غلظت، تجمع و تخصیص فسفر در مراحل ساقه‌رفتن و گرده‌افشانی در تعدادی از گونه‌های زراعی و هرز خانواده گندمیان
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیکآرزو عبیدی 1 , ابراهیم زینلی 2 , افشین سلطانی 3 , عبدالرضا قرنجیکی 4
1 - گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، گرگان، ایران
2 - گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، گرگان، ایران
3 - گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، گرگان، ایران
4 - موسسه تحقیقات پنبه کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، گرگان، ایران
کلید واژه: گیاهان زراعی, اندام‌های گیاه, توزیع فسفر, کوددهی, علف‌های هرز,
چکیده مقاله :
اطلاعات مربوط به تغییرات غلظت، تجمع و تخصیص فسفر در گونه های مختلف گیاهی در راستای بهبود کارآیی جذب و استفاده از عناصر غذایی به ویژه در خاک های فقیر حائز اهمیت است. از این رو، به منظور بررسی تغییرات غلظت، تجمع و تخصیص فسفر در تعدادی از گونه‌های زراعی و هرز خانواده گندمیان، در سال زراعی 95-1394 آزمایشی گلدانی در شرایط هوای آزاد در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی به‌صورت فاکتوریل با سه تکرار در دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان در خاکی با مقدار فسفر قابل استفاده کم (85/4 میلی گرم در کیلوگرم) اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل هفت گونه زراعی و هرز از خانواده گندمیان (گندم نان، گندم دوروم، جو معمولی، جو لخت، چاودم، یولاف وحشی و علف خونی) و دو شرایط عدم مصرف و مصرف کودهای نیتروژنه، فسفره و پتاسه به مقدار توصیه شده بودند. بر اساس نتایج به دست آمده، در هر دو مرحله ساقه رفتن و گرده افشانی با مصرف کود، غلظت و تجمع فسفر در تمام بخش های گیاه، به استثنای غلظت فسفر ریشه در مرحله ساقه رفتن، به طور معنی داری افزایش پیدا کرد. میانگین غلظت فسفر بخش هوایی بوته در مراحل ساقه رفتن و گرده افشانی در شرایط عدم کوددهی به ترتیب 9/3 و 9/1 گرم در کیلوگرم بود که در نتیجه مصرف کود به طور معنی داری افزایش یافته و به ترتیب به 5/4 و 1/2 گرم در کیلوگرم رسید. همچنین، در نتیجه کوددهی میانگین مقدار فسفر تجمع یافته در بخش هوایی بوته در ساقه رفتن از 92/0 به 2/3 و در گرده افشانی از 45/2 به 2/9 میلی گرم در بوته رسید. در گرده افشانی، تأثیر گونه گیاهی بر غلظت فسفر در تمام اندام های گیاه اما در ساقه رفتن فقط بر غلظت فسفردر ساقه و بخش هوایی بوته معنی دار بود. با این حال، در هر دو مرحله، تجمع فسفر در تمام بخش های گیاه و کل بوته به طور معنی داری تحت تأثیر گونه گیاهی و اثرات متقابل گونه و کوددهی قرار گرفت. میانگین غلظت فسفر بخش هوایی بوته در گونه های مورد مطالعه در ساقه رفتن از 9/2 تا 7/4 و در گرده افشانی از 4/1 تا 7/2 گرم در کیلوگرم متغیر بود. نتایج مقایسه میانگین های اثرات متقابل نشان داد که در مرحله ساقه رفتن، در شرایط عدم کوددهی هیچ اختلاف معنی داری بین گونه ها از نظر تجمع فسفر در بخش های مختلف بوته وجود نداشت. در مرحله گرده افشانی نیز اختلاف های بین گونه ها از نظر تجمع فسفر در شاهد عدم کوددهی به مراتب کمتر از شرایط کوددهی بود.
Information on variations in concentration, accumulation, and allocation of phosphorus (P) in different species is important for improving the absorption and use efficiency of mineral nutrients, especially in poor soils. Hence, this experiment was conducted in order to study the variations in P concentration, accumulation, and allocation to various parts of plants in a number of gramineae crops and weeds in stem elongation and anthesis growth stages. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement with three replications in an open field condition in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences using a low (4.85 mg kg-1) available P soil during 2015-2016 growing season. Treatments in the pot experiment included 7 crop and weed species of poaceae family including bread wheat, durum wheat, common barley, naked barley, triticale, wild oat, and canary grass and application and non-application of recommended N, P, and K chemical fertilizers. Based on the results, with fertilizer application, the concentration and accumulation of P significantly increased in all parts of plants except for root in both stages of stem elongation and anthesis. Under non-fertilization conditions, the average P concentrations of the aerial part of the plant at stem elongation and pollination stages were 3.9 and 1.9, respectively, which increased to 4.5 and 2.1 g kg-1 as a result of fertilization. Also, as a result of fertilization, the average P concentration accumulated in the aerial part of the plants increased from 0.92 to 3.2 mg plant-1 at the stem elongation and from 2.45 to 2.9 mg plant-1 at anthesis stage. During anthesis, the effect of plant species on P concentration in all parts of the plants was significant while during stem elongation, this effect was significant only for P concentration of stem and aerial parts of the plants under study. However, at both stages, accumulation of P in all parts and in the whole plant was significantly affected by plant species and the interaction effects of the species and fertilization. The average concentration of P in the aerial parts of the species varied from 2.9 to 4.7 g kg-1 at stem elongation and from 1.4 to 2.7 g kg-1 at anthesis stage. The results of the mean comparisons of the interaction effects showed no significant difference of P accumulation in different parts of the plant at stem elongation stage under unfertilized conditions, and that at anthesis stage, differences of P accumulation under non-fertilization conditions between species were much less than those of fertilization conditions.
Ali Ehyayi, M. (1997). Description of Methods of Soil Chemical Analysis. Vol. 2, Publication No. 1024. Tehran Soil and Water Research Institute. (In Persian)
Modhaj, A. and Fathi, GH. (2003).Wheat Physiology. Islamic Azad Uneversity of Shooshtar. Pp: 317. (In Persian)
Alves, V.M.C., Parentoni, S.N., Vasconcellos, C.A., Bahia Filho, A.F.C., Pitta, G.V.E. and Schaffert, R.E. (2001). Mechanisms of phosphorus efficiency in maize. In: Plant Nutrition-Food Security and Sustainability of Agroecosystems, eds.W.J. Horst, M.K. Schenk, A. Burkert, N. Claassen, H. Flessa, W.B. Frommer, H. Goldbach, H.W. Olfs, V. Romheld, B. Sattelmacher, U. Schmidhalter, S. Schubert, N.V. Wiren, and L. Wittenmayer, pp. 566–567. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
Arduini, I., Masoni, A., Ercoli, L. and Mariotti, M. (2006). Grain yield, and dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and remobilization in durum wheat as affected by variety and seeding rate. European Journal of Agronomy. 25: 309–318.
Bates, T.R. and Lynch, J.P. (2001). Root hairs confer a competitive advantage under low phosphorus availability. Plant Soil. 236:243–250.
Bélanger, G., Ziadi, N., Pageau, D., Grant, C., Högnäsbacka, M., Virkajärvi, P., Hu, Z., Lu, J., Lafond, J. and Nyiraneza, J. (2015). A Model of Critical Phosphorus Concentration in the Shoot Biomass of Wheat. Agronomy Journal. 107: 963–970.
Dordas, C. (2009). Dry matter, nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation, partitioning and remobilization as affected by N and P fertilization and source–sink relations. European Journal of Agronomy. 30(2): 129-139.
Dordas, C.A. and Sioulas, C. (2009). Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation, partitioning, and retranslocation in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) as affected by nitrogen fertilizationField Crops Research. 110: 35-43.
Emam, Y. and Seghat eslami, M.J. (2005). Physiology and Yield Trend in Crop Plants. Shiraz University Press. Pp: 593. (In Persian)
Fageria, N.K., Moreira, A. and Dos santos, A.B. (2013). Phosphorus uptake and use efficiency in field crops. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 36: 13.
Fist, A.J., Smith, F.W. and Edwards, D.G. (1987). External phosphorus requirements of five tropical grain legumes grown in flowing-solution culture. In Genetic Aspects of Plant Mineral Nutrition. Springer Netherlands. P: 299-308.
Ghazanshahi, J. (2006). Plant and Soil Analysis. Aiizh Publication. Pp: 272. (In Persian)
Gunes, A., Inal, A., Alpaslan, M. and Cakmak, I. (2006). Genotypic variation in phosphorus efficiency between wheat cultivars grown under greenhouse and field conditions. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 52(4): 470-478.
Horst, W.J., Abdou, M. and Wiesler, F. (1993). Genotypic differences in P efficiency of wheat. Plant Soil. 156: 293-296.
Khosravian, T., Zeinali, E., Siahmarguee, A., GhorbaniNasrAbadi, R., and Aalimagham, S.M. (2016). Phosphorus and dry matter accumulation and partitioning coefficients as affected by fertilizer phosphorus rate and inoculation by Streptomyces bacteria in wheat and barley. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. (In Persian)
Korkmaz, K., Ibrikci, H., Karnez, E., Buyuk, G., Ryan, J., Ulger, A. C. and Oguz, H. (2009). Phosphorus Use Efficiency of Wheat Genotypes Grown in Calcareous Soils. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 32:12-18.
Marschner, P. (2012). Marschner’s Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants, 3rd Edition. Elsevier, USA.
Ozturk, L., Eker, S., Torun, B. and Cakmak, I. (2005). Variation in phosphorus efficiency among 73 bread and durum wheat genotypes grown in a phosphorus-deficient calcareous soil. Plant Soil. 269:69–80.
Rengel, Z. (1999). Physiological mechanisms underlying differential nutrient efficiency of crop genotypes. In Mineral Nutrition of Crops: Fundamental Mechanisms and Implications. Ed. Z Rengel, pp. 227–265, Haworth Press, New York.
Richardson, A.E. (1994). Soil microorganisms and phosphorus availability. Soil Biota. 17: 50–62.
Reuter, D.J. and Robinson, J.B. (1997). Plant Analysis: An Interpretation Manual, 2nd ed., CSIRO Publishing, Australia.
Raghothama K.G. (1999). Phosphate acquisition. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 50:665–693.
Sharma, S. B., Sayyed, R. Z., Trivedi, M.T. and Gobi, T.A. (2013). Phosphate solubilizing microbes: Sustainable Approach for Managing Phosphorus Deficiency in Agricultural Soils. Springer Plus. 2(1): 587.
Stewart, W.M., Dibb, D.W., Johnston, A.E. and Smyth, T.J. (2005). The contribution of commercial fertilizer nutrients to food production. Agronomy Journal. 97: 1–6.
Siadat, S. A. Modhaj, A. and Esfahani, M. (2013). Cereal Crops. Jihad Daneshgahi Mashhad Press. Pp: 352. (In Persian)
Soltani, A. (2006). Application of SAS in Statistical Analysis. Jihad Daneshgahi of Mashhad. Pp: 182. (In Persian)
Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M. and Murphy, A. (2015). Plant physiology and development. Sinauer Associates, Incorporated.
Vance, C.P., Uhde, S.C. and Allan, D.L. (2003). Phosphorus acquisition and use: critical adaptations by plants for securing a nonrenewable resource. New Phytology. 157:423–447.
Wang, L., Chen, F., Zhang, F. and Guohua, M. (2010). Two strategies for achieving higher yield under phosphorus deficiency in winter wheat grown in field conditions. Field Crops Research. 118: 36–42.
Zadoks J.C., Chang T.T. and Konzak C.F. (1974). A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals. Weed Research. 14: 415-421.
Zahedifar, M. Karimian, N. Ronaghi, A. Yasrebi, J. and Emam, Y. (2011). Phosphorus and Zinc partitioning coefficients in different organs and development stages of wheat as influenced by environmental factors. Journal of Water and Soil. 25(3): 435-436. (In Persian)
Ziadi, N., Belanger, G., Cambouris, A.N., Tremblay, N., Nolin, M.C. and Claessense, A. (2008). Relationship between phosphorus and nitrogen concentration in spring wheat. Agronomy Journal. 100(1): 80-86.
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Ali Ehyayi, M. (1997). Description of Methods of Soil Chemical Analysis. Vol. 2, Publication No. 1024. Tehran Soil and Water Research Institute. (In Persian)
Modhaj, A. and Fathi, GH. (2003).Wheat Physiology. Islamic Azad Uneversity of Shooshtar. Pp: 317. (In Persian)
Alves, V.M.C., Parentoni, S.N., Vasconcellos, C.A., Bahia Filho, A.F.C., Pitta, G.V.E. and Schaffert, R.E. (2001). Mechanisms of phosphorus efficiency in maize. In: Plant Nutrition-Food Security and Sustainability of Agroecosystems, eds.W.J. Horst, M.K. Schenk, A. Burkert, N. Claassen, H. Flessa, W.B. Frommer, H. Goldbach, H.W. Olfs, V. Romheld, B. Sattelmacher, U. Schmidhalter, S. Schubert, N.V. Wiren, and L. Wittenmayer, pp. 566–567. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
Arduini, I., Masoni, A., Ercoli, L. and Mariotti, M. (2006). Grain yield, and dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and remobilization in durum wheat as affected by variety and seeding rate. European Journal of Agronomy. 25: 309–318.
Bates, T.R. and Lynch, J.P. (2001). Root hairs confer a competitive advantage under low phosphorus availability. Plant Soil. 236:243–250.
Bélanger, G., Ziadi, N., Pageau, D., Grant, C., Högnäsbacka, M., Virkajärvi, P., Hu, Z., Lu, J., Lafond, J. and Nyiraneza, J. (2015). A Model of Critical Phosphorus Concentration in the Shoot Biomass of Wheat. Agronomy Journal. 107: 963–970.
Dordas, C. (2009). Dry matter, nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation, partitioning and remobilization as affected by N and P fertilization and source–sink relations. European Journal of Agronomy. 30(2): 129-139.
Dordas, C.A. and Sioulas, C. (2009). Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation, partitioning, and retranslocation in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) as affected by nitrogen fertilizationField Crops Research. 110: 35-43.
Emam, Y. and Seghat eslami, M.J. (2005). Physiology and Yield Trend in Crop Plants. Shiraz University Press. Pp: 593. (In Persian)
Fageria, N.K., Moreira, A. and Dos santos, A.B. (2013). Phosphorus uptake and use efficiency in field crops. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 36: 13.
Fist, A.J., Smith, F.W. and Edwards, D.G. (1987). External phosphorus requirements of five tropical grain legumes grown in flowing-solution culture. In Genetic Aspects of Plant Mineral Nutrition. Springer Netherlands. P: 299-308.
Ghazanshahi, J. (2006). Plant and Soil Analysis. Aiizh Publication. Pp: 272. (In Persian)
Gunes, A., Inal, A., Alpaslan, M. and Cakmak, I. (2006). Genotypic variation in phosphorus efficiency between wheat cultivars grown under greenhouse and field conditions. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 52(4): 470-478.
Horst, W.J., Abdou, M. and Wiesler, F. (1993). Genotypic differences in P efficiency of wheat. Plant Soil. 156: 293-296.
Khosravian, T., Zeinali, E., Siahmarguee, A., GhorbaniNasrAbadi, R., and Aalimagham, S.M. (2016). Phosphorus and dry matter accumulation and partitioning coefficients as affected by fertilizer phosphorus rate and inoculation by Streptomyces bacteria in wheat and barley. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. (In Persian)
Korkmaz, K., Ibrikci, H., Karnez, E., Buyuk, G., Ryan, J., Ulger, A. C. and Oguz, H. (2009). Phosphorus Use Efficiency of Wheat Genotypes Grown in Calcareous Soils. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 32:12-18.
Marschner, P. (2012). Marschner’s Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants, 3rd Edition. Elsevier, USA.
Ozturk, L., Eker, S., Torun, B. and Cakmak, I. (2005). Variation in phosphorus efficiency among 73 bread and durum wheat genotypes grown in a phosphorus-deficient calcareous soil. Plant Soil. 269:69–80.
Rengel, Z. (1999). Physiological mechanisms underlying differential nutrient efficiency of crop genotypes. In Mineral Nutrition of Crops: Fundamental Mechanisms and Implications. Ed. Z Rengel, pp. 227–265, Haworth Press, New York.
Richardson, A.E. (1994). Soil microorganisms and phosphorus availability. Soil Biota. 17: 50–62.
Reuter, D.J. and Robinson, J.B. (1997). Plant Analysis: An Interpretation Manual, 2nd ed., CSIRO Publishing, Australia.
Raghothama K.G. (1999). Phosphate acquisition. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 50:665–693.
Sharma, S. B., Sayyed, R. Z., Trivedi, M.T. and Gobi, T.A. (2013). Phosphate solubilizing microbes: Sustainable Approach for Managing Phosphorus Deficiency in Agricultural Soils. Springer Plus. 2(1): 587.
Stewart, W.M., Dibb, D.W., Johnston, A.E. and Smyth, T.J. (2005). The contribution of commercial fertilizer nutrients to food production. Agronomy Journal. 97: 1–6.
Siadat, S. A. Modhaj, A. and Esfahani, M. (2013). Cereal Crops. Jihad Daneshgahi Mashhad Press. Pp: 352. (In Persian)
Soltani, A. (2006). Application of SAS in Statistical Analysis. Jihad Daneshgahi of Mashhad. Pp: 182. (In Persian)
Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M. and Murphy, A. (2015). Plant physiology and development. Sinauer Associates, Incorporated.
Vance, C.P., Uhde, S.C. and Allan, D.L. (2003). Phosphorus acquisition and use: critical adaptations by plants for securing a nonrenewable resource. New Phytology. 157:423–447.
Wang, L., Chen, F., Zhang, F. and Guohua, M. (2010). Two strategies for achieving higher yield under phosphorus deficiency in winter wheat grown in field conditions. Field Crops Research. 118: 36–42.
Zadoks J.C., Chang T.T. and Konzak C.F. (1974). A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals. Weed Research. 14: 415-421.
Zahedifar, M. Karimian, N. Ronaghi, A. Yasrebi, J. and Emam, Y. (2011). Phosphorus and Zinc partitioning coefficients in different organs and development stages of wheat as influenced by environmental factors. Journal of Water and Soil. 25(3): 435-436. (In Persian)
Ziadi, N., Belanger, G., Cambouris, A.N., Tremblay, N., Nolin, M.C. and Claessense, A. (2008). Relationship between phosphorus and nitrogen concentration in spring wheat. Agronomy Journal. 100(1): 80-86.