In this study, we first identified the existing knowledge about temporal management of pesticide consumption. Then the growers view and performance in this regard was estimated. Comparing growers’ knowledge with experts’ idea, the pistachio producers score related to temporal management of pests control was calculated. Pistachio producers of Anar and Rafsanjan areas in Kerman province, Iran were considered as our study population. Using stratified random sampling method, a sample of 100 growers were selected. Pearson correlation, analysis of variance and regression were used to investigate the socioeconomic factors affecting growers’ knowledge and the effect of this knowledge on growers’ performance. The results showed that in the field of temporal management of pesticide use, growers’ knowledge is low. Investigating the factors affecting growers’ knowledge level showed that research, education and extension activities have had the significant effect on increasing knowledge of inputs temporal management. The results also showed that knowledge of temporal management pest control did not increase land use productivity (pistachio yield) but enhanced pesticide productivity. The amount of pesticide usage decreased by 0.477 l/ha/year, with increasing of each score to pest control knowledge. In other words, with increasing knowledge of pest control, not only the costs of spraying will be reduced, but it will also have environmental benefits. In short, current conditions are not suitable for precision agriculture application in Iranian pistachio orchards, but with increasing knowledge of growers, these conditions will be created. پرونده مقاله

The Adonis ladybird, Hippodamia variegataGoeze (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is known as an important predator of the Common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Despite using the selective pesticides to manage the pests in the pistachio orchards, these chemicals have influenced non-target organisms like predators and parasitoids. In the present study, the effects of spirotetramat and imidacloprid (500 and 400 ml/1000 L, respectively) on some biological parameters of H. variegata fed on the common pistachio psyllawere investigated under laboratory conditions (27.5 ± 1°C, 65 ± 5% RH and 16:8 h L: D photoperiod). To this end, the eggs of ladybird beetles were exposed to pesticides via a Dipping method. In addition, the impact of pesticides on immature and adult stages was studied. The daily number of eggs laid by a female ladybird was also recorded in laboratory conditions. The results showed that spirotetramat and imidacloprid had increased the duration of immature developmental stages (egg, larva, and pupae) and the number of daily laid eggs of female ladybirds compared to those by control (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, p <0.05). The highest and the lowest of net reproductive rates were also observed in control and imidacloprid treatments, respectively. Considering the results, the spirotetramat and imidacloprid had caused adverse effects on the demographic parameters of H. variegata and had also influenced the efficiency of this predator. Therefore, spirotetramat and imidacloprid were suggested to be used in IPM of Agonoscena pistaciae with caution. پرونده مقاله

The pistachio green stink-bug, Brachynema germari Kolenati (Hem.: Pentatomidae), is an important pest of pistachio in Iran. In this research, the effects of four commercial pistachio cultivars that are commonly grown in Iran including Kaleghochi, Ahmadaghaii, Ohadi and Akbari were evaluated on the biology (developmental time, mortality rate, longevity) and demographic parameters of B. germari under the laboratory conditions at 27.5±1°C, 65±5% RH and 16: 8 (L: D) h, during 2016-2017. The longest and the shortest immature development times were observed on Akbari (38.11 days) and Kaleghochi (25.54 days) cultivars, respectively. The highest and the lowest mortality rates of immature stages were on Akbari and Kaleghochi cultivars, respectively. The gross (GRR) and net reproductive rates (R0) were significantly lower on Akbari compared to other cultivars. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and the finite rate of increase (λ) were significantly different among the studied cultivars. The calculated rm values were 0.04, 0.06, 0.07 and 0.08 (day-1) on Akbari, Ohadi, Ahmadaghaii and Kaleghochi cultivars, respectively. Also the lowest value of λ was observed on Akbari cultivar that was significantly different from the other three cultivars. Moreover, the longest mean generation time (T) was also observed on Akbari cultivar. The reproductive parameters were also significantly different on the studied cultivars and the lowest and the highest values of all parameters were observed on Akbari and Kaleghochi cultivars, respectively. According to these results, it was concluded that among the studied cultivars, Akbari was the less suitable cultivar for pistachio green stink-bug compared to others and it can be used in IPM of this pest. پرونده مقاله

پسیل معمولی پستهAgonoscena pistaciae یکی از آفات کلیدی و درجه اول در باغ های پسته استان سمنان و بخصوص شهرستان دامغان (به عنوان یکی از قدیمی ترین و مهم ترین مناطق کشت پسته کشور) می باشد. این حشره در تمام مناطق پسته کاری کشور گسترش دارد و سالیانه خسارت قابل توجهی به محصول پسته وارد می کند. هدف از انجام این تحقیق، جمع آوری و دسته بندی دشمنان طبیعی آفت و معرفی گونه های عمدة پسیل خوار با توجه به وفور جمعیت و وسعت پراکنش می باشد. بدین منظور در طی سال های 85 تا 87 چند منطقه مهم پسته کاری در شهرستان دامغان انتخاب و در هر منطقه چند باغ که به پسیل معمولی پسته آلودگی داشت انتخاب گردید. از باغ های آلوده هر ماه یکبار بازدید و نمونه برداری انجام شد. پس از بررسی و شناسایی نمونه ها، جمعیت حشرات شکارگر و زنبورهای پارازیتوئید تخمین زده شد. نتایج نشان داد که در بین کفشدوزک های جمع آوری شده به ترتیب گونه های: Oenopia conglobata contaminata MenteriesوHippodamia variegate Goezeبه ترتیب با 39 و 23 درصد فراوانی، دارای بیشترین جمعیت و تراکم می باشند. همچنین سن شکاری pistaciae Wagner Anthocoris minkiاز زیر خانواده Anthocorinae بر روی درختان پسته منطقه دامغان فعال است و از پوره‌های پسیل پسته تغذیه می‌کند. مشاهدات حاکی از تراکم پایین جمعیت این شکارگر بر روی درختان پسته نواحی مورد بررسی می‌باشد. همچنین گونه های دیگر حشرات شکارگر مانند بالتوری از باغ های پسته جمع آوری شد. زنبور پارازیتوئید Psyllaephagus pistaciaeنیز با جمعیتی متوسط از پوره های مومیائی شده جمع آوری شد. پرونده مقاله