus, J.L., Casdesus, J. and Bort, J. (2001). Recent tools for screening of physiological traits determining yield. In: Application of Physiology in Wheat Breeding. Reynolds, M.P., Ortiz Monasterio, J., Mcnab A., and Mexico D.F., CIMMYT. Pp: 59-77.
Arvin. M.J., Beidshki. A., Kramt. B. and Maghsodi. K. (2011). The study salicylic acid (SA) role in contrast with drought stress by affecting on morphological and physiological parameters in garlic plant. In: Proceeding of 7th Iranian Horticultural Science Congress, Isfahan Industrial University, Iranian 4-7 September 2011. (In Persian)
Azarpanah, A., Alizadeh, O. and Dehghanzadeh, H. (2013). Investigation on proline and carbohydrates accumulation in Zea mays L. under water stress condition. Extreme life, Biospeology and Asterobiology, International Journal of the Bioflux Society, 5 (1):47-54.
Bates, L., Waldren, R.P. and Teare, I.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39: 205-207.
Blum, A. (1996). Crop responses to drought and the interpretation of adaptation. Plant Growth Regulation, 20:135-148.
Blum, A. (2011). Plant breeding for water-limited environments. Springer Verlag.
El-Tayeb, M.A. (2005). Response of barley grain to the interactive effect of salinity and salicylic acid. Plant Growth Regulation, 45: 215-225.
Fadeel, B., Pietroiusti, A. and Shvedova, A. )2017(. Adverse Effects of Engineered Nanomaterials. Exposure, Toxicology, and Impact on Human Health. Elsevier Academic Press, New York. Pp. 468.
Fu, J., Fry, J, and Huang, B. (2004). Minimum water requirements of four turfgrasses in the transition zone. Horticultural Science, 39:1740-1744.
Ghai N., Setia R.C. and Setia N. (2002). Effect of paclobutrazol and salicylic acid on chlorophyll content, hill activity and yield components in Brescia napus L. (cv. GSL-1). Phytomorphol, 52: 83-87.
Gregersen, P.L., Culetic, A. Boschian, L. and Krupinska, K. (2013). Plant senescence and crop productivity. Plant Molecular Biology 82 603–622.
Hayata, Q., Hayata, Sh. Irfan, M. and Ahmad, A.(2010). Effect of exogenous salicylic acid under changing environment: A review. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 68: 14–25.
Karimi, L. and Mirjalili, M. )2009(. Titanium dioxide. Journal of Nanotechnology 8: 23- 25.
Khalilvand Behrouzyar, E. (2017). Effect of Seed Priming with Ethanol, Methanol, Boron and Manganese on some of Morphophysiological Characteristics of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) under Water Deficit Stress. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 11 (4): 805-820. (In Persian).
Khalilvand Behrouzyar, E., Yarnia, M. and Ghasemim A. (2019). Effect of foliar application of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on maize yield and some antioxidant enzymes of sweet maize (Zea mays var saccharata) under water deficit tension conditions. Scientific Journal of Crop Physiology, 11 (43): 105-118. (In Persian).
Khan, W., Prithiviraj, B. and Smith, D. (2003). Photosynthetic responses of corn and soybean to foliar application of salicylates. Plant Physiology, 160: 485-92.
Khan, M.N., Mobin, M., Abbas, Z. K., AlMutairim, K. A. and Siddiqui, Z. H. (2017). Role of nanomaterials in plants under challenging environments. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 110: 194–209.
Khater, M. S. (2015). Effect of Titanium Nanoparticles (TiO2) on Growth, Yield and Chemical Constituents of Coriander Plants. Arab Journal of Nuclear Science and Applications, 48 (4): 187-194
Kirigwi, F.M., Van Ginkel, M., Trethowan, R.G., Sears, R.G., Rajaram, S. and Paulsen, G.M. (2004). Evaluation of selection strategies for wheat adaptation across water regimes. Euphytica, 135: 361-371.
Luxmore, B. (1990). Methods of soil Analysis. Part II, 3th Edition, pp.493-59.
Mandeh, M., Omidi, M. and Rahaie, M. (2012). In vitro influences of TiO2 nanoparticles on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) tissue culture. Biology Trace Element Research,150(1-3):376-80.
Mahmoodzadeh, H, Aghili, R. and Nabavi, M. (2013). Physiological effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on wheat (Triticum aestivum). Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 3(14): 1365-1370.
Morteza, E., Moaveni, M., Aliabadi Farahani, H. and Kiyani, M. (2013). Study of photosynthetic pigments changes of maize (Zea mays L.) under nano Tio2 spraying at various growth stages. Springer Plus. 2:247. 1-5.
Munne-Bosch, S. and Alegre, L. (2000). Significance of beta carotene, alpha, tocopherol and the xanthophyll cycle and drought stress in (Melissa officinalis L.) plant. Plant Physiology. 27(2): 139-146.
Munne-Bosch, S. and Penualas, J. (2003). Photo- and antioxidative protection, and a role for salicylic acid during drought and recovery in field-grown Phillyrea angustifolia plants. Planta, 217 (5): 758-766.
Naghizadeh, M. and Kabiri, R. (2017). Effect of salisylic acid foliar application on some of physiological characteristics of corn (Zea mays L.) under drought stress condition. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 9 (4): 315-327. (In Persian)
Nazeri, M. (2005). Study of reaction of triticale genotype in water restriction condition in different stage of development. PhD dissertation. Agriculture Faculty, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary).
Omidbeigi, R. (2005). Production and Processing of Medicinal Plants. Astan Gods Razavi Press. 2: 324 pp. (In Persian)
Ort, D.R. (2001). When there is too much light. Plant Physiology. 125: 29-32.
Owolade, O.F., Ogunleti, D.O. and Adenekan, M.O. (2008). Titanium dioxide affects diseases, development and yield of edible cowpea. Journal Environment Agricaltural Food Chemistry. 7(5): 2942-2947.
Por-Mousavi, M., Galavi, M., Danshiyan, J., Ghanbari, A., and Basirani, N. (2005). Effects of drought stress and manure on leaf relative water content, cell membrane stability and leaf chlorophyll content in soybean (Glycine max). Journal of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, 14: 125-134.
Porra, R. J. (2002). The chequered history of the development and use of simultaneous equations for the accurate determination of chlorophylls a and b. Photosynthesis Research, 73: 149–156.
Pouryousef, M., Tavakoli, A., Maleki, M. and Barkhordari, K. (2012). Effects of drought stress and harvesting time on grain yield and its components of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). National Congress on Medicinal Plants, Kish Island, Iran, 16-17 May: 315.
Ramak, P., Khavari-Nejad, R., Hidari Sharifabad, H., Rafiee, M and Khademi, K. (2006). The effect of water stress on dry weight and photosynthetic pigments in two sainfoin species. Iranian Journal of Rangelands and Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research. 14 (2): 80-91
Rampino, P., Spano, G., Pataleo, S., Mita, G., Napier, J.A., Di Fonzo, N., Shewry, P.R. and Perrotta, C. (2006). Molecurar analysis of adurum wheat stay green mutant: Expression pattern of photosynthesis –related genes. Journal of Cereal Science, 43: 160-168.
Safikhani, F. (2006). Study of physiologic resistance to drought in Dracocephalum moldavica L. PhD thesis, Chamran University. [In Persian with English summary].
Sartip, H. and Sirousmehr. (2017). Effect of titanium nano particles and different irrigation levels on photosynthetic pigments, proline, soluble carbohydrates and growth parameters of Purslane. Plant Ecophysiology. 9 (28): 80-90. (In Persian)
Schonfeld, M.A., Johnson, R.C., Carver, B. F. and Mornhinweg, W. (1988). Water relation in wheat as drought resistance indicators. Crop Science 28: 256-531.
Senaranta, T., Teuchell, D., Bumm, E. and Dixon, K. (2002). Acetyl salicylic acid (asprin) and salicylic acid induce multiple stress tolerance in bean and tomato plants. Plant Growth Regulation, 30: 157-161.
Sheraphti chaleshtari, F., Sheraphti chaleshtari, R. and Momeni, M. (2008). The antimicrobial effects of aqueous extract and ethanol plant Scrophularia striata on E. coli in Laboratory. Journal of Medical Sciences (ShaherKord University). 10(4): 32-37. (In Persian).
Tsai, Y.L., Chiou, S.Y. Chan, K.C. and Sung. J.M. (2012). Caffeic acid derivatives, total phenols, antioxidant and antimutagenic activities of Echinacea purpurea flower extracts. LWT-Food Science and Technology. 46: 169-176.
Velikova, V., Yordanov, I. and Edreva, A. (2000). Oxidative stress and some antioxidant systems in acid rain-treated bean plants-protective role of exogenous polyamines. Plant Science, 151:59–66.
Yang, F., Hong, F., You, W., Liu, C., Gao, F., Wu, C. and Yang, P. )2006(. Influence of nanoanatase TiO2 on the nitrogen metabolism of growing spinach. Biological Trace Element Research. 110(2): 179-190
Yazdanpanah, S., Abasi, F. and Baghzadeh, A. (2010). Effect of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid on proline, sugar and protein content in Satureja hortensis L. under aridity stress. Proceeding of the First National Conference of Environmental Stress in Agricultural Science 28-29 Juan 2010. The University of Birjand. (In Persian)
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References
Abdel Latef, A.A.H., Srivastava, A.K. Abd El-Sadek, M.S., Kordrostami, M. and Tran, L.P.(2017). Titanium dioxide nanoparticles improve growth and enhance tolerance of broad bean plants under saline soil conditions. Land Degradation and Development, 29 (4): 1065-1073.
Ahmadi, A., Emam, Y. and Pessarakli, M. (2010). Biochemical changes in maize seedling exposed to drought stressconditions at different nitrogen levels. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 33: 541.556.
Araus, J.L., Casdesus, J. and Bort, J. (2001). Recent tools for screening of physiological traits determining yield. In: Application of Physiology in Wheat Breeding. Reynolds, M.P., Ortiz Monasterio, J., Mcnab A., and Mexico D.F., CIMMYT. Pp: 59-77.
Arvin. M.J., Beidshki. A., Kramt. B. and Maghsodi. K. (2011). The study salicylic acid (SA) role in contrast with drought stress by affecting on morphological and physiological parameters in garlic plant. In: Proceeding of 7th Iranian Horticultural Science Congress, Isfahan Industrial University, Iranian 4-7 September 2011. (In Persian)
Azarpanah, A., Alizadeh, O. and Dehghanzadeh, H. (2013). Investigation on proline and carbohydrates accumulation in Zea mays L. under water stress condition. Extreme life, Biospeology and Asterobiology, International Journal of the Bioflux Society, 5 (1):47-54.
Bates, L., Waldren, R.P. and Teare, I.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39: 205-207.
Blum, A. (1996). Crop responses to drought and the interpretation of adaptation. Plant Growth Regulation, 20:135-148.
Blum, A. (2011). Plant breeding for water-limited environments. Springer Verlag.
El-Tayeb, M.A. (2005). Response of barley grain to the interactive effect of salinity and salicylic acid. Plant Growth Regulation, 45: 215-225.
Fadeel, B., Pietroiusti, A. and Shvedova, A. )2017(. Adverse Effects of Engineered Nanomaterials. Exposure, Toxicology, and Impact on Human Health. Elsevier Academic Press, New York. Pp. 468.
Fu, J., Fry, J, and Huang, B. (2004). Minimum water requirements of four turfgrasses in the transition zone. Horticultural Science, 39:1740-1744.
Ghai N., Setia R.C. and Setia N. (2002). Effect of paclobutrazol and salicylic acid on chlorophyll content, hill activity and yield components in Brescia napus L. (cv. GSL-1). Phytomorphol, 52: 83-87.
Gregersen, P.L., Culetic, A. Boschian, L. and Krupinska, K. (2013). Plant senescence and crop productivity. Plant Molecular Biology 82 603–622.
Hayata, Q., Hayata, Sh. Irfan, M. and Ahmad, A.(2010). Effect of exogenous salicylic acid under changing environment: A review. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 68: 14–25.
Karimi, L. and Mirjalili, M. )2009(. Titanium dioxide. Journal of Nanotechnology 8: 23- 25.
Khalilvand Behrouzyar, E. (2017). Effect of Seed Priming with Ethanol, Methanol, Boron and Manganese on some of Morphophysiological Characteristics of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) under Water Deficit Stress. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 11 (4): 805-820. (In Persian).
Khalilvand Behrouzyar, E., Yarnia, M. and Ghasemim A. (2019). Effect of foliar application of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on maize yield and some antioxidant enzymes of sweet maize (Zea mays var saccharata) under water deficit tension conditions. Scientific Journal of Crop Physiology, 11 (43): 105-118. (In Persian).
Khan, W., Prithiviraj, B. and Smith, D. (2003). Photosynthetic responses of corn and soybean to foliar application of salicylates. Plant Physiology, 160: 485-92.
Khan, M.N., Mobin, M., Abbas, Z. K., AlMutairim, K. A. and Siddiqui, Z. H. (2017). Role of nanomaterials in plants under challenging environments. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 110: 194–209.
Khater, M. S. (2015). Effect of Titanium Nanoparticles (TiO2) on Growth, Yield and Chemical Constituents of Coriander Plants. Arab Journal of Nuclear Science and Applications, 48 (4): 187-194
Kirigwi, F.M., Van Ginkel, M., Trethowan, R.G., Sears, R.G., Rajaram, S. and Paulsen, G.M. (2004). Evaluation of selection strategies for wheat adaptation across water regimes. Euphytica, 135: 361-371.
Luxmore, B. (1990). Methods of soil Analysis. Part II, 3th Edition, pp.493-59.
Mandeh, M., Omidi, M. and Rahaie, M. (2012). In vitro influences of TiO2 nanoparticles on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) tissue culture. Biology Trace Element Research,150(1-3):376-80.
Mahmoodzadeh, H, Aghili, R. and Nabavi, M. (2013). Physiological effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on wheat (Triticum aestivum). Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 3(14): 1365-1370.
Morteza, E., Moaveni, M., Aliabadi Farahani, H. and Kiyani, M. (2013). Study of photosynthetic pigments changes of maize (Zea mays L.) under nano Tio2 spraying at various growth stages. Springer Plus. 2:247. 1-5.
Munne-Bosch, S. and Alegre, L. (2000). Significance of beta carotene, alpha, tocopherol and the xanthophyll cycle and drought stress in (Melissa officinalis L.) plant. Plant Physiology. 27(2): 139-146.
Munne-Bosch, S. and Penualas, J. (2003). Photo- and antioxidative protection, and a role for salicylic acid during drought and recovery in field-grown Phillyrea angustifolia plants. Planta, 217 (5): 758-766.
Naghizadeh, M. and Kabiri, R. (2017). Effect of salisylic acid foliar application on some of physiological characteristics of corn (Zea mays L.) under drought stress condition. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 9 (4): 315-327. (In Persian)
Nazeri, M. (2005). Study of reaction of triticale genotype in water restriction condition in different stage of development. PhD dissertation. Agriculture Faculty, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary).
Omidbeigi, R. (2005). Production and Processing of Medicinal Plants. Astan Gods Razavi Press. 2: 324 pp. (In Persian)
Ort, D.R. (2001). When there is too much light. Plant Physiology. 125: 29-32.
Owolade, O.F., Ogunleti, D.O. and Adenekan, M.O. (2008). Titanium dioxide affects diseases, development and yield of edible cowpea. Journal Environment Agricaltural Food Chemistry. 7(5): 2942-2947.
Por-Mousavi, M., Galavi, M., Danshiyan, J., Ghanbari, A., and Basirani, N. (2005). Effects of drought stress and manure on leaf relative water content, cell membrane stability and leaf chlorophyll content in soybean (Glycine max). Journal of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, 14: 125-134.
Porra, R. J. (2002). The chequered history of the development and use of simultaneous equations for the accurate determination of chlorophylls a and b. Photosynthesis Research, 73: 149–156.
Pouryousef, M., Tavakoli, A., Maleki, M. and Barkhordari, K. (2012). Effects of drought stress and harvesting time on grain yield and its components of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). National Congress on Medicinal Plants, Kish Island, Iran, 16-17 May: 315.
Ramak, P., Khavari-Nejad, R., Hidari Sharifabad, H., Rafiee, M and Khademi, K. (2006). The effect of water stress on dry weight and photosynthetic pigments in two sainfoin species. Iranian Journal of Rangelands and Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research. 14 (2): 80-91
Rampino, P., Spano, G., Pataleo, S., Mita, G., Napier, J.A., Di Fonzo, N., Shewry, P.R. and Perrotta, C. (2006). Molecurar analysis of adurum wheat stay green mutant: Expression pattern of photosynthesis –related genes. Journal of Cereal Science, 43: 160-168.
Safikhani, F. (2006). Study of physiologic resistance to drought in Dracocephalum moldavica L. PhD thesis, Chamran University. [In Persian with English summary].
Sartip, H. and Sirousmehr. (2017). Effect of titanium nano particles and different irrigation levels on photosynthetic pigments, proline, soluble carbohydrates and growth parameters of Purslane. Plant Ecophysiology. 9 (28): 80-90. (In Persian)
Schonfeld, M.A., Johnson, R.C., Carver, B. F. and Mornhinweg, W. (1988). Water relation in wheat as drought resistance indicators. Crop Science 28: 256-531.
Senaranta, T., Teuchell, D., Bumm, E. and Dixon, K. (2002). Acetyl salicylic acid (asprin) and salicylic acid induce multiple stress tolerance in bean and tomato plants. Plant Growth Regulation, 30: 157-161.
Sheraphti chaleshtari, F., Sheraphti chaleshtari, R. and Momeni, M. (2008). The antimicrobial effects of aqueous extract and ethanol plant Scrophularia striata on E. coli in Laboratory. Journal of Medical Sciences (ShaherKord University). 10(4): 32-37. (In Persian).
Tsai, Y.L., Chiou, S.Y. Chan, K.C. and Sung. J.M. (2012). Caffeic acid derivatives, total phenols, antioxidant and antimutagenic activities of Echinacea purpurea flower extracts. LWT-Food Science and Technology. 46: 169-176.
Velikova, V., Yordanov, I. and Edreva, A. (2000). Oxidative stress and some antioxidant systems in acid rain-treated bean plants-protective role of exogenous polyamines. Plant Science, 151:59–66.
Yang, F., Hong, F., You, W., Liu, C., Gao, F., Wu, C. and Yang, P. )2006(. Influence of nanoanatase TiO2 on the nitrogen metabolism of growing spinach. Biological Trace Element Research. 110(2): 179-190
Yazdanpanah, S., Abasi, F. and Baghzadeh, A. (2010). Effect of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid on proline, sugar and protein content in Satureja hortensis L. under aridity stress. Proceeding of the First National Conference of Environmental Stress in Agricultural Science 28-29 Juan 2010. The University of Birjand. (In Persian)