بررسی پاسخ برخی خصوصیات فیزیولوژیکی و عملکرد دانه ارقام خرفه (Portulaca oleracea L.) به تنش خشکی و محلول‌پاشی نانو کلات آهن
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیکنفیسه مهدی نژاد 1 , حمیده جمالپور 2 , براتعلی فاخری 3 , حمیده آزاد قوجه‌بیگلو 4
1 - گروه اصلاح نباتات و بیوتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران
2 - گروه باغبانی و فضای سبز، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران
3 - گروه اصلاح نباتات و بیوتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران
4 - گروه شیمی، دانشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران
کلید واژه: تنش خشکی, عناصر غذایی, عملکرد دانه, خرفه, تغذیه برگی, رنگیزه فتوسنتزی, نانو آهن,
چکیده مقاله :
به منظور بررسی تأثیر محلول پاشی نانو کلات آهن و تنش خشکی بر تغییرات فیزیولوژیکی و عملکرد دانه ارقام خرفه، آزمایشی به صورت اسپلیت پلات فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار، در مزرعه تحقیقاتی جهاد کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی شهرستان اهر در سال 1394 اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل سطوح تنش خشکی (90 (شاهد)، 70 و 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی)، دو سطح نانو کلات آهن ( صفر (شاهد) و یک لیتر در هکتار) و دو رقم خرفه (تهران و کازرون) بود. نتایج نشان داد محلول پاشی آهن در شرایط تنش خشکی تأثیر معنی داری بر برخی صفات داشت، به طوری که بیشترین مقدار کلروفیل b در شرایط نرمال آبیاری و محلول پاشی نانو کلات آهن، بیشترین غلظت سدیم از برهم کنش 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی و عدم محلول‌پاشی و بیشترین پتاسیم در شرایط خشکی 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی و محلول پاشی نانو کلات آهن حاصل گردید. با توجه به معنی داری اثرات سه جانبه، بیشترین میزان پرولین، قند محلول و میزان آهن از رقم کازرون در شرایط خشکی 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی با محلول پاشی نانو کلات آهن حاصل گردید. بیشترین میزان کلروفیل a ، کارتنوئیدها و آنتوسیانین ها از محلول پاشی نانو کلات آهن بر رقم کازرون در شرایط آبیاری نرمال به دست آمد. همچنین در شرایط تنش استفاده از نانو کلات آهن نسبت به شاهد موجب افزایش 66/32 درصدی عملکرد دانه گردید و رقم کازرون نسبت به رقم تهران برتری داشت به طوری که عملکرد دانه رقم کازرون 31/1 برابر رقم تهران بود.
In order to study the effect of foliar application of chelated nano iron and drought stress on physiological changes and grain yield of purslane cultivars, an experiment was conducted as split plot factorial randomized complete block design with three replications in Ahar Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Station during 2015. The experimental factors included drought stress levels, 90 (control), 70, and 50 field capacity, two levels of chelated nano iron, 0 (control) and 1 lit.hr, and two cultivars (Tehran and Kazeron). Results showed that foliar application of nano iron under drought stress had a significant effect on some traits, so that the highest content of chlorophyll b (4.47 mg/g leaf tissue) was recorded under normal irrigation and foliar application of nano iron chelated, the highest sodium concentration (38.87%) was obtained from 50% filed capacity and non foliar application of chelated nano iron, and the highest potassium content (87.68%) was obtained under drought stress conditions of 50% filed capacity and foliar application of chelated nano iron. Considering the significance of interaction effects, the highest amount of proline (1.22 mg/g fresh weight), soluble sugar (96.92 mg/g fresh weight), and iron (1.11%) was obtained from Kazeron cultivar under drought conditions, 50% filed capacity by non foliar application of chelated nano iron. The highest amounts of chlorophyll a (6.99 mg/g of leaf tissue), carotenoids (1.67 mg/100 ml), and anthocyanins (0.017 mg/100 ml) were recorded by foliar application of chelated nano iron in Kazeron cultivar under normal irrigation. Also under stress conditions, the use of chelated nano iron compared to control increased the grain yield by 32.66% and Kazeron cultivar was superior to Tehran cultivar, so that the seed grain yield of Kazeron was 1.31 more than that of Tehran.
Aain, A. (2012). Changes in proline content, soluble carbohydrates and absorption of potassium, zinc and calcium in sesame genotypes under drought stress. journal of crop production in environmental stress conditions. 4 (3): 40-48. (Persian).
Abbaszadeh, B., Sharifi ashourabadi, E., Lebaschi, M.H., Naderi Hajibagher, Kandy, M. and Moghadami, F. (2008). The effect of drought stress on proline contents, soluble sugars, chlorophyll and relative water contents of balm (Melissa officinalis L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 23(4): 505-513. (Persian).
Abbaszadeh, B., Sharifi-Ashoorabadi, A. and Farajelahi, M. (2007). Effect of drought stress on physiological traits of melissa officinalis L. second national congress of ecological agriculture in Iran. Gorgan. (Persian).
Abdel-Moez, M.R. (1996). Dry matter yield and nutrient uptake of corn as affected by some organic waste applied to a sandy soil. Annals of Agricultural Science, 34:1319-1330.
Abdul-Majid, S., Rehana, A. and Ghulam, M. (2007). Potassium-calcium interrelationship linked to drought tolerance in wheat. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 39(1): 609-1621.
Ahmadi., Kh. and Omidi, H. (2017). Evaluation of drought effect on quantitative and qualitative populations of bungalow medicinal plants. Enviromental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 318-307. (Persian).
Amal, A.M. and Aly, A.A. (2008). Alteration of some secondary metabolites and enzymes activity by using exogenous antioxidant compound in onion plants growth under seawater salt stress. American Eurasian Journal of Science Research. 3: 139-146.
Amiri Nejad, M., Akbari, Gh. A., Baqi-Zadeh, A., Alah-dadi, A., Shahbazi, M. and Naimi, M. (2015). Effect of drought stress and foliar iron and zinc on some biochemical traits of cumin plant. agricultural crop (Journal of Agricultural Sciences). 17 (4): 855-866. (Persian).
Arnon, A.N. (1967). Method of extraction of chlorophyll in the plants. Agronomy Journal. 23: 112-121.
Ashraf, M., Ashfaq, M. and Ashraf, M.Y. (2002). Effect of increased supply of potassium on growth and nutrient content in pearl millet under water stress. Biologia Plantarum. 451:141-144.
Azizabadi, A., Golchin, A. and Delaware, M.A. (2014). Effect of potassium and drought stress on growth indices and nutrient concentration of safflower leaves. Science and technology of greenhouse cultivation. 5 (19): 65-79. (Persian).
Bates, L.S., Waldern, R.P. and Teare, E.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant Soil. 39: 205-207.
Chen, J., Shi, Y. and Liu, J. (2003). Determination of noradrenaline and dopamine in chinese herbal extracts from portulaca oleracea L. by high–performance liquid chromatograghy. Journal of Chromatography. 1003(1-2):127-132.
Chen, Y., Shi, J., Tin, G.,Tian, G., Zheng, Sh. and Lin, Q. (2004). Fe deficiency induces Cu uptake and accumulation in Commelina communis. Plant Science. 166(5): 1371-1377.
Curie, C. and Briat, J.F. (2003). Iron transport and signaling in plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 54: 183-206.
Dweck, A.C. (2013). Purslane (P. oleracea) -the global panacea. Perso Care Mag. 2(4):7-15.
El-Fouly, M.M., Mobarak, Z.M. and Salama, Z. A. (2011). Micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn) foliar spray for increasing salinity tolerance in wheat Triticum aestivum L. African Journal of Plant Science. 5: 314-322.
Ezekwe, M.O., Omara-Alwala, T.R. and Membrahtu, T. (1999). Nutritive characterization of purslane accessions as influenced by planting date. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 54(3): 183-191.
Farnia, A., Nourmohammadi, Gh., Naderi, A., Darvish, F. and Majidi Harvan, A. (2006). Effects of drought stress and strain of the bacterium Brady rhizobium japonicum on yield and its related traits in soybean in Boroojerd. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 8 (3): 201-214.
Farrokhinia, M., Roshdi, M., Paseban Eslam, B. and Sasandoust, R. (2011). Evaluation of some physiological characteristics on yield of spring safflower under water stress. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 42(3): 545-553.
Fathi-Amirikhiz, K., Amini DehGi, M., Modarres Sanavi, S.A.M. and Heshmati, S. (2011). Effect of soil and leaf elemental application on some biochemical properties of safflower (Caethamus tinctorius L.) under two moisture regimes. Crop Science. 42 (3): 509-518. (Persian).
Gonzalez, A.M. (2005). Physiological responses of tagasaste to a progressive drought in its native environment on the Canary Islands. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 53: 195-204.
Hashemi, E., Mahdinezhad, N., Fakheri, B.A. and MohammadpourVashvai, R. (2018). The effect of biomic and nano biofertilizers (iron, zinc, manganese) on economic performance, antioxidant enzymes and concentration of some sour tea elements. Hibiscus sabdariffa under drought stress. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research. 13(51): 107-119. (Persian).
Heidari, M. (2011). Effect of salinity on growth, chlorophyll content and osmotic components of two cultivars of basil (Basilicumocimum L.). Africa Journal of Biotechnology. 11(2): 379-384.
Heidari, M. and Rezapor, A.R. (2011). Effect of water stress and sulfur fertilizer on grain yield, chlorophyll and nutrient status of black cumin (Nigella Sativa L.). Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 1(1): 81-89. (Persian).
Heidari, M., Goleg, M., Ghorbani, H. and Baradarn Firozabad, M. (2016). Effect of drought stress and foliar application of iron oxide nanoparticles on grain yield, ion content and photosynthetic pigments in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Iranian Journal of Filed Crop Science. 46(4): 619-628. (Persian).
Hirai, M., Higuchi, K., Sasaki, K., Suzuki, H., Maruyama, T., Yoshiba, T. and Tadano, T. (2007). Contribution of iron associated with high molecular weight substances to the maintenance of the SPAD value of young leaves of barley under iron deficient conditions. Plant and Soil Science. 53: 612-620.
Kerepsi, I., Toth, M. and Boross, L. (1996). Water-soluble carbohydrates in dried plant. Journal Agricultur Food Chemical. 10: 3235-3239.
Khan, H.R., McDonald, G.K. and Rengel, Z. (2003). Zn fertilization improves water use efficiency, grain yield and seed Zn content in chickpea. Plant and Soil. 249: 389-400.
Khare, C.P. (2007). Indian medicinal plants. Delhi: Springer. p. 513.
Khazaee, H.R. (2002). Effect of drought stress on physiological characteristics of resistant and sensitive wheat cultivars and introduction of the most suitable indices of drought resistance. Ph.D. in Agriculture. Faculty of Agriculture Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. 225 pages. (Persian).
Kirnak, H., Kaya, C., Tas, I. and Higgs, D. (2001). The influence of water deficit on vegetative growth, physiology, fruit yield and qulity in egg plants. Journal of Plant Physiology. 27: 34-46.
Ksouri, R., Debe, A., Mahmoudi, H., Ouerghi, Z., Gharsalli, M. and Lachaa, M. (2007). Genotypic variability within Tunisian grapevine varieties (Vitis vinifera L.) facing bicarbonate-induced iron deficiency. Journal Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 45: 315-322.
Lascano, H.R., Antonicelli, G.E., Luna, C.M., Melchiorre, M.N., Gomez, L.D., Racca, R.W., Trippi, V.S. and Casano, L.M. (2005). Antioxidant systemresponse of different wheat cultivars under drought: field and in vitro studies. Austrian Journal Plant Physiology. 28: 1095-1102.
Leng, P., Itamura, H., Yamamura, H. and M. Deng, X. (2000). Anthocyanin accumulation in apple and peach shoots during cold acclimation. Sciatica Horticultural. 83: 43-50.
Lionel-Jordan, M. and Sylvain, P. (2004). Leaf area establishment of a maize field crop under potassium deficiency. Plant and Soil. 265:75-92.
Lorestan, Sh., Ghaboli., M., Movahedi, Z. and Karimi, R.A. (2018). The effect of Piriformospora indica on some morphophysiological traits of Valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) under drought stress. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research. 13(50): 41-52. (In Persian).
Maakoti, M.J. and Tehrani, M.M. (1999). The role of micronutrients in increasing yield and improving the quality of agricultural products (micro elements with high impact). Tarbiat Modares University Press, p. 299. (Persian).
Mahmoudi, H., Ksouri, R., Gharsalli, M. and Lachaal, M. (2005).Differences in responses to iron deficiency between two legumes: lentil (Lens culinaris) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Journal of Plant Physiology. 162 (11): 1237-1245.
Majoosi, A.A. Kamil as-Sinaa at-Tibbiyya. (2009). Tehran University Press. p. 264. (Vol 1). (In Perisan).
Meridpour, S., Satei, A. and Ghorbanli, M. (2014). Evaluation of growth and content of pigments and total protein of Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) In different aquatic diets. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research. 9: 118-127. (In Persian).
Mohamed, A.I. and Hussein, A.S. (1994). Chemical composition of purslane (Portulaca oleracea). Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 1994 Jan; 45(1): 1-9.
Monakhova, O.F. and Chernyadev, I.I. (2002). Protective role of kartolin- 4 in wheat plants exposed to soil drought. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 38: 373-380.
Morales, F., Abadia, A. and Abadia, J. (1996). Characterization of the xanthophylls cycle and other photosynthetic pigment changes induced by iron deficiency in sugar beet. Plant Physiology. 94:607-613.
Nasri, M., Zahedi, H. and Tohidi Moghadam, H.R. (2008). Investigation of water stress on macro elements in Rapeseed genotypes Leaf (Brassica napus). American Journal Agricultural Biological Science, 3 (4):669-672.
Nori Azad, H. and Haji Bagheri, M. (2008). Effect of drought stress on growth and yield of barley cultivars. Quarterly journal of plant sciences. 1 (12): 19-27. (Persian).
Palmer, J., Dunphy, E. and Reese, P. (1995). Managing drought-stressed soybeans in the Southeat. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service as Publication Number. AG-19-12.
Palomo. I.R., Baioni, S.S., Fioretti, M.N. and Breved, R.E. (1999). Canola under water deficiency in Southern Argentina. Proceeding of 10th International Rapeseed Congress, Canberra. Australia.
Peyvandi, M., Parande, H. and Mirza, M. (2011). Comparison of nano Fe chelate with Fe chelate effect on growth parameters and antioxidant enzymes activity of Ocimum Basilicum. Journal of Cellular-Molecular Biotechnology. 1 (3): 1-17. (Persian).
Piekielek, W.P. and Fox, R.H. (1992). Use of a chlorophyll meter to predict sidedness nitrogen requirements for maize. Agronomy Journal. 84: 59-65.
Ramurodi, M., Keykhaghaleh, M., Galavi, M., Sagaholeslami, M. and Baradaran, R. (2011). Effect of micronutrient foliar application and irrigation regimes on quantitative and qualitative yield of psyllium. Journal of Agroecology. 3(2): 219-226. (Persian).
Rashnoo, M. H., Tahmasebi Sarvestani,. A. Heydari Sharif-Abad, H., Modares Sanavi, S.A.S.R. and Tavakol Afshari, R. (2013). Effect of drought stress and foliar iron and zinc on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of two species of Bunjeh Aralah. Production of Crops. 6 (1): 125-148. (Persian).
Ruiz, J.M., Baghour, M. and Romers, L. (2000). Efficiency of the different genotypes of tomato in relation to foliar content of fe and the response of some bioindicators. Plant Nutrition. 23: 1777-1786.
Saeedi, Gh.A. (2008). Effect of some nutritious and nutritious elements on grain yield and other agronomic traits of sesame. Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Isfahan. 12 (45): 372-390. (Persian).
Shahriari, R. and Karimi. A. (2001). Evaluation of cold resistance in wheat germplasm by measuring chlorophyll content and leaf color. Seventh Iranian Congress of Plant Breeding and Plants, p. 507. (Persian).
Sheteawi, S.A. and Tawfik, K.M. (2007). Interaction effect of some biofertilizers and irrigation water regime on Mungbean (Vigna radiate) growth and yield. Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 3(3): 251-262.
Silva, M.A., Jifon, J.L., Silva, J.A.G. and Sharma, V. (2007). Use of physiological parameters as fast tools to screen for drought tolerance in sugarcane. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology. 19: 193-201.
Tabatabai, J. (2009). Principles of mineral nutrition of plants. Author's publication. First Edition. 389 p. (Persian).
Tahkorpi, M. (2010). Anthocyanin under drought and drought relented stresses in Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.). Academic dissertation to be presented with the assent of the faculty of science of the University of Oulu. 46 p.
Trunctunk, R. and Trunkturk, M. (2006). Effects ofdifferent phosphorous levels on the yield and quality components of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.). Agriculture Biological Science. 2(6): 336-340.
Wagner, G. J. (1979). Content and vacuole/extra vacuole distribution of neutralsugars, free amino acids and anthocyanins in protoplasts. Plant Physiology. 64: 88-93.
Watkinson, J.I., Hendricks, L., Sioson, A.A., Vasquez Robinet, C., Verlyn, S., Heath, L.S., Schuler, M., Bohnert, H.J., Bonierbale, M. and Grene, R. (2006). Accessions of Solanum toberosum spp. Antigens show differences in photosynthetic recovery after drought stress as reflected in gene expression profiles. Plant Science. 1-14.
White, R.E. (1976). Studies on the mineral ion absorption by plants, The interaction of aluminium phosphate and pH on the growth of Medicago sativa. Plant and Soil, 46: 195-208.
Yadollahi Dahcheshmeh, P., Bagheri, A.A., Amiri, A. and Esmail Zadeh Bahabadi, P. (2014). Effect of drought stress and chitosan solubility on yield and photosynthetic pigments in sunflower. Quarterly Journal of Agricultural Plants. 6(21): 73-83.
Yeritsyan, N. and Economakis, C. (2002). Effect of nutrient solution’s iron concentration on growth and essential oil content of oregano plants growth in solution culture. Acta Horticulture. 576: 277-283.
Zarei, A., Changizi Ashtiyani, S. and Taheri, S. (2014). The effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Portulaca Oleracea on the serum concentration of Hepatic enzymes on Rats. Iran South Medicine Journal. 17(5): 889-899. (In Persian).
_||_
Aain, A. (2012). Changes in proline content, soluble carbohydrates and absorption of potassium, zinc and calcium in sesame genotypes under drought stress. journal of crop production in environmental stress conditions. 4 (3): 40-48. (Persian).
Abbaszadeh, B., Sharifi ashourabadi, E., Lebaschi, M.H., Naderi Hajibagher, Kandy, M. and Moghadami, F. (2008). The effect of drought stress on proline contents, soluble sugars, chlorophyll and relative water contents of balm (Melissa officinalis L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 23(4): 505-513. (Persian).
Abbaszadeh, B., Sharifi-Ashoorabadi, A. and Farajelahi, M. (2007). Effect of drought stress on physiological traits of melissa officinalis L. second national congress of ecological agriculture in Iran. Gorgan. (Persian).
Abdel-Moez, M.R. (1996). Dry matter yield and nutrient uptake of corn as affected by some organic waste applied to a sandy soil. Annals of Agricultural Science, 34:1319-1330.
Abdul-Majid, S., Rehana, A. and Ghulam, M. (2007). Potassium-calcium interrelationship linked to drought tolerance in wheat. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 39(1): 609-1621.
Ahmadi., Kh. and Omidi, H. (2017). Evaluation of drought effect on quantitative and qualitative populations of bungalow medicinal plants. Enviromental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 318-307. (Persian).
Amal, A.M. and Aly, A.A. (2008). Alteration of some secondary metabolites and enzymes activity by using exogenous antioxidant compound in onion plants growth under seawater salt stress. American Eurasian Journal of Science Research. 3: 139-146.
Amiri Nejad, M., Akbari, Gh. A., Baqi-Zadeh, A., Alah-dadi, A., Shahbazi, M. and Naimi, M. (2015). Effect of drought stress and foliar iron and zinc on some biochemical traits of cumin plant. agricultural crop (Journal of Agricultural Sciences). 17 (4): 855-866. (Persian).
Arnon, A.N. (1967). Method of extraction of chlorophyll in the plants. Agronomy Journal. 23: 112-121.
Ashraf, M., Ashfaq, M. and Ashraf, M.Y. (2002). Effect of increased supply of potassium on growth and nutrient content in pearl millet under water stress. Biologia Plantarum. 451:141-144.
Azizabadi, A., Golchin, A. and Delaware, M.A. (2014). Effect of potassium and drought stress on growth indices and nutrient concentration of safflower leaves. Science and technology of greenhouse cultivation. 5 (19): 65-79. (Persian).
Bates, L.S., Waldern, R.P. and Teare, E.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant Soil. 39: 205-207.
Chen, J., Shi, Y. and Liu, J. (2003). Determination of noradrenaline and dopamine in chinese herbal extracts from portulaca oleracea L. by high–performance liquid chromatograghy. Journal of Chromatography. 1003(1-2):127-132.
Chen, Y., Shi, J., Tin, G.,Tian, G., Zheng, Sh. and Lin, Q. (2004). Fe deficiency induces Cu uptake and accumulation in Commelina communis. Plant Science. 166(5): 1371-1377.
Curie, C. and Briat, J.F. (2003). Iron transport and signaling in plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 54: 183-206.
Dweck, A.C. (2013). Purslane (P. oleracea) -the global panacea. Perso Care Mag. 2(4):7-15.
El-Fouly, M.M., Mobarak, Z.M. and Salama, Z. A. (2011). Micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn) foliar spray for increasing salinity tolerance in wheat Triticum aestivum L. African Journal of Plant Science. 5: 314-322.
Ezekwe, M.O., Omara-Alwala, T.R. and Membrahtu, T. (1999). Nutritive characterization of purslane accessions as influenced by planting date. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 54(3): 183-191.
Farnia, A., Nourmohammadi, Gh., Naderi, A., Darvish, F. and Majidi Harvan, A. (2006). Effects of drought stress and strain of the bacterium Brady rhizobium japonicum on yield and its related traits in soybean in Boroojerd. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 8 (3): 201-214.
Farrokhinia, M., Roshdi, M., Paseban Eslam, B. and Sasandoust, R. (2011). Evaluation of some physiological characteristics on yield of spring safflower under water stress. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 42(3): 545-553.
Fathi-Amirikhiz, K., Amini DehGi, M., Modarres Sanavi, S.A.M. and Heshmati, S. (2011). Effect of soil and leaf elemental application on some biochemical properties of safflower (Caethamus tinctorius L.) under two moisture regimes. Crop Science. 42 (3): 509-518. (Persian).
Gonzalez, A.M. (2005). Physiological responses of tagasaste to a progressive drought in its native environment on the Canary Islands. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 53: 195-204.
Hashemi, E., Mahdinezhad, N., Fakheri, B.A. and MohammadpourVashvai, R. (2018). The effect of biomic and nano biofertilizers (iron, zinc, manganese) on economic performance, antioxidant enzymes and concentration of some sour tea elements. Hibiscus sabdariffa under drought stress. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research. 13(51): 107-119. (Persian).
Heidari, M. (2011). Effect of salinity on growth, chlorophyll content and osmotic components of two cultivars of basil (Basilicumocimum L.). Africa Journal of Biotechnology. 11(2): 379-384.
Heidari, M. and Rezapor, A.R. (2011). Effect of water stress and sulfur fertilizer on grain yield, chlorophyll and nutrient status of black cumin (Nigella Sativa L.). Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 1(1): 81-89. (Persian).
Heidari, M., Goleg, M., Ghorbani, H. and Baradarn Firozabad, M. (2016). Effect of drought stress and foliar application of iron oxide nanoparticles on grain yield, ion content and photosynthetic pigments in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Iranian Journal of Filed Crop Science. 46(4): 619-628. (Persian).
Hirai, M., Higuchi, K., Sasaki, K., Suzuki, H., Maruyama, T., Yoshiba, T. and Tadano, T. (2007). Contribution of iron associated with high molecular weight substances to the maintenance of the SPAD value of young leaves of barley under iron deficient conditions. Plant and Soil Science. 53: 612-620.
Kerepsi, I., Toth, M. and Boross, L. (1996). Water-soluble carbohydrates in dried plant. Journal Agricultur Food Chemical. 10: 3235-3239.
Khan, H.R., McDonald, G.K. and Rengel, Z. (2003). Zn fertilization improves water use efficiency, grain yield and seed Zn content in chickpea. Plant and Soil. 249: 389-400.
Khare, C.P. (2007). Indian medicinal plants. Delhi: Springer. p. 513.
Khazaee, H.R. (2002). Effect of drought stress on physiological characteristics of resistant and sensitive wheat cultivars and introduction of the most suitable indices of drought resistance. Ph.D. in Agriculture. Faculty of Agriculture Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. 225 pages. (Persian).
Kirnak, H., Kaya, C., Tas, I. and Higgs, D. (2001). The influence of water deficit on vegetative growth, physiology, fruit yield and qulity in egg plants. Journal of Plant Physiology. 27: 34-46.
Ksouri, R., Debe, A., Mahmoudi, H., Ouerghi, Z., Gharsalli, M. and Lachaa, M. (2007). Genotypic variability within Tunisian grapevine varieties (Vitis vinifera L.) facing bicarbonate-induced iron deficiency. Journal Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 45: 315-322.
Lascano, H.R., Antonicelli, G.E., Luna, C.M., Melchiorre, M.N., Gomez, L.D., Racca, R.W., Trippi, V.S. and Casano, L.M. (2005). Antioxidant systemresponse of different wheat cultivars under drought: field and in vitro studies. Austrian Journal Plant Physiology. 28: 1095-1102.
Leng, P., Itamura, H., Yamamura, H. and M. Deng, X. (2000). Anthocyanin accumulation in apple and peach shoots during cold acclimation. Sciatica Horticultural. 83: 43-50.
Lionel-Jordan, M. and Sylvain, P. (2004). Leaf area establishment of a maize field crop under potassium deficiency. Plant and Soil. 265:75-92.
Lorestan, Sh., Ghaboli., M., Movahedi, Z. and Karimi, R.A. (2018). The effect of Piriformospora indica on some morphophysiological traits of Valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) under drought stress. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research. 13(50): 41-52. (In Persian).
Maakoti, M.J. and Tehrani, M.M. (1999). The role of micronutrients in increasing yield and improving the quality of agricultural products (micro elements with high impact). Tarbiat Modares University Press, p. 299. (Persian).
Mahmoudi, H., Ksouri, R., Gharsalli, M. and Lachaal, M. (2005).Differences in responses to iron deficiency between two legumes: lentil (Lens culinaris) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Journal of Plant Physiology. 162 (11): 1237-1245.
Majoosi, A.A. Kamil as-Sinaa at-Tibbiyya. (2009). Tehran University Press. p. 264. (Vol 1). (In Perisan).
Meridpour, S., Satei, A. and Ghorbanli, M. (2014). Evaluation of growth and content of pigments and total protein of Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) In different aquatic diets. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research. 9: 118-127. (In Persian).
Mohamed, A.I. and Hussein, A.S. (1994). Chemical composition of purslane (Portulaca oleracea). Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 1994 Jan; 45(1): 1-9.
Monakhova, O.F. and Chernyadev, I.I. (2002). Protective role of kartolin- 4 in wheat plants exposed to soil drought. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 38: 373-380.
Morales, F., Abadia, A. and Abadia, J. (1996). Characterization of the xanthophylls cycle and other photosynthetic pigment changes induced by iron deficiency in sugar beet. Plant Physiology. 94:607-613.
Nasri, M., Zahedi, H. and Tohidi Moghadam, H.R. (2008). Investigation of water stress on macro elements in Rapeseed genotypes Leaf (Brassica napus). American Journal Agricultural Biological Science, 3 (4):669-672.
Nori Azad, H. and Haji Bagheri, M. (2008). Effect of drought stress on growth and yield of barley cultivars. Quarterly journal of plant sciences. 1 (12): 19-27. (Persian).
Palmer, J., Dunphy, E. and Reese, P. (1995). Managing drought-stressed soybeans in the Southeat. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service as Publication Number. AG-19-12.
Palomo. I.R., Baioni, S.S., Fioretti, M.N. and Breved, R.E. (1999). Canola under water deficiency in Southern Argentina. Proceeding of 10th International Rapeseed Congress, Canberra. Australia.
Peyvandi, M., Parande, H. and Mirza, M. (2011). Comparison of nano Fe chelate with Fe chelate effect on growth parameters and antioxidant enzymes activity of Ocimum Basilicum. Journal of Cellular-Molecular Biotechnology. 1 (3): 1-17. (Persian).
Piekielek, W.P. and Fox, R.H. (1992). Use of a chlorophyll meter to predict sidedness nitrogen requirements for maize. Agronomy Journal. 84: 59-65.
Ramurodi, M., Keykhaghaleh, M., Galavi, M., Sagaholeslami, M. and Baradaran, R. (2011). Effect of micronutrient foliar application and irrigation regimes on quantitative and qualitative yield of psyllium. Journal of Agroecology. 3(2): 219-226. (Persian).
Rashnoo, M. H., Tahmasebi Sarvestani,. A. Heydari Sharif-Abad, H., Modares Sanavi, S.A.S.R. and Tavakol Afshari, R. (2013). Effect of drought stress and foliar iron and zinc on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of two species of Bunjeh Aralah. Production of Crops. 6 (1): 125-148. (Persian).
Ruiz, J.M., Baghour, M. and Romers, L. (2000). Efficiency of the different genotypes of tomato in relation to foliar content of fe and the response of some bioindicators. Plant Nutrition. 23: 1777-1786.
Saeedi, Gh.A. (2008). Effect of some nutritious and nutritious elements on grain yield and other agronomic traits of sesame. Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Isfahan. 12 (45): 372-390. (Persian).
Shahriari, R. and Karimi. A. (2001). Evaluation of cold resistance in wheat germplasm by measuring chlorophyll content and leaf color. Seventh Iranian Congress of Plant Breeding and Plants, p. 507. (Persian).
Sheteawi, S.A. and Tawfik, K.M. (2007). Interaction effect of some biofertilizers and irrigation water regime on Mungbean (Vigna radiate) growth and yield. Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 3(3): 251-262.
Silva, M.A., Jifon, J.L., Silva, J.A.G. and Sharma, V. (2007). Use of physiological parameters as fast tools to screen for drought tolerance in sugarcane. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology. 19: 193-201.
Tabatabai, J. (2009). Principles of mineral nutrition of plants. Author's publication. First Edition. 389 p. (Persian).
Tahkorpi, M. (2010). Anthocyanin under drought and drought relented stresses in Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.). Academic dissertation to be presented with the assent of the faculty of science of the University of Oulu. 46 p.
Trunctunk, R. and Trunkturk, M. (2006). Effects ofdifferent phosphorous levels on the yield and quality components of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.). Agriculture Biological Science. 2(6): 336-340.
Wagner, G. J. (1979). Content and vacuole/extra vacuole distribution of neutralsugars, free amino acids and anthocyanins in protoplasts. Plant Physiology. 64: 88-93.
Watkinson, J.I., Hendricks, L., Sioson, A.A., Vasquez Robinet, C., Verlyn, S., Heath, L.S., Schuler, M., Bohnert, H.J., Bonierbale, M. and Grene, R. (2006). Accessions of Solanum toberosum spp. Antigens show differences in photosynthetic recovery after drought stress as reflected in gene expression profiles. Plant Science. 1-14.
White, R.E. (1976). Studies on the mineral ion absorption by plants, The interaction of aluminium phosphate and pH on the growth of Medicago sativa. Plant and Soil, 46: 195-208.
Yadollahi Dahcheshmeh, P., Bagheri, A.A., Amiri, A. and Esmail Zadeh Bahabadi, P. (2014). Effect of drought stress and chitosan solubility on yield and photosynthetic pigments in sunflower. Quarterly Journal of Agricultural Plants. 6(21): 73-83.
Yeritsyan, N. and Economakis, C. (2002). Effect of nutrient solution’s iron concentration on growth and essential oil content of oregano plants growth in solution culture. Acta Horticulture. 576: 277-283.
Zarei, A., Changizi Ashtiyani, S. and Taheri, S. (2014). The effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Portulaca Oleracea on the serum concentration of Hepatic enzymes on Rats. Iran South Medicine Journal. 17(5): 889-899. (In Persian).