Particle size and surface charge are key parameters of nanoparticles (NPs), especially therapeutic NPs, to influence the kinetics in vivo and interaction with the cellular and biological membranes and decide the efficacy for biological systems. Characterization of nanomaterials including both nanoparticles and micelles has therefore been a major issue in nanomedicine research to develop well-defined nano-formulations with focus on therapeutic goals. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential (ZP) measurements are widely accepted techniques for proper determination of the particle size and surface charge of therapeutic NPs. These have so far been easy, simple, and reproducible tools. However, there are challenges to interpret and systematically analyze data effectively due to lack of adequate understanding of the principles involved and impeccable background for operation of the system along with competence of sample preparation and characterization and so on. This review addresses the issues with focus on the fundamental principles involved in the techniques of DLS and ZP. The ultimate goal has been development of knowledge–base with a view to better analyzing and interpreting results for evaluation of hydrodynamic size, diffusion, inter particular interactions and stability of colloidal systems based on surface charge of therapeutic NPs. پرونده مقاله

Fluoride at high concentrations in water is detrimental to human health. To find an efficient means of removal of fluoride from aqueous system, we synthesized magnesium oxide (MgO)- based iron-cobalt-manganese (MgO-FCN ) nanocomposites via co-precipitation. Fluoride adsorption process was optimized by standard software. The effect of independent parameters such as pH (3-11), initial dose of nanoparticle (0.02-0.1 g/L), initial concentration of fluoride (10-50 mg/L) and reaction time (30-180 min) were optimized to obtain the best responses of fluoride removal using statistical Central Composite Design (CCD) in the procedure of response surface modeling. The best conditions were optimized as pH=5, initial concentration of nanoparticle =0.05 g/L, initial concentration of fluoride =50 mg/L and the process time of 90 min. Under these conditions, the removal efficiency of the fluoride by MgO-based nanocomposites was achieved as 84.64%. High correlation coefficients for the proposed model was also obtained (adjusted R2=0.9993 and R2=0.9984). The equilibrium data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models. The Langmuir model was found to be describing the data best. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption followed a pseudo-second order reaction. پرونده مقاله