Assessment of Biochemical and Histopathological Changes in the Liver of Chick Embryo Treated with a Commercial Deltamethrin Formulation
Subject Areas : Camel
1 - Department of Zoology, IIS University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
2 - Department of Zoology, IIS University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Keywords: biochemical, chick embryo, deltamethrin, hepatotoxic, pathological, synthetic pyre‐throid,
Abstract :
We studied the hepatotoxic effects of a deltamethrin containing formulation (Decis®) on developing em-bryo of Gallus domesticus. Fertilized eggs were immersed in three different concentrations of deltamethrin (12.5, 25 and 50 mg/L) for 60 min at 37 ˚C prior to incubation (ED 0) and on the 4th day of incubation (ED 4) and incubated till embryonic day (ED) 16. Exposure to 50 mg/L of deltamethrin resulted in a significant decrease in total protein and total glycogen content in the liver when exposed on ED 4 and ED 0 respec-tively, while total glutathione content was reduced at concentrations applied on both the exposure days. Among enzymes, liver alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly increased at 25 and 50 mg/L deltame-thrin when embryos were exposed on ED 0 and 4, whereas the glutamate pyruvate transaminase activity showed a marked increase in animals exposed to 50 mg/L deltamethrin only at ED 4. Histophathological evaluation revealed mild to marked cellular lesions in liver sections of insecticide treated embryo. The magnitude of most of these changes appeared to be dose dependent being more severe on exposure to high-est dose of deltamethrin. The observed pathological changes include degeneration and necrosis of hepato-cytes, cytoplasmic vacuolization, enlarged and congested sinusoidal spaces, leucocyte infiltrations and con-gestion and dilation of the central vein.
Amin K.A. and Hashem K.S. (2012). Deltamethrin-induced oxida-tive stress and biochemical changes in tissues and blood of catfish (Clarias gariepinus): antioxidant defense and role of alpha-tocopherol. BMC Vet. Res. 8, 45.
Anwar K., Ali S.S. and Shakoori A.R. (2004). Effect of a single sublethal dose of permethrin on the development of liver in chick embryo. Pakistan J. Zool. 36, 59-68.
Anwar K. and Shakoori A.R. (2010). Cypermethrin toxicity in the liver of developing chick embryo. Pakistan J. Zool. 42, 725-733.
Aouacheri W., Saka S. and Djafer R. (2005). Effect of alphame-thrin on glutathione redox system in rats. J. King. Saud. Univ. 18, 51-56.
Bancroft G.D., Stevens A. and Turner D.R. (1996). Theory and Practice of Technique. Churchill: Livingston. New York.
Datta M. and Kaviraj A. (2003). Acute toxicity to the synthetic pyrethroid deltamethrin to freshwater catfish Clarias garie-pinus. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 70, 296-299.
El-Maghraby S.I., Taha H.A. and Hassan N.S. (2010). Effect of Anthum graveolens extract on biochemical and histopathologi-cal alteration of deltamethrin in rats. J. Bioanal. Biomed. 2, 8-12.
Ezeji E., Anyalogbu E.A., Ezejiofor T.N. and Udensi J.U. (2012). Determination of reduced glutathione and glutathione s-transferase of poultry birds exposed to permethrin insecticide. Am. J. Biochem. 2, 21-24.
Gabriel U.U., Obomanu F.G. and Oveh O.D. (2009). Enzymes in selected tissues of cat fish hybrid exposed to aqueous extracts from Lepidagathis alopecuroides leaves. Electron. J. Environ. Agric. Food Chem. 8, 856-864.
Hamburger V. and Hamilton H.L. (1951). A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. J. Morphol. 88, 49-92.
Han D., Hanawa N., Saberi B. and Kaplowitz N. (2006). Mecha-nisms of liver injury. III. Role of glutathione redox status in liver injury. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver. Physiol. 291, 1-7.
Henry R.J. and Henry M. (1974). Clinical Chemistry, Principles and Techniques. Harper and Row, New York.
Jain T., Koley K.M., Vadlamudi V.P., Ghosh R.C., Roy S., Tiwar S. and Sahu U. (2011). Diclofenac- induced biochemical and histophalogical changes in white leghorn birds (Gallus domes-ticus). Indian J. Pharmacol. 41, 237-241.
Jelinek R. (1982). Use of chick embryo in screening for em-bryotoxicity. Teratog. Carcinog. Mutagen. 2, 255-261.
Khogali F.A., Sheikh J.M., Rahman S.A., Rahim A.A. and Dagh-estani M.H. (2005). Histophalogical and hematological effects of dimethoate 40EC on some organs of albino mice. J. King. Saud. Univ. 18, 73-87.
Kind P.R.N. and King E.J. (1954). Estimation of plasma phos-phatase by determination of hydrolyzed phenol with amino an-tipyrine. J. Clin. Pathol. 7, 322-326.
King J. (1965). Practical Clinical Enzymology. Van Nortand, London, D. Company.
Köprücü S.S., Köprücü K. and Ural M.S. (2006). Acute toxicity of the synthetic pyrethroid deltamethrin to fingerling European Catfish, Silurus glanis. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 76, 59-65.
Kotwani A. (1998). Use of chick embryo in screening for terato-genicity. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 42, 189-204.
Ksheerasagar R.L., Hiremath M.B. and Kaliwal B.B. (2011). Im-pairment of hepatic biochemical contents and enzymes activi-ties during carbosulfan intoxication in albino mice. Int. Multi-disciplin. Res. J. 1, 6-15.
Levi P.E. (1987). Toxic Action. Pp. 133-184 in A Textbook of Modern Toxicology. E. Hodgson and P.E. Levi, Eds. Elsevier, New York.
Lowry O.H., Rosebrough N.J., Farr A. and Randall R.J. (1951). Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193, 265-273.
Manna S., Bhattacharyya D., Mandal T.K. and Das S. (2005). Repeated dose toxicity of deltamethrin in rats. Indian J Phar-macol. 37, 160-164.
Martin P.A. (1990). Effects of carbofuran, chlorpyrifos and del-tamethrin on hatchability, deformity, chick size and incubation time of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) eggs. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9, 529-534.
Mishra A., Dewangan G., Mahajan V. and Mandal T.K. (2012). Effect of flumethrin on tissue biochemistry following oral ad-ministration in wistar albino rats. Int. J. Pharmacol. Biol. Sci. 3, 191-200.
Moid N., Patel F., Shrimali A., Desai K.R. and Highland H.N. (2012). Toxicological implications of type II pyrethroid, del-tamethrin on certain tissues of Swiss albino mice. Int. J. Pharmaceut. Sci. Health Care. 5, 41-54.
Montgomery R. (1957). Determination of glycogen. Arch. Bio-chem. Biophys. 67, 378-387.
Moon Y., Kim H.K., Suh H. and Chung D.H. (2007). Toxic altera-tions in chick embryonic liver and spleen by acute exposure to Fusarium- producing mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 30, 1808-1812.
Moron M.J., Diperre J.W. and Mannerv K.B. (1979). Levels of glutathione, glutathione reductase and glutathione-s-transferase activities in rat lungs and liver. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 582, 67-71.
Muthukumaravel K., Sathick O. and Raveendran S. (2013). Lambda cyhalothrin induced biochemical and histological changes in the liver of Oreochromis mossambicus. Int. J. Pure. Appl. Zool. 1, 80-85.
Okechukwo E.O. and Auta J. (2007). The effects of sub-lethal doses of lamda-cyhalothrin on some biochemical characteris- tics of African catfish Clarias gariepinus. J. Boil. Sci. 7, 1473-
1477.
Omotuyi I.O., Oluyemi K.A., Omofoma C.O., Josiah S.J., Ade-sanya O.A. and Saalu L.C. (2006). Cyfluthrin-induced hepato-toxicity in rats. African J. Biotechnol. 5, 1909-1912.
Özkan O. and Üstüner O. (2012). Investigations about genotoxic-ity of deltamethrin. Kafkas. Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 18, 69-74.
Panati K., Venkata R.N. and Venkatramana R.A.T. (2012). Changes in ATPase and phosphatases in different tissues of crab, Oziotelphusa senex senex, following exposure to fen-valerate. Bioscan. 7, 487-489.
Parthasarathy R. and Joseph J. (2011). Studies on the hepatic anti-oxidant defense system in λ-cyhalothrin-induced oxidative stress in fresh water tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Afri-can J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 5, 530-534.
Pilo B., Asanani M.V. and Shah R.V. (1972). Studies on the wound healing and repair in pigeon liver III. Histological stud-ies on acid and alkaline phosphatases during process. J. Aim. Morphol. Physiol. 19, 205-212.
Rehman H., Ali M., Atif F., Kaur M., Bhatia K. and Raisuddin S. (2006). The modulatory effect of deltamethrin on antioxidants in mice. Clinica. Chimica. Acta. 369, 61-65.
Sahu C.R. and Ghatak S. (2002). Effect of dimecron on develop-ing chick embryo: malformations and other histopathological changes. Anat. Histol. Embryol. 31, 15-20.
Sakr S.A. (2007). Ameliorative effect of Ginger (Zingiber offici-nale) on mancozeb fungicide induced liver injury in albino rats. Australian J. Basic. Appl. Sci. 1, 650-656.
Salibián A. (1992). Effects of deltamethrin on the South American toad, Bufo arenarum, tadpoles. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxi-col. 48, 616-621.
Savithri Y., Sekhar P.R., Rani K.U. and Doss P.J. (2010). Toxicity of chlorpyrifos on total proteins, free amino acids and ami-notransferase activity levels in liver and kidney tissues of al-bino rats. Adv. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 11, 13-19.
Shakoori A.R., Mughal A.L. and Iqbal M.J. (1996). Effects of sublethal doses of fenvalerate (a synthetic pyrethroid) admin-istered continuously for four weeks on the blood, liver, and muscles of a freshwater fish, Ctenopharyngodon idella. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 57, 487-494.
Sharma D.K. and Ansari B.A. (2011). Effect of deltamethrin and a neem based pesticide achook on some biochemical parameters in tissues liver, ovary and muscle of Zebrafish Danio rerio (Cyprinidae). Res. J. Chem. Sci. 1, 125-134.
Staicu A.C., Munteanu M.C., Costin D., Costache M. and Dinis-chiotu A. (2007). Histological changes in deltamethrin-induced intoxication in Carassius auratus gibelio (Pisces-cyprinidae). Biotechnol. Anim. Husband. 23, 619-626.
Tiwari S., Tiwari R. and Singh A. (2012). Impact of cypermethrin on fingerlings of common edible carp (Labeo rohita). Scien-tific World. J. 1-7.
Tos-Luty S., Haratym-Maj A., Latuszynska J., Obuchowska-Przebirowska D. and Tokarska-Rodak M. (2001). Oral toxicity of deltamethrin and fenvalerate in Swiss mice. Ann. Agric. En-viron. Med. 8, 245-254.
Treinen-Moslen M. (2001). Toxic responses of the liver. Pp. 471-489 in Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons. K.D. Curtis, Ed. New York.
Ural M.S. and Saglam N. (2005). A study on the acute toxicity of pyrethroid deltamethrin on the fry rainbow trout (Oncorhyn-chus mykiss Walbaum, 1792). Pest. Biochem. Physiol. 83, 124-131.
Velíšek J., Dobšíková R., Svobodová Z., Modrá H. and Lusková V. (2006). Effect of deltamethrin on the biochemical profile of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxi-col. 76, 992-998.
Yildirim M.Z., Benli A.C., Selvi M., Ozkul A., Erkoç F. and Koçak O. (2006). Acute toxicity, behavioral changes, and histopathological effects of deltamethrin on tissues (gills, liver, brain, spleen, kidney, muscle, skin) of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Environ. Toxicol. 21, 614-620.
Yousef M.I., Awad T.I. and Mohamed E.H. (2006). Deltamethrin-induced oxidative damage and biochemical alterations in rat and its attenuation by vitamin E. Toxicology. 227, 240-247.