One of the geosynthetics that is used in different parts of the world under surface foundations is geotextile, and relatively valid texts are available on how to use it and increase its load. But other geosynthetics have been geogrids, which have increased the load-bearing capacity of surface foundations in soft clay and silty loam soils. In this paper, our u/b variations are between 1 and 17.5 with step 205 and in three different b/B modes are 5, 10 and 15. Also, the b/B changes from 0.1 to 2 with a step of 0.25 and in three different u/B modes are equal to 0.25, 0.75 and 1. The purpose of this study is to compare the soil load in different cases of geogrid with non-geogrid. This comparison is also performed by the BCR dimensionless number, which is the result of dividing the armed soil load into the soil load without geogrid. The results of this paper showed that the presence of geogrid increases soil fertility, but from a certain extent onwards, this amount of fertility does not show much difference. In this ratio, the geogrid dimensions are equal to 17.5 times the dimensions of the foundation. The presence of geogrids increased the soil fertility, but from a distance onwards, this amount of fertility does not show much difference. This ratio is equal to 1.75 times the dimensions of the foundation. پرونده مقاله

This paper presents the development of self-compacting lightweight concrete (SCLC) incorporating pumice. Seven concrete series with water–binder ratios of 0.4 and a constant total binder content of 550 kg/m3 were designed. The pumice was added at proportions corresponding to 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by weight of cement. The performance of mixtures was evaluated by conducting comprehensive series of tests on fresh and hardened properties. Fresh properties of mixtures were assessed by slump flow diameter, T50, V-funnel flow time and L-Box. Also hardened properties were investigated via compressive strength, flexural strength, density and water absorption. The fresh concrete test results revealed that by substituting optimum levels of pumice in SCLC, satisfactory workability and rheological properties can be achieved. 10% pumice significantly enhanced the compressive and flexural strength of SCLC at later ages. The density of the SCLC containing pumice was lower than those of the control SCLC. A lower absorption and permeability can be achieved for mixes especially mixtures incorporating 10% pumice. In general, it seems that 10% pumice can be considered as a suitable replacement regarding to the economic efficiency, fresh and hardened properties. Petrographic examination of concrete samples shows that pumice aggregates are in the range of basalt to basalt andesite and have about 30% porosity. The minerals inside the pumice aggregates include feldspar and hornblende and some quartz, as well as some fine iron oxide minerals. پرونده مقاله