شاخص‌های کمی و محتوای رنگدانه‌ای برگ راش‌های (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) کهنسال در دو توده خالص و آمیخته (مطالعه موردی: جنگل‌های ناو اسالم گیلان)
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیکمیر مظفر فلاح چای 1 , مهدی سیمایی 2 , نیلوفر محمدزاده 3
1 - گروه جنگلداری، واحد لاهیجان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، لاهیجان، ایران
2 - گروه زیست‌شناسی، واحد لاهیجان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، لاهیجان، ایران
3 - گروه جنگلداری، واحد لاهیجان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، لاهیجان، ایران
کلید واژه: جنگل, شاخص‌های رشد, راش, اسالم, محتوای رنگدانه,
چکیده مقاله :
راش (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) از گونه‌های نخبه و بسیار با‌ارزش جنگل‌های شمال ایران است که بررسی شاخص‌های کمی آن در دو توده خالص و آمیخته می‌تواند مشخص‌کننده روند بهبود یا تخریب یک توده جنگلی تلقی‌شود. بدین منظور پس‌از جنگل‌گردشی و مطالعه میدانی از جنگل‌های ناو اسالم، دو توده خالص و آمیخته از پارسل 319 به مساحت 54 هکتار که دارای شرایط رویشگاهی و جنگل‌شناسی تقریبا مشابهی هستند مدنظر قرارگرفتند. سپس تعداد 30 اصله از درختان راش کهنسال قطورتر از یک‌متر در آنها به‌صورت تصادفی انتخاب و برخی مشخصه‌های کمی و کیفی آنها مورد اندازه‌گیری قرار گرفت. نتایج حاصل نشان داد اختلاف معنی‌دار بین راش‌های دو توده از نظر قطر برابر سینه، ارتفاع کل، طول تنه و درصد طول تنه بدون شاخه وجود نداشت. همچنین متغیرهای کیفی تقارن تاجی در دو نوع متقارن و نامتقارن، پیچیدگی تنه در سه حالت فاقد پیچیدگی، پیچیدگی محسوس به سمت راست، پیچیدگی نامحسوس به سمت چپ و وضعیت شاخه‌دوانی روی تنه‌ی درخت راش با تقسیم‌بندی‌های فاقد شاخه، کم‌شاخه و پرشاخه در سطح احتمال 95 درصد دارای اختلاف معنی‌دار بود. علاوه براین عملکرد دگرآسیبی ناشی از انواع گونه‌های درختی مجاور گونه راش در توده آمیخته منجر به کاهش معنی‌دار محتوای رنگدانه‌های فتوسنتزی کلروفیل a، کلروفیل کل و کاروتنوئیدها شد. در‌حالی‌که غلظت رنگدانه‌های فلاوونوئیدی گونه راش در توده آمیخته افزایش قابل ملاحظه‌ای نسبت به توده خالص نشان داد. نتایج این تحقیق همچنین بیان نمود که درصد تقارن تاج درختان در توده خالص بیشتر شد اما بالا‌بودن میانگین ارتفاع درخت و تاج نامتقارن در توده آمیخته می‌تواند به‌علت وجود گونه‌های دیگر و رقابت برای کسب نور باشد.
The beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) is one of elite and extremely valuable species in the forests of northern Iran, which examining the quantitative indicators in both pure and mixed stand can be characterized the recovery or destruction of a forest population. In order to, after the jungle cruise and field study in Asalem-Nav forests, a pure and mixed stand of parcel 319 with an area of 54 acres that have similar conditions were examined. Then 30 poles of old beech trees with a diameter of more than one meter were selected randomly and some of quantitative and qualitative characteristics were measured. The results showed there was no significant difference between beeches of two stands about the diameter at breast height, total height, trunk length and percentage of trunk length slenderness. Also, Qualitative variables of crown symmetry in both symmetric and asymmetric, trunk twisting in three modes (Lack of twisting, sensible twisting to the right, A subtle twisting to the left), mode of branching on beech tree trunk with divisions of branchless, low-branching and high branching have significant differences at the 95% probability level. Furthermore, allelopathic performance of a variety of tree species in the adjacent beech mixed stand led to a significant reduction in the content of photosynthetic pigments chl.a, chl.a+b and carotenoids. Whereas flavonoid concentration in the mixed stand indicated a considerable increase compared to the pure population. Thus, it can be concluded that some quantitative traits in the same ecological conditions are not affected by the adjacent species of beech. The results also indicated that the percentage of symmetry in the crown of the trees in pure stand is more but the high average of the tree length and asymmetry crown in mixed stand can due to the existence of other species and compete for more light.
Dganaguiraman, M. and Vaidyanathan, R. (2005). Physiological responses of Eucalyptus globus leaf leachate on seedling physiology of rice, sorghum and blackgram. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 7: 34-38.
Dittmar, C., Zech, W. and Elling, W. (2003). Growth variations of common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) under different climatic and environmental conditions in European dendroecological study. Forest Ecology and Management, 173: 63-78.
Fallahchai, M.M., Khalatbari, R. and Islami, A. (2016). A survey of some growth characteristics of Cerasus avium L. species regarding the ecological role of the height above the sea level in Ramsar managed forests. Journal of Plant Enviromental Physiology, 11(2): 37-45.
Fang, C.K. (2001). Morphology and growth of deciduous and evergreen broad-leaved saplings under different light conditions in a Chinese beech forest with dense bamboo undergrowth. Ecological Research, 16: 509-517.
Grote, R. (2003). Estimation of crown radii and crown projection area from stem size and tree position. Annals of Forest Science, 60: 393-402.
Innes, J.L. (1998). An assessment of the use of crown structure for the determination of the health of beech (Fagus sylvatica). Forestry, 71: 113-130.
Jubany-Mari, T., Prinsen, E., Munné-Bosch, S. and Alegre, L. (2010). The timing of methyl jasmonate, hydrogen peroxide and ascorbate accumulation during water deficit and subsequent recovery in the Mediterranean shrub Cistus albidus L. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 69(1): 47-55.
Kabiri-Koupaei, K., Marvie-Mohajer, M.R., Zahedi Amiri, Gh., Namiranian, M. and Etemad, V. (2009). A comparison on the quantitative and qualitative morphological characteristics of beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) in a pure and mixed stand (Gorazbon district). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 17(3): 422-435.
Krizek, D.T., Britz, S.J. and Mirecki, R.M. (1998). Inhibitory effects of ambient levels of solar UV-A and UV-B radiation on growth of cv. New red fire lettuce. Acta Physiolgiae Plantarum, 103: 1-7.
Lichtenthaler, H.K. (1987). Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Method Enzymology, 148: 350-382.
Marvi-Mohajer, M.R. (1976). Investigation of the relationship between the morphological properties of beech and the site. Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 15: 29-23.
Marvi-Mohajer, M.R. (1977). Study of qualitative properties of Fagetum north of Iran. Iranain Journal of Natural Resources, 34: 96-77.
Marvie-Mohajer, M.R. and Moradi, M. (2011). Morphological and quantitative characteristics of mature beech trees (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) in two regions of Sistan in Guilan and Kheiroud in Mazandaran. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 19(3): 300-311.
Moradi, M., Marvie-Mohajer, M.R., Zobeiri, M. and Omidi, A. (2010). Morphplogical characteristics and health of beech trees by diameter more than one meter (case study, Guilan province). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 18(1): 46-58.
Namiranian, M. (2000). A study on dimentional characters of Beech species in Gorazbon district, Kheyroudkenar forest. Iranian Journal of Natural Research, 53(1): 87-96.
Panahi, P., Pourhashemmi, Z. and Hasaninejad, M. (2017). Morphological variation of Fagus orientalis Lipsky in the hyrcanian forests of Iran. Iranian Journal of Botany, 23(1): 37-47.
Sangtarash, M.H., Qaderi, M.M., Chinnappa, C.C. and Reid, D.M. (2009). Differential sensitivity of canola (Brassica napus) seedlings to ultraviolet-B radiation, water stress and abscisic acid. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 66(2): 212-219.
Seyoum, A., Asres, K. and El-Fiky, F.K. (2006). Structure-radical scavenging activity relationships of flavonoids. Phytochemistry, 67(18): 2058-2070.
Zell, J., Hanewinkel, M. and Seeling, U. (2004). Financial optimization of target diameter harvest of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) considering the risk of decrease of timber quality due to red heartwood. Forest Policy and Economics, 6: 579-593.
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Dganaguiraman, M. and Vaidyanathan, R. (2005). Physiological responses of Eucalyptus globus leaf leachate on seedling physiology of rice, sorghum and blackgram. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 7: 34-38.
Dittmar, C., Zech, W. and Elling, W. (2003). Growth variations of common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) under different climatic and environmental conditions in European dendroecological study. Forest Ecology and Management, 173: 63-78.
Fallahchai, M.M., Khalatbari, R. and Islami, A. (2016). A survey of some growth characteristics of Cerasus avium L. species regarding the ecological role of the height above the sea level in Ramsar managed forests. Journal of Plant Enviromental Physiology, 11(2): 37-45.
Fang, C.K. (2001). Morphology and growth of deciduous and evergreen broad-leaved saplings under different light conditions in a Chinese beech forest with dense bamboo undergrowth. Ecological Research, 16: 509-517.
Grote, R. (2003). Estimation of crown radii and crown projection area from stem size and tree position. Annals of Forest Science, 60: 393-402.
Innes, J.L. (1998). An assessment of the use of crown structure for the determination of the health of beech (Fagus sylvatica). Forestry, 71: 113-130.
Jubany-Mari, T., Prinsen, E., Munné-Bosch, S. and Alegre, L. (2010). The timing of methyl jasmonate, hydrogen peroxide and ascorbate accumulation during water deficit and subsequent recovery in the Mediterranean shrub Cistus albidus L. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 69(1): 47-55.
Kabiri-Koupaei, K., Marvie-Mohajer, M.R., Zahedi Amiri, Gh., Namiranian, M. and Etemad, V. (2009). A comparison on the quantitative and qualitative morphological characteristics of beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) in a pure and mixed stand (Gorazbon district). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 17(3): 422-435.
Krizek, D.T., Britz, S.J. and Mirecki, R.M. (1998). Inhibitory effects of ambient levels of solar UV-A and UV-B radiation on growth of cv. New red fire lettuce. Acta Physiolgiae Plantarum, 103: 1-7.
Lichtenthaler, H.K. (1987). Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Method Enzymology, 148: 350-382.
Marvi-Mohajer, M.R. (1976). Investigation of the relationship between the morphological properties of beech and the site. Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 15: 29-23.
Marvi-Mohajer, M.R. (1977). Study of qualitative properties of Fagetum north of Iran. Iranain Journal of Natural Resources, 34: 96-77.
Marvie-Mohajer, M.R. and Moradi, M. (2011). Morphological and quantitative characteristics of mature beech trees (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) in two regions of Sistan in Guilan and Kheiroud in Mazandaran. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 19(3): 300-311.
Moradi, M., Marvie-Mohajer, M.R., Zobeiri, M. and Omidi, A. (2010). Morphplogical characteristics and health of beech trees by diameter more than one meter (case study, Guilan province). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 18(1): 46-58.
Namiranian, M. (2000). A study on dimentional characters of Beech species in Gorazbon district, Kheyroudkenar forest. Iranian Journal of Natural Research, 53(1): 87-96.
Panahi, P., Pourhashemmi, Z. and Hasaninejad, M. (2017). Morphological variation of Fagus orientalis Lipsky in the hyrcanian forests of Iran. Iranian Journal of Botany, 23(1): 37-47.
Sangtarash, M.H., Qaderi, M.M., Chinnappa, C.C. and Reid, D.M. (2009). Differential sensitivity of canola (Brassica napus) seedlings to ultraviolet-B radiation, water stress and abscisic acid. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 66(2): 212-219.
Seyoum, A., Asres, K. and El-Fiky, F.K. (2006). Structure-radical scavenging activity relationships of flavonoids. Phytochemistry, 67(18): 2058-2070.
Zell, J., Hanewinkel, M. and Seeling, U. (2004). Financial optimization of target diameter harvest of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) considering the risk of decrease of timber quality due to red heartwood. Forest Policy and Economics, 6: 579-593.