بررسی فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی، سنجش محتوی متابولیت‌های ثانویه و اسمولیت‌های اندامهای هوایی و زیرزمینی گیاه دارویی مامیران (Chelidonium majus L.) در مراحل مختلف فنولوژیکی
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیک
مریم نیاکان
1
(1گروه زیست‌شناسی، واحد گرگان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، گرگان ، ایران)
آیتن جرجانی
2
(1گروه زیست‌شناسی، واحد گرگان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، گرگان ، ایران)
ابراهیم غلامعلی پور علمداری
3
(گروه تولیدات گیاهی دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع‌طبیعی، دانشگاه گنبدکاووس، گنبدکاووس، ایران)
کلید واژه: پراکسیداز, کاتالاز, مراحل رشد, گیاه دارویی, فنل کل, آلکالوئیدها, آنتوسیانین‌ها,
چکیده مقاله :
هدف از پژوهش حاضر، ارزیابی فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی، سنجش میزان آلکالوئیدها، ترکیبات فنلی و آنتوسیانینی، فعالیت آنزیم‌های کاتالاز و پراکسیداز به‌علاوه اسمولیت‌های گیاه دارویی مامیران در مراحل رویشی، گل‌دهی و میوه‌دهی بود. جهت نیل به این هدف، ابتدا نمونه‌های مامیران از حاشیه مزارع بخش چمستان شهرستان نور از توابع استان مازندارن جمع‌آوری و سپس از لحاظ گیاه‌شناسی مورد شناسایی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که ریشه مامیران در مراحل مختلف فنولوژیکی از میزان آلکالوئیدها و فنل کل بیشتری در مقایسه با اندامهای هوایی در مراحل مشابه برخوردار بود. هم‌چنین بیشترین میزان آلکالوئیدها و فنل کل ریشه به ترتیب به مرحله رویشی و گل‌دهی اختصاص داشت. میزان آنتوسیانین‌ها با افزایش مرحله نموی گیاه مامیران در اندامهای ریشه و هوایی به‌طور معنی‌داری افزایش یافت. سنجش قندهای محلول در گیاه مامیران نشان داد که میزان این ترکیبات در تمام مراحل فنولوژیکی در ریشه بیشتر از اندام هوایی بود. اما بیشترین میزان پرولین در اندام هوایی در مرحله رویشی مشاهده شد. مطابق نتایج به‌دست آمده فعالیت، کاتالاز و پراکسیداز همبستگی مثبتی با فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی نشان دادند. در این تحقیق مشخص شد با افزایش میزان ترکیبات آلکالوئیدی و فنلی در اندامهای زیرزمینی و هوایی مامیران در مراحل مختلف فنولوژیکی، ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی در مهار رادیکال‌های آزاد به‌طور معنی‌داری افزایش یافت. در مجموع، ریشه گیاه مامیران در مرحله رویشی از مقدار مناسبی از مواد موثره آلکالوئیدی برخوردار بود، بنابراین شاید بتوان از آن به‌عنوان منبع مناسبی جهت استحصال ترکیبات دارویی استفاده نمود.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate antioxidant activity and determining content of alkaloids, total phenols, anthocyanins, catalase, peroxidase activity as well osmolytes in vegetative,flowering and fruit stage of Chelidonium majus. Smples were collected from marginal fields of Chamestan district of Noor which is located in Mazandaran province firstly, and then collected samples were botanically authenticated.. Results showed that root of C. majus in various phenological stages had a more alkaloids and total phenols content over aerial organs in similar stages. It was also observed that the highest alkaloids and total phenols in root were obtained in vegetative and flowering stages respectively. Anthocyanins content in root and aerial organs were increased with an increase of phonological stages. Also, the measurement of soluble sugars in C. majus showed that the highest amount of this compound was in all phonological stages at the root more than the aerial parts. The maximum amount of proline was observed in the aerial parts at the vegetative stage. According to the results, enzyme of catalase and peroxidase had positive correlation with antioxidant activity. Overall, antioxidant capacity in inhibition of free radicals significantly were increased with an increase of alkaloids and total phenols content from underground and aerial organs of C. majus in various phonological stages. Overall, root of Chelidonium majus in vegetative stage had the appropriate amount of alkaloids; it may be used as a suitable source for the preparation of pharmaceutical compounds.
Afshar Mohammadian, M., Ghanati, F., Ahmadyani, S. and Sadr Zamani, K. (2016). Effect of drought stress on activity antioxidant enzymes and content of soluble sugar in Mentha pulegium L. Nova Biologica Reperta. 3(3): 228-237. (In Persian)
Afshar Mohammadian, M., Sharifi, S.N., Abolghasemi, V. and Mohammadi, N. (2015). Study of some Drug secondary Metabolites and antioxidant activity of Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Greuter. Nova Biologica Reperta. 2(2): 140-150. (In Persian)
Akbari, V., Jamei, R., Heidari, R. and Jahanban Sfahlan, A. (2012). Antioxidant activity of different parts of Walnut (Juglans regia L.) fruit as a function of genotype. Food Chemistry. 135: 2404–2410.
Bates, L.S., Waldren, R.P. and Tevre, I.V. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water- stress studies. Plant Soil. 39: 205-207.
Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.E. and Berset, C. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Lebensmittel Wissenschaft und Technologie. 28:25- 30.
Bystrická, J., Vollmannová, A., Margitanová, E. and Čičová, I. (2010). Dynamics of polyphenolics formation in different plant parts and different growth phases of selected buckwheat cultivars. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica. 95: 225-229.
Chance, B. and Maehly, A.C. (1995). Assay of catalase and peroxidase. In:Colowick S.P., and N. D. Kaplan. (eds). Methods in Enzymology. Academic Press. New York. 2: 764-791.
Dambolena, J.S., Zunino,M.P., Lucini, E.I., Olmedo, R.,Banchio, E., Bima, P.J. and Zygadlo, J.A. (2010). Total phenolic content radic alscavenging properties and essential oil composition of Origanum species from populations. Journal of Agriculture Food Chemistry. 58: 1115-1120
Ebrahimi, R. (2014). Evaluation of antioxidant activity, essential oil and total extract of Perovskia abrotanoides in various growth stages and assessing antioxidant activity of strongest cells aspect essential oils. Ph.D. Thesis, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (In Persian)
Farsi, M. and Zolali, J. (2004). Principal of plant biotechnology. Publication of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. 495p. (In Persian)
Ghahreman, A. (1994). Iran Chromophytes, Volume 4. Tehran University Publication center. 618p. (In Persian)
Ghorbanli, M., Gran, A. and Zolfaghary, A. (2010). Comparative of phytochemical compounds in three genus of Papaveraceae in Iran. Journal of Plant Science Researches. 5(3): 13-20. (In Persian)
Gourine, N., Yousfi, M., Bombarda, I., Nadjemi, B., Stocker, P. and Gaydou, E.M. (2010). Antioxidant activities and chemical composition of Pistacia atlantica essential oil from Algerian. Industrial Crops and Products. 31: 203– 208.
Harborne, J.B. (1973). Phytochemical methods, London. Phytochemistry. 51: 187189.
Hare, P.D., Cress, W.A. and Van Staden, J. 1998. Dissecting the roles of osmolyte accumulation during stress. Plant, Cell and Environment. 21: 535-553.
Hashimoto, T., Hagashi, A., Amono, Y., Kohono, J., Jwanari, H., Usada, S. and Yamada, Y. 1991. Hyoscyamine- 6-β -hydroxylase, an enzyme involved in tropane alkaloid biosynthesis is localized at pericycle of root, The Journal of Biologica Chemistry. 266(7): 4648-4653.
Hemeda, H.M. and Kelin, B.P. (1990). Effects of naturally occurring antioxidants on peroxidase activity of vegetables extracts. Journal of Food Science. 55(1), 184-185.
Hosseini, S.M. (2000). Physiological study of cold resistance in five pistachio cultivars of Rafsanjan, MSc. thesis in biology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman.
Ibrahim, M.H., Jaafar, H.Z.E., Rahmat, A. and Abdul Rahman, Z. (2011). The relationship between phenolics and flavonoids production with total non structural carbohydrate and photosynthetic rate in Labisia punila benth. Under high CO2 and nitrogen fertilization. Molecules. 16: 162- 74.
Iranbakhsh, A., Oshaghi, M.A. and Majd, A. (2006). Distribution of Atropane and Scopolamine in Different organs and stages of Development in Daturastramonium L. (Solanaceae) structure and Ultra structure of biosynthesizing cells. Acta Biologica Cracoviansia. 8(1): 13-18.
Jamshidi, M., Ahmadi ashtiani, H.R., Rezazadeh, S.H., Fathiazad, F., Mazandarani, M. and Khaki, A. )2010(. Comparison of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of some plant species native to the Mazandaran. Journal of Botany. 2(34): 1-3.
Kamali, M., Khosroyar, S. and Jalilvand, M. (2015). Evaluation of phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity of different extracts of the aerial parts of medicinal plant of Dracocephalum kotschyi. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. 6(3): 627-634. (In Persian)
Klan, Z.F. (1931). Influence of period of vegetation and development of plant on the alkaloidal content of Hyoscyamus niger L. American Pharmaceutical Association, XX. (11): 1163- 1174
Khatir Nameni, M. and Mazandarani, M. (2011). Study of total flavonoids and phenolic compounds in different organs of medicinal plant of Atropa belladonna L. in the jungle of Takestan. National Conference on Medicinal Plants. 2: 2-7. (In Persian)
Kochert, G. (1978). Carbohydrate determination by the phenol sulfuric acid method. In: Helebust, J.A., CraigieJ. S(Ed): Hand book of physiological methods. Cambridge University. Press, Cambridge. pp: 96-97.
Mabberley, D. J. (1990). The plant-book , Cambridge University press, cambridge.
Malick, C.P. and Singh, M.B. (1980). In plant Enzymology and Histo Enzymologhy, Kalyani Publishers, New Dehli.
Mazandarani, M., Jamshidi, M. and Fathi Azad, F. (2010). Check the active ingredients of medicinal plants (Sambucus ebulus L.) second in two regions of Mazandaran province. Journal of Plant Science. 21 (6): 31-39.
Munne-Bosch, S. Jubany-Mari, T. and Alegre, L. (2001). Drought-induced senescence is characterized by a loss of antioxidant defenses in chloroplasts. Plant Cell and Environmental. 24: 1319-1327
Munne-Bosch, S. and Alegre, L. (2004). Die and let live: leaf senescence contributes to plants survival under drought stress. Functional Plant Biology. 31 (3): 203-216.
Munne-Bosch, S. and Penuelas, J. (2003). Photoand antioxidant protection during summer leaf senescence in Pistscia lentiscus L. grown under Mediterranean field conditions. Annals of Mediterranean field conditions. Annals of Botany. 92: 385-391.
Naghiloo, S., Movafeghi, A., Delazar, A., Nazmiye, H., Asnaashari, S. and Dadpour, M.R. (2012). Ontogenetic variation of volatiles and antioxidant activity in leaves of Astragalus compactus Lam. (Fabaceae). EXCLI Journal. 11: 436 - 43.
Ohe, M., Rapolu, M., Mieda, T., Miyagawa, Y., Yabuta, Y., Yoshimura, K. and Shigeoka, S. (2005). Decline in leaf photo-oxidative-stress tolerance with age in tobacco. Plant Science. 168: 1487-1493.
Rabiza-Swider, J., Lukaszewska, A., Shutnik, E. and Leszko, M. (2004). Ammonium and proline accumulation in senescing cut leaves of Zantedeschia. Physiologia Planrum. 26: 417-422.
Reddy, B.S., Yuvaraj, N., Babitha, V., Ramnath, V., Philomina, P.T. and Sabu, M.C. (2004). Antioxidant and hypolipidemic effects of Spirulina and natural carotenoids in broiler chicken. Indian Veterinary Journal. 81: 383-386.
Sabbagh, S., Niakan, M. and Gholamali Pour Alamdari, E.(2017). Evaluation of some primary and secondary metabolites of medicinal plant Proveskia abrotanoides Karel. in different phenological stages. Journal of Iranian Ecophysiological Resaerch.12(45): 14-26
Saglam, H. and Arar, G. (2003). Cytotoxic activity and quality control determinations on Chelidonium majus. Fitoterapia Journal. 74: 127-129.
Sardashti, A.R., Valizadeh, J. and Adhami, Y. (2013) Variation in the essential oil composition of Perovskia abrotanoides of different growth stage in Baluchestan. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research. (6): 781-4.
Sarin, R., (2005): Useful metabolites from plant tissue cultures. BiotechnologyJournal. 4: 79-93.
Sedaghat, Sh. and Shokrgozar, T. (2001). Chemical compounds of tea. Technical publications, Office of Research Services. 15(34).
Shahid, M., Pourrut, B., Dumat, C., Nadeem, M., Aslam, M. and Pinelli, E. (2014). Heavy-metal induced reactive oxygen species: phytotoxicity and physicochemical changes in plants. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 232: 1-44.
Sharma, U.R., Prakash, T., Surendra, V. and Roopakarki Divakar Goli, N. )2012(. Hepatoprotective activity of Fumaria officinalis against ccl4-induced liver damage in rat. Pharmacologia. 3(1): 9-14.
Sofo, A., Dichio, B. Xiloyannis, C. and Masia, A. (2004). Lipoxygenase activity and proline accumulation in leaves and roots of olive trees in response to drought stress. Physiologia Plantarum. 121: 58-65.
Swetie, R., Raesh, Ch. and Arun, S. (2007). Antioxidant potential of mint (Mentha spicata L.) in radiation processed lamb meat. Food Chemistry. 100(2): 451-458.
Tin-Wa, M., Kim, H.K., Fong, H.H. and Farnsworth, N.R. (1972). The structure of chelidimerine, a new alkaloid from Chelidonium majus. Lloydia. 35: 87-89.
Wagner, G.J. (1979). Content and vacuole/extravacuole distribution of neutral sugars, free amino acids, and anthocyanins in protoplast. Plant Physiology. 64: 88-93
Vieira, A.A. (2010). A comparison of traditional anti-inflammation and anti-infection medicinal plants with current evidence from biomedical research: Results from a regional study. Pharmacognosy Research. 2(5): 293-295.
Zargari, A. (1989). Medicinal plant. Tehran University publisher. 3: 212-218. (In Persian)
Zeinali, Z., Hemmati, Kh. and Mazandarani, M. (2014). Autecology, ethno pharmacology, phytochemistry and antioxidant activity of Ferula gummosa Boiss. in different regions of Razavi Khorasan Province. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants. 1: 11-22. (In Persian)
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Afshar Mohammadian, M., Ghanati, F., Ahmadyani, S. and Sadr Zamani, K. (2016). Effect of drought stress on activity antioxidant enzymes and content of soluble sugar in Mentha pulegium L. Nova Biologica Reperta. 3(3): 228-237. (In Persian)
Afshar Mohammadian, M., Sharifi, S.N., Abolghasemi, V. and Mohammadi, N. (2015). Study of some Drug secondary Metabolites and antioxidant activity of Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Greuter. Nova Biologica Reperta. 2(2): 140-150. (In Persian)
Akbari, V., Jamei, R., Heidari, R. and Jahanban Sfahlan, A. (2012). Antioxidant activity of different parts of Walnut (Juglans regia L.) fruit as a function of genotype. Food Chemistry. 135: 2404–2410.
Bates, L.S., Waldren, R.P. and Tevre, I.V. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water- stress studies. Plant Soil. 39: 205-207.
Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.E. and Berset, C. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Lebensmittel Wissenschaft und Technologie. 28:25- 30.
Bystrická, J., Vollmannová, A., Margitanová, E. and Čičová, I. (2010). Dynamics of polyphenolics formation in different plant parts and different growth phases of selected buckwheat cultivars. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica. 95: 225-229.
Chance, B. and Maehly, A.C. (1995). Assay of catalase and peroxidase. In:Colowick S.P., and N. D. Kaplan. (eds). Methods in Enzymology. Academic Press. New York. 2: 764-791.
Dambolena, J.S., Zunino,M.P., Lucini, E.I., Olmedo, R.,Banchio, E., Bima, P.J. and Zygadlo, J.A. (2010). Total phenolic content radic alscavenging properties and essential oil composition of Origanum species from populations. Journal of Agriculture Food Chemistry. 58: 1115-1120
Ebrahimi, R. (2014). Evaluation of antioxidant activity, essential oil and total extract of Perovskia abrotanoides in various growth stages and assessing antioxidant activity of strongest cells aspect essential oils. Ph.D. Thesis, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (In Persian)
Farsi, M. and Zolali, J. (2004). Principal of plant biotechnology. Publication of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. 495p. (In Persian)
Ghahreman, A. (1994). Iran Chromophytes, Volume 4. Tehran University Publication center. 618p. (In Persian)
Ghorbanli, M., Gran, A. and Zolfaghary, A. (2010). Comparative of phytochemical compounds in three genus of Papaveraceae in Iran. Journal of Plant Science Researches. 5(3): 13-20. (In Persian)
Gourine, N., Yousfi, M., Bombarda, I., Nadjemi, B., Stocker, P. and Gaydou, E.M. (2010). Antioxidant activities and chemical composition of Pistacia atlantica essential oil from Algerian. Industrial Crops and Products. 31: 203– 208.
Harborne, J.B. (1973). Phytochemical methods, London. Phytochemistry. 51: 187189.
Hare, P.D., Cress, W.A. and Van Staden, J. 1998. Dissecting the roles of osmolyte accumulation during stress. Plant, Cell and Environment. 21: 535-553.
Hashimoto, T., Hagashi, A., Amono, Y., Kohono, J., Jwanari, H., Usada, S. and Yamada, Y. 1991. Hyoscyamine- 6-β -hydroxylase, an enzyme involved in tropane alkaloid biosynthesis is localized at pericycle of root, The Journal of Biologica Chemistry. 266(7): 4648-4653.
Hemeda, H.M. and Kelin, B.P. (1990). Effects of naturally occurring antioxidants on peroxidase activity of vegetables extracts. Journal of Food Science. 55(1), 184-185.
Hosseini, S.M. (2000). Physiological study of cold resistance in five pistachio cultivars of Rafsanjan, MSc. thesis in biology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman.
Ibrahim, M.H., Jaafar, H.Z.E., Rahmat, A. and Abdul Rahman, Z. (2011). The relationship between phenolics and flavonoids production with total non structural carbohydrate and photosynthetic rate in Labisia punila benth. Under high CO2 and nitrogen fertilization. Molecules. 16: 162- 74.
Iranbakhsh, A., Oshaghi, M.A. and Majd, A. (2006). Distribution of Atropane and Scopolamine in Different organs and stages of Development in Daturastramonium L. (Solanaceae) structure and Ultra structure of biosynthesizing cells. Acta Biologica Cracoviansia. 8(1): 13-18.
Jamshidi, M., Ahmadi ashtiani, H.R., Rezazadeh, S.H., Fathiazad, F., Mazandarani, M. and Khaki, A. )2010(. Comparison of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of some plant species native to the Mazandaran. Journal of Botany. 2(34): 1-3.
Kamali, M., Khosroyar, S. and Jalilvand, M. (2015). Evaluation of phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity of different extracts of the aerial parts of medicinal plant of Dracocephalum kotschyi. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. 6(3): 627-634. (In Persian)
Klan, Z.F. (1931). Influence of period of vegetation and development of plant on the alkaloidal content of Hyoscyamus niger L. American Pharmaceutical Association, XX. (11): 1163- 1174
Khatir Nameni, M. and Mazandarani, M. (2011). Study of total flavonoids and phenolic compounds in different organs of medicinal plant of Atropa belladonna L. in the jungle of Takestan. National Conference on Medicinal Plants. 2: 2-7. (In Persian)
Kochert, G. (1978). Carbohydrate determination by the phenol sulfuric acid method. In: Helebust, J.A., CraigieJ. S(Ed): Hand book of physiological methods. Cambridge University. Press, Cambridge. pp: 96-97.
Mabberley, D. J. (1990). The plant-book , Cambridge University press, cambridge.
Malick, C.P. and Singh, M.B. (1980). In plant Enzymology and Histo Enzymologhy, Kalyani Publishers, New Dehli.
Mazandarani, M., Jamshidi, M. and Fathi Azad, F. (2010). Check the active ingredients of medicinal plants (Sambucus ebulus L.) second in two regions of Mazandaran province. Journal of Plant Science. 21 (6): 31-39.
Munne-Bosch, S. Jubany-Mari, T. and Alegre, L. (2001). Drought-induced senescence is characterized by a loss of antioxidant defenses in chloroplasts. Plant Cell and Environmental. 24: 1319-1327
Munne-Bosch, S. and Alegre, L. (2004). Die and let live: leaf senescence contributes to plants survival under drought stress. Functional Plant Biology. 31 (3): 203-216.
Munne-Bosch, S. and Penuelas, J. (2003). Photoand antioxidant protection during summer leaf senescence in Pistscia lentiscus L. grown under Mediterranean field conditions. Annals of Mediterranean field conditions. Annals of Botany. 92: 385-391.
Naghiloo, S., Movafeghi, A., Delazar, A., Nazmiye, H., Asnaashari, S. and Dadpour, M.R. (2012). Ontogenetic variation of volatiles and antioxidant activity in leaves of Astragalus compactus Lam. (Fabaceae). EXCLI Journal. 11: 436 - 43.
Ohe, M., Rapolu, M., Mieda, T., Miyagawa, Y., Yabuta, Y., Yoshimura, K. and Shigeoka, S. (2005). Decline in leaf photo-oxidative-stress tolerance with age in tobacco. Plant Science. 168: 1487-1493.
Rabiza-Swider, J., Lukaszewska, A., Shutnik, E. and Leszko, M. (2004). Ammonium and proline accumulation in senescing cut leaves of Zantedeschia. Physiologia Planrum. 26: 417-422.
Reddy, B.S., Yuvaraj, N., Babitha, V., Ramnath, V., Philomina, P.T. and Sabu, M.C. (2004). Antioxidant and hypolipidemic effects of Spirulina and natural carotenoids in broiler chicken. Indian Veterinary Journal. 81: 383-386.
Sabbagh, S., Niakan, M. and Gholamali Pour Alamdari, E.(2017). Evaluation of some primary and secondary metabolites of medicinal plant Proveskia abrotanoides Karel. in different phenological stages. Journal of Iranian Ecophysiological Resaerch.12(45): 14-26
Saglam, H. and Arar, G. (2003). Cytotoxic activity and quality control determinations on Chelidonium majus. Fitoterapia Journal. 74: 127-129.
Sardashti, A.R., Valizadeh, J. and Adhami, Y. (2013) Variation in the essential oil composition of Perovskia abrotanoides of different growth stage in Baluchestan. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research. (6): 781-4.
Sarin, R., (2005): Useful metabolites from plant tissue cultures. BiotechnologyJournal. 4: 79-93.
Sedaghat, Sh. and Shokrgozar, T. (2001). Chemical compounds of tea. Technical publications, Office of Research Services. 15(34).
Shahid, M., Pourrut, B., Dumat, C., Nadeem, M., Aslam, M. and Pinelli, E. (2014). Heavy-metal induced reactive oxygen species: phytotoxicity and physicochemical changes in plants. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 232: 1-44.
Sharma, U.R., Prakash, T., Surendra, V. and Roopakarki Divakar Goli, N. )2012(. Hepatoprotective activity of Fumaria officinalis against ccl4-induced liver damage in rat. Pharmacologia. 3(1): 9-14.
Sofo, A., Dichio, B. Xiloyannis, C. and Masia, A. (2004). Lipoxygenase activity and proline accumulation in leaves and roots of olive trees in response to drought stress. Physiologia Plantarum. 121: 58-65.
Swetie, R., Raesh, Ch. and Arun, S. (2007). Antioxidant potential of mint (Mentha spicata L.) in radiation processed lamb meat. Food Chemistry. 100(2): 451-458.
Tin-Wa, M., Kim, H.K., Fong, H.H. and Farnsworth, N.R. (1972). The structure of chelidimerine, a new alkaloid from Chelidonium majus. Lloydia. 35: 87-89.
Wagner, G.J. (1979). Content and vacuole/extravacuole distribution of neutral sugars, free amino acids, and anthocyanins in protoplast. Plant Physiology. 64: 88-93
Vieira, A.A. (2010). A comparison of traditional anti-inflammation and anti-infection medicinal plants with current evidence from biomedical research: Results from a regional study. Pharmacognosy Research. 2(5): 293-295.
Zargari, A. (1989). Medicinal plant. Tehran University publisher. 3: 212-218. (In Persian)
Zeinali, Z., Hemmati, Kh. and Mazandarani, M. (2014). Autecology, ethno pharmacology, phytochemistry and antioxidant activity of Ferula gummosa Boiss. in different regions of Razavi Khorasan Province. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants. 1: 11-22. (In Persian)