اثر خاک‌های سه منطقه شور بر برخی پارامترهای رشدی و بیوشیمیایی گیاه Halocnemum strobilaceum (مطالعه موردی: حاشیه جنوب شرقی دریاچه ارومیه)
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیکنادر احدی 1 , لطیفه پور اکبر 2
1 - گروه زیست شناسی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران
2 - گروه زیست شناسی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران
کلید واژه: شوری, پرولین, گلایسین بتائین, رنگیزه‌های فتوسنتزی, مالون‌دی‌آلدهید,
چکیده مقاله :
شوری خاک در تمام دنیا رو به گسترش بوده و یکی از مهم ترین چالش‌ها برای کشاورزی در جهان محسوب می‌شود. تحقیقات نشان داده است که خاک‌های شور رشد گیاهان را محدود می سازد. گیاه Halocnemum strobilaceum از خانواده کنوپودیاسه و شورپسند است که با خشک شدن دریاچه ارومیه جزء گیاهان رشد یافته در خاک‌های شور این منطقه می‌باشد. این تحقیق به منظور بررسی تاثیر خاک‌های شور بر فاکتورهای رشد و اسمولیت‌های گیاه H.strobilaceum در سه منطقه (چیپقلو، تپه باستانی چهاربرج و صحراجن) حاشیه جنوب شرقی دریاچه ارومیه بود. نمونه‌های گیاهی H. strobilaceum از سه منطقه مورد مطالعه همراه با خاک نمونه‌برداری شد. خاک منطقه و گیاه مورد نظر جهت آنالیز و بررسی برخی پارامترهای رشد و شاخص‌های فیزیولوژیکی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که منطقه تپه چهار برج با بافت سیلت- لومی کمترین ( 5/3 دسی زیمنس بر متر) و منطقه صحرا جن با بافت شنی-لومی بیشترین (43/17دسی زیمنس بر متر) شوری را داشت. همچنین نتایج نشان داد با افزایش سطوح شوری میزانطول، وزن تر و خشک اندام هوایی و ریشه، کلروفیلa، کلروفیلbو ترکیبات کاروتنوئیدی کاهش معنی‌داری یافت این در حالیست که با افزایش سطوح شوری میزان مالون‌دی‌آلدهید و اسمولیت‌های سازگار پرولین و گلایسین بتائین افزایش یافت.
Soil salinity is on the increase around the world and it is considered as one of the most important challenges for the agricultural practices in world. Research has shown that saline soils limit the plant growth. Halocnemum strobilaceum plant belongs to the family of Chenopodiaceae and is a halophyte. The drying of Urmia Lake has led to the growth of this plant in saline soils of the region. This study was to investigate the effect of soil salinity on growth factors and osmolytes of H.strobilaceum plant in three regions (Chipgloo, Tapeh Chahar Borj, and Sahra Jen) southeastern edge of Urmia Lake. Soil and plant samples were analyzed for evaluation of growth parameters and physiological indices. The results indicated that Tapeh Chahar Bborj with silt-loamy texture had the minimum salinity (3.5 dS/m) and Sahra Jen region with sandy-loamy soil had the maximum salinity (17/43 dS/m). Also, results showed that the length, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids significantly decreased with increasing salinity while the Malondi aldehyde and proline and glycine betaine increased.
Asadi, M. (2011). Flora of Iran. Chenopodiaceae family. Research Insititute of Forests and Rangelands (RIFR), Iran.508
Azari, A., Sanavi, S., Askari, H., Ghanati, F., Naji, A. and Alizadeh, B. (2012). Effect of salt stress on morphological and physiological traits of two species of rapeseed Brassica napus and B. rapa. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 14(2): 121-135.
Bates, L., Waldren, R. and Teare, I. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39(1): 205-207.
Ben-Asher, J., Tsuyuki, I., Bravdo, B.A. and Sagih, M. (2006). Irrigation of grapevines with saline water: I. Leaf area index, stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthesis. Agricultural Water Management. 83(1): 13-21.
Bybordi, A. (2012). Study effect of salinity on some physiologic and morphologic properties of two grape cultivars. Life Science Journal. 9(4): 105-417.
Chookhampaeng, S. (2011). The effect of salt stress on growth, chlorophyll content proline content and antioxidative enzymes of pepper. Capsicum annuum L. seedling. European Journal of Scientific Research. 49(1): 103-109.
Dehnavy-Movahhedy, M., Modarres-Sanavy, S.A.M. and Mokhtassi-Bidgoli, A. (2009). Foliar application of zinc and manganese improves seed yield and quality of safflower. Carthamus tinctorius L. grown under water deficit stress. Industrial Crops and Products. 30(1): 82-92.
El-Tayeb, M.A. (2005). Response of barely grains to the interactive effect of Salinity and salicylic acid. Plant Growth Regulation. (45): 215-225.
Eraslan, F., Inal, A., David, J. and Pilbeam, G.A. )2008). Interactive effects of salicylic asic and silicon on oxidative damage and antioxidant activity in spinach. Spinacia oleracea L.cv. Matador. grown under boron toxicity and salinity. Plant Growth Regulation. (55): 207-219.
Farkhondeh, R., Nabizadeh, E. and Jalilnezhad, N. (2012). Effect of salinity stress on proline content, membrane stability and water relations in two sugar beet cultivars. International Journal of Agricalture Science. 2(5): 385-392.
Gao, S., Liu, K.T., Chung, T.W. and Chen, F. (2013). The effects of NaCl stress on Jatropha cotyledon growth and nitrogen metabolism. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 13(1): 99-113.
Grieve, C. and Grattan, S. (1983). Rapid assay for determination of water soluble quaternary ammonium compounds. Plant and Soil. 70(2): 303-307.
Hanson, A.D., May, A.M., Grumet, R., Bode, J., Jamiesonand, G.C. and Rhodes, D. (2007). Betaine synthesis in chenopods: Localization in chloroplasts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA. 82:3678-3682.
Hassine, A.B., Ghanem, M.E., Bouzid, S. and Lutts, S. (2008). An inland and a coastal population of the Mediterranean xero-halophyte species Atriplex halimus L. differ in their ability to accumulate proline and glycinebetaine in response to salinity and water stress. Journal of Experimental Botany. 59(6): 1315-1326.
Heath, R.L. and Packer, L. (1968). Photoperoxidation in Isolated Chloroplasts. Archives Biochemistry Biophysics. 125: 850-857.
Heidari, A., Toorchi, M., Bandehagh, A. and Shakiba, M. R. (2011). Effect of NaCl stress on growth, water relations, organic and inorganic osmolytes accumulation in sunflower Helianthus annuus L. lines. Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology. 1(3): 351-362.
Kaya, C., Sönmez, O., Aydemir, S. and Dikilitaş, M. (2013). Mitigation effects of glycinebetaine on oxidative stress and some key growth parameters of maize exposed to salt stress. Turkish Journal Agricalture Forest. 37: 188-194.
Kumar, N., Pal, M., Singh, A., SaiRam, R.K. and Srivastava, G.C. (2010). Exogenous proline alleviates oxidative stress and increase vase life in rose. Rosa hybrida L.‘Grand Gala’. Scientia Horticulturae. 127(1): 79-85.
Linchenthaler, H. and Wellburn, A. (1983). Determination of total carotenoides and clorophyll a and b of leaf extracts in diferent solventes. Biochemistry Society Trans. 11:1591-1592.
Mclean, EO. (1982). Soil pH and lime requirement. Pp. 199–223. In: Page AL, (ed). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties, 2nd ed. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.
Montoliu, A., López-Climent, M.F., Arbona, V., Pérez-Clemente, R.M. and Gómez-Cadenas, A. (2009). A novel in vitro tissue culture approach to study salt stress responses in citrus. Plant Growth Regulation. 59(2): 179-187.
Munns, R. and Tester, M. (2008). Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annual Review Plant Biology. 59: 651-681.
Nouri, K., Omidi, H., Naghdi badi, H.A., Torabi, H. and Fotokian, M.H. (2013). Effects of soil and water salinity on flower yield, soluble compounds, content of saline elements and essential oil quality of German chamomile. Shirazian Babooneh, Matricaria recutita L. Journal Agricultural Water Management. 26(4): 367-379.
Pazira, E and Homaee, M. (2003). Salt affected resources in Iranian extension and reclamation. Water-Saving Agriculture and Sustainable Use of Water and Land Resources. 855-865.
Rhodes, J.D. (1996). Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. In: Sparks D.L. (ed.): Methods of Soil Analysis. Chemical methods. Soil Science Society American, Madison. 417-437.
Sadak, M.S and Mostafa, H.A. (2015). Physiological role of pre-sowing seed with proline on some growth, biochemical aspects, yield quantity and quality of two sunflower cultivars grown under seawater salinity stress. Scientia. 9(1): 60-69.
Saha, P., Chatterjee, P. and Biswas, A.K. (2010). NaCl pretreatment alleviates salt stress by enhancement of antioxidant defense system and osmolyte accumulation in mungbean. Vigna radiata L. Wilczek. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 48(6):593-600
Saied, M.S., Farahbakhsh, H. and Mude, A.M. (2007). Effects of Salt Stress on Germination, Vegetative Growth and some Physiological Characteristics of Canola. JWSS-Isfahan University of Technology. 11(41): 191-203.
Sevengor, S., Yasar, F., Kusvuran, S. and Ellialtioglu, S. (2011). The effect of salt stress on growth, chlorophyll content, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzymes of pumpkin seedling. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 6(21): 4920-4924.
Tanou, G., Molassiotis, A. and Diamantidis, G. (2009). Induction of reactive oxygen species and necrotic death-like destruction in strawberry leaves by salinity. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 65(2): 270-281.
Tuna, A.L., Kaya, C., Ashraf, M., Altunlu, H., Yokas, I. and Yagmur, B. (2007). The effects of calcium sulphate on growth, membrane stability and nutrient uptake of tomato plants grown under salt stress. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 59(2): 173-178.
Xiong, L. and Zhu, J. K. (2002). Molecular and genetic aspects of plant responses to osmotic stress. Plant, Cell and Environment. 25(2): 131-139.
Yazici, I., Türkan, I., Sekmen, A. H. and Demiral, T. (2007). Salinity tolerance of purslane Portulaca oleracea L. is achieved by enhanced antioxidative system, lower level of lipid peroxidation and proline accumulation. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 61(1): 49-57.
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Asadi, M. (2011). Flora of Iran. Chenopodiaceae family. Research Insititute of Forests and Rangelands (RIFR), Iran.508
Azari, A., Sanavi, S., Askari, H., Ghanati, F., Naji, A. and Alizadeh, B. (2012). Effect of salt stress on morphological and physiological traits of two species of rapeseed Brassica napus and B. rapa. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 14(2): 121-135.
Bates, L., Waldren, R. and Teare, I. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39(1): 205-207.
Ben-Asher, J., Tsuyuki, I., Bravdo, B.A. and Sagih, M. (2006). Irrigation of grapevines with saline water: I. Leaf area index, stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthesis. Agricultural Water Management. 83(1): 13-21.
Bybordi, A. (2012). Study effect of salinity on some physiologic and morphologic properties of two grape cultivars. Life Science Journal. 9(4): 105-417.
Chookhampaeng, S. (2011). The effect of salt stress on growth, chlorophyll content proline content and antioxidative enzymes of pepper. Capsicum annuum L. seedling. European Journal of Scientific Research. 49(1): 103-109.
Dehnavy-Movahhedy, M., Modarres-Sanavy, S.A.M. and Mokhtassi-Bidgoli, A. (2009). Foliar application of zinc and manganese improves seed yield and quality of safflower. Carthamus tinctorius L. grown under water deficit stress. Industrial Crops and Products. 30(1): 82-92.
El-Tayeb, M.A. (2005). Response of barely grains to the interactive effect of Salinity and salicylic acid. Plant Growth Regulation. (45): 215-225.
Eraslan, F., Inal, A., David, J. and Pilbeam, G.A. )2008). Interactive effects of salicylic asic and silicon on oxidative damage and antioxidant activity in spinach. Spinacia oleracea L.cv. Matador. grown under boron toxicity and salinity. Plant Growth Regulation. (55): 207-219.
Farkhondeh, R., Nabizadeh, E. and Jalilnezhad, N. (2012). Effect of salinity stress on proline content, membrane stability and water relations in two sugar beet cultivars. International Journal of Agricalture Science. 2(5): 385-392.
Gao, S., Liu, K.T., Chung, T.W. and Chen, F. (2013). The effects of NaCl stress on Jatropha cotyledon growth and nitrogen metabolism. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 13(1): 99-113.
Grieve, C. and Grattan, S. (1983). Rapid assay for determination of water soluble quaternary ammonium compounds. Plant and Soil. 70(2): 303-307.
Hanson, A.D., May, A.M., Grumet, R., Bode, J., Jamiesonand, G.C. and Rhodes, D. (2007). Betaine synthesis in chenopods: Localization in chloroplasts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA. 82:3678-3682.
Hassine, A.B., Ghanem, M.E., Bouzid, S. and Lutts, S. (2008). An inland and a coastal population of the Mediterranean xero-halophyte species Atriplex halimus L. differ in their ability to accumulate proline and glycinebetaine in response to salinity and water stress. Journal of Experimental Botany. 59(6): 1315-1326.
Heath, R.L. and Packer, L. (1968). Photoperoxidation in Isolated Chloroplasts. Archives Biochemistry Biophysics. 125: 850-857.
Heidari, A., Toorchi, M., Bandehagh, A. and Shakiba, M. R. (2011). Effect of NaCl stress on growth, water relations, organic and inorganic osmolytes accumulation in sunflower Helianthus annuus L. lines. Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology. 1(3): 351-362.
Kaya, C., Sönmez, O., Aydemir, S. and Dikilitaş, M. (2013). Mitigation effects of glycinebetaine on oxidative stress and some key growth parameters of maize exposed to salt stress. Turkish Journal Agricalture Forest. 37: 188-194.
Kumar, N., Pal, M., Singh, A., SaiRam, R.K. and Srivastava, G.C. (2010). Exogenous proline alleviates oxidative stress and increase vase life in rose. Rosa hybrida L.‘Grand Gala’. Scientia Horticulturae. 127(1): 79-85.
Linchenthaler, H. and Wellburn, A. (1983). Determination of total carotenoides and clorophyll a and b of leaf extracts in diferent solventes. Biochemistry Society Trans. 11:1591-1592.
Mclean, EO. (1982). Soil pH and lime requirement. Pp. 199–223. In: Page AL, (ed). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties, 2nd ed. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.
Montoliu, A., López-Climent, M.F., Arbona, V., Pérez-Clemente, R.M. and Gómez-Cadenas, A. (2009). A novel in vitro tissue culture approach to study salt stress responses in citrus. Plant Growth Regulation. 59(2): 179-187.
Munns, R. and Tester, M. (2008). Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annual Review Plant Biology. 59: 651-681.
Nouri, K., Omidi, H., Naghdi badi, H.A., Torabi, H. and Fotokian, M.H. (2013). Effects of soil and water salinity on flower yield, soluble compounds, content of saline elements and essential oil quality of German chamomile. Shirazian Babooneh, Matricaria recutita L. Journal Agricultural Water Management. 26(4): 367-379.
Pazira, E and Homaee, M. (2003). Salt affected resources in Iranian extension and reclamation. Water-Saving Agriculture and Sustainable Use of Water and Land Resources. 855-865.
Rhodes, J.D. (1996). Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. In: Sparks D.L. (ed.): Methods of Soil Analysis. Chemical methods. Soil Science Society American, Madison. 417-437.
Sadak, M.S and Mostafa, H.A. (2015). Physiological role of pre-sowing seed with proline on some growth, biochemical aspects, yield quantity and quality of two sunflower cultivars grown under seawater salinity stress. Scientia. 9(1): 60-69.
Saha, P., Chatterjee, P. and Biswas, A.K. (2010). NaCl pretreatment alleviates salt stress by enhancement of antioxidant defense system and osmolyte accumulation in mungbean. Vigna radiata L. Wilczek. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 48(6):593-600
Saied, M.S., Farahbakhsh, H. and Mude, A.M. (2007). Effects of Salt Stress on Germination, Vegetative Growth and some Physiological Characteristics of Canola. JWSS-Isfahan University of Technology. 11(41): 191-203.
Sevengor, S., Yasar, F., Kusvuran, S. and Ellialtioglu, S. (2011). The effect of salt stress on growth, chlorophyll content, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzymes of pumpkin seedling. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 6(21): 4920-4924.
Tanou, G., Molassiotis, A. and Diamantidis, G. (2009). Induction of reactive oxygen species and necrotic death-like destruction in strawberry leaves by salinity. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 65(2): 270-281.
Tuna, A.L., Kaya, C., Ashraf, M., Altunlu, H., Yokas, I. and Yagmur, B. (2007). The effects of calcium sulphate on growth, membrane stability and nutrient uptake of tomato plants grown under salt stress. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 59(2): 173-178.
Xiong, L. and Zhu, J. K. (2002). Molecular and genetic aspects of plant responses to osmotic stress. Plant, Cell and Environment. 25(2): 131-139.
Yazici, I., Türkan, I., Sekmen, A. H. and Demiral, T. (2007). Salinity tolerance of purslane Portulaca oleracea L. is achieved by enhanced antioxidative system, lower level of lipid peroxidation and proline accumulation. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 61(1): 49-57.