In vitro Assessment of the Effect of Plant Extracts on Digestibility, Estimated Energy Value, Microbial Mass and Rumen Fermentation Kinetics
Subject Areas : Camelو. ناصری 1 , ف. کفیل زاده 2 , ح. جهانی عزیزآبادی 3
1 - تغذیه دام
2 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
3 - Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
Keywords: plant ethanol extract, rumen fermentation kinetics, <i>in vitro</i> gas production,
Abstract :
Three ethanol extracts, chamomile (CHA), clove (CLO) and tarragon (TAR), were tested at five doses (0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 µL/L) to determine their effects on in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), metabolizable energy (ME), net energy of lactation (NEL), short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), microbial mass (MM) and rumen fermentation kinetics of a 40:60 forage: concentrate diet using in vitro gas production. These three extracts had significant effects on gas production kinetics. CHA (at 500 µL/L dose) and CLO (at 1000 µL/L dose) decreased (P<0.05) potential gas production. The initial gas production rate constants (c) was increased (P<0.05). However, CHA, CLO and TAR ethanol decreased (P<0.05) later gas production rate constants (d). Lag time (h) was decreased (P<0.05) due to addition of CHA and TAR ethanol (at 750 µL/L dose), and CLO (at 500 and 1000 µL/L doses). TAR and CLO ethanol did not affect fermentation rate (h-1), but CHA at 1000 µL/L increased it. The TAR and CLO ethanol did not affect IVOMD, ME, NEL, SCFA and microbial mass. However, organic matter digestibility, ME, NEL, SCFA and microbial mass were increased by addition of CHA ethanol at 750 and 1000 µL/L doses. Results suggest that CHA, CLO and TAR ethanol extracts at appropriate doses may have potential to improve the rumen fermentation kinetics and nutritive value of ruminant diets due to secondary metabolites contents.
Abas I., Ozpinar H., Can-Kutay H. and Kahraman R. (2005). Determination of the metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy lactation (NEL) contents of some feeds in the Marmara region by in vitro gas technique. Turkish J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 29, 751-757.
Alexander G., Singh B., Sahoo A. and Bhat T.K. (2007). In vitro screening of plant extracts to enhance the efficiency of utilization of energy and nitrogen in ruminant diets. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 145, 229-242.
AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. Vol. I. 15th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.
Babayemi O.J. (2007). In vitro fermentation characteristics and acceptability by West African dwarf goats of some dry season forages. African J. Biotechnol. 6(10), 1260-1265.
Benchaar C., Calsamiglia S.,Chaves A.V., Fraser G.R., Colombatto D., McAllister T.A. and Beauchemin K.A. (2008). A review of plant-derived essential oils in ruminant nutrition and production. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 145, 209-228.
Blümmel M. and Ørskov E. R. (1993). Comparison of in vitro gas production and nylon bag degradability of roughagesin predicting feed intake in cattle. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 40, 109–119.
Blümmel M., Makkar H.P.S. and Becker K. (1997). The relationship between in vitro gas production, in vitro microbial mass yield and 15N incorporation and its implications for the prediction of voluntary feed intake of roughages. British J. Nutr. 77, 911-921.
Calsamiglia S., Busquet M., Cardozo P.W., Castillejos L. and Ferret A. (2007). Invited review: essential oils as modifiers of rumen microbial fermentation. J. Dairy Sci. 90, 2580-2595.
Conner D.E. (1993). Naturally occurring compounds. Pp. 441-468 in Antimicrobials in Foods. P.M. Davidson and A.L. Branen, Eds. Marcel Dekker, New York, USA.
Debashis R.,Tomar S.K. and Vinod K. (2015). Rumen modulatory effect of thyme, clove and peppermint oils in vitro using buffalo rumen liquor. Vet. World. 8(2), 203-207.
Dorman H.J.D. and Deans S.G. (2000). Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. J. Appl. Microbiol. 88, 308-316.
European Union. (2003). Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and the Council of 22 September 2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition.
France J., Dijkstra J., Dhanoa M.S., Theodorou M.K., Lister S.J., Davies D.R. and Isac D.A. (1993). A model to interpret gas accumulation profiles associated with in vitro degradation of ruminant feeds. J. Theor. Biol. 163, 99-111.
Getachew G., Blummel M., Makkar H.P.S. and Becker K. (1998). In vitro gas measuring techniques for assessment of nutritional quality of feeds: a review. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 72, 261-281.
Getachew G., Depeters E.J. and Robinson P.H. (2004). In vitro gas production provides effective method for assessing ruminant feeds. California Agric. 58(1), 54-58.
Hart K.J., Yanez-Ruiz D.R., Duval S.M., McEwan N.R. and Newbold C.J. (2008). Plant extracts to manipulate rumen fermentation. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 147, 8-35.
Jamalian A., Shams-Ghahfarokhi M., Jaimand K., Pashootan N., Amani A. and Razzaghi-Abyaneh M. (2012). Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Matricaria recutita flower essential oil against medically important dermatophytes and soil-borne pathogens. J. Mycol. Med. 22, 308-315.
Janmejai K., Eswar S. and Sanjay G. (2010). Chamomile: a herbal medicine of the past with bright future. Mol. Med. Rep. 3(6), 895-901.
Khazaal K., Dentinho M.T., Ribeiro R. and Ørskov E.R. (1995). Prediction of apparent digestibility and voluntary intake of hays fed to sheep: comparison between using fibre components, in vitro digestibility or characteristics of gas production or nylon bag degradation. J. Anim. Sci. 61, 527-538.
Maheri-Sis N., Chamani M., Sadeghi A.A., Mirza-Aghazadeh A. and Aghajanzadeh-Golshani A. (2008). Nutritional evaluation of kabuli and desi type chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) for ruminants using in vitro gas production technique. African J. Biotechnol. 7(16), 2946-2951.
Maheri-Sis N., Chamani M., Sadeghi A.A., Mirza-Aghazadeh A. and Safaei A.A. (2007). Nutritional evaluation of chickpea wastes for ruminants using in vitro gas production technique. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 6(12), 1453-1457.
Makkar H.P.S. (2005). In vitro gas methods for evaluation of feeds containing phytochemicals. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 123, 291-302.
Menke K.H. and Steingass H. (1988). Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Anim. Res. Dev. 28, 47-55.
Menke K.H., Raab L., Salewski A., Steingass H., Fritz D. and Schneider W. (1979). The estimation of the digestibility and metabolisable energy content of ruminant feedstuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor. J. Agric. Sci. 93, 217-222.
Mirzaei-Aghsaghali A. and Maheri-Sis N. (2008a). Nutritive value of some agro-industrial by-products for ruminants: a review. World J. Zool. 3(2), 40-46.
Mirzaei-Aghsaghali A., Maheri-Sis N., Mansouri H., Ebrahim R.M., Aghajanzadeh-Golshani A. and Cheraghi H. (2011b). Evaluating nutrItional value of sugar beet pulp for ruminant animals using in vitro gas production technique. Int. J. Res. 3(2), 147-152.
Mirzaei-Aghsaghali A., Maheri-Sis N., Mirza-Aghazadeh A., Safaei A.R. and Aghajanzadeh-Golshani A. (2008b). Nutritive value of alfalfa varieties for ruminants with emphasis of different measuring methods: a review. Res. J. Biol. Sci. 3(10), 1227-1241.
Mirzaei-Aghsaghali A., Maheri-Sis N., Mansouri H., Razeghi M.E., Shayegh J. and Aghajanzadeh-Golshani A. (2011a). Evaluating nutritional value of apple pomace for ruminants using in vitro gas production technique. Ann. Biol. Res. 2, 100-106.
Naseri V., Hozhabri F. and Kafilzadeh F. (2012). Assessment of in vitro digestibility and fermentation parameters of alfalfa hay based diet following direct incorporation of fenugreek seed (Trigonella foenum) and asparagus root (Asparagus officinalis). J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 97(4), 773-784.
Naseri V., Kafilzadeh F. and Hozhabri F. (2015). Fenugreek seed (Trigonella foenum-graecum) and Asparagus Root (Asparagus officinalis) effects on digestion and kinetics of gas production of alfalfa hay using in vitro technique. Iranian J. Appl. Anim. Sci. 5(3), 185-188.
Patra A.K. (2011). Effects of essential oils on rumen fermentation, microbialecology and ruminant production. Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 6, 416-428.
Renata N. and Grażyna Z. (2014). Herb yield and bioactive compounds of Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) as influenced by plant density. Acta. Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus. 13(2), 207-221.
Sallam S.M.A., Abdelgaleil S.A.M., Bueno I.C.S., Nassera M.E.A., Araujo R.C. and Abdalla A.L. (2011). Effect of essential oils on ruminal fermentation, microbial population and methane emission in vitro. Options Méditerran. 57, 149-156.
SAS Institute. (1996). SAS®/STAT Software, Release 6.11. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Scehovic J. (1999). Evaluation in vitro de l’activité de la popula-tion microbienne du rumen en présence d’extraits végétaux. Rev. Suisse. Agric. 31, 89-93.
Theodorou M.K., Williams B.A., Dhanoa M.S., McAllan A.B. and France J. (1994). A simple gas production method using a pressure transducer to determine the fermentation kinetics of ruminant feeds. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 48, 185-197.
Tilley J.M.A. and Terry R.A. (1963). A two-stage technique for the in vitro digestion of forage crops. J. British Grassland. Soc. 18, 104-111.
Van Soest P.J., Robertson J.B. and Lewis B.A. (1991). Carbohydrate methodology, metabolism and nutritional implications in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 3583-3597.