In this study, due to the importance of human societies, the prevalence of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens in minced and ground beef was investigated in Qazvin city, Iran. All samples were collected randomly by sampling method. The number of samples taken was estimated based on statistical methods and according to previous studies. Clostridium difficile moxalactam norfloxacin (CDMN) culture media was used to isolate Clostridium difficile and TCS Agar and TPGY culture media was used for Clostridium perfringens. After isolation, a PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) test was used to confirm the species diagnosis. According to the results, 21.26% of all samples were infected with these two bacteria. The prevalence of Clostridium perfringens (18.04%) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than Clostridium difficile (3.22%). Given the results and the pathogenicity of Clostridium species, especially Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens, special attention should be paid to the methods reducing the contamination of these pathogenic bacteria in raw food. پرونده مقاله

Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers in world. Patient survival is less than 5%. However, early diagnosis of this cancer is very essential. In this article, we studied molecular pathology, epigenetic change in pancreatic cancer, and discussed the effect of methylation in inception and development of pancreatic cancer. By studying and identifying the genes methylated in this cancer, we can utilize them as biomarkers to be used to diagnose this cancer in a timely manner. Pancreatic cancer is realized as a multistage process characterized by the accumulation of genetic alterations companioned by typical histological conversion in pancreatic ductal cells. DNA methylation is one of the key changes in epigenetics in DNA structure. DNA methylation pattern as biomarker has explicit applications in diagnosis of cancers. Extensive disturbances of DNA methylation have been observed in cancer, causing changes in regulation of gene expression, developing oncogenesis. Understanding both epigenetic changes and DNA mutations promises for improving the characterization of malignancy to predict prognosis and treatment response. By recognition and understanding of molecular pathways and gene changes in this cancer, numerous drugs have been tested for targeted treatment that will allow identifying whole methylation patterns to recognize biomarkers for prognosis and early diagnosis of this cancer in future. By identifying pathways and aberrant methylation, screening and diagnosis are more and more necessary at early stages. پرونده مقاله

Hospital infections are one of the important causes of hospital mortality and Legionella pneumophila bacteria is considered as one of the common causes of hospital infection. The natural habitat of these bacteria in aquatic environments and can tolerate different environmental conditions in terms of pH, temperature, oxygen content and nutrients. Therefore, this study aimed to identify Legionella pneumophila in aquatic systems of hospital environments. This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in the summer of 2017 to identify Legionella pneumophila in hot and cold water systems of important and critical parts of Qods and Kosar Hospital. A total of 120 samples were collected, and after filtration, heat treatment, and acidic treatment, all the samples are cultured on BCYE agar enriched with GPVC supplement, and after incubation, the bacterial growth is investigated. Legionella suspected colonies were approved by complementary tests and their assignment to Legionella was confirmed. The water samples were also investigated for temperature, pH, and residual chlorine (using a DPD kit). The frequency of Legionella pneumophila bacteria in water supply systems of Qods Hospital was zero in all hot and cold water showers of NICU, PICU 1, PICU 2, Hematology and Oncology sectors. The frequency of this bacterium was zero in postpartum, childbirth, and women's surgery sectors, but it was positive in the hot and cold water showers of the prenatal sector (8 CFU ml-1 and 8.33 CFU ml-1, respectively) and neonatal sector (4 CFU ml-1 and 4.16 CFU ml-1, respectively). Although Qods and Kosar Hospitals use the treated water of urban distribution network, 24 cases (40%) of contamination were found in water supply systems of Kosar Hospital, and this contamination can be attributed to reasons such as low residual chlorine content, and appropriate temperature range for growth of this bacteria. پرونده مقاله

The presence of microorganisms in healthcare settings environments affected the health of patients and staffs. Air and surfaces contaminated with pathogens are important sources of hospital infections. To evaluate environmental microbial contamination in two hospitals of Qazvin, Iran. This descriptive analytical study has been accomplished in 6 wards of two hospitals in winter 2017.Bioaerosols were assayed by a single-stage Anderson impactor, at an airflow rate of 28.3 L min-1, period of 2-5 min into TSA, SDA and MSA medium. Surface samplings were performed by using sterile swabs impregnated with TSB medium. The EU-GMP standard was used as permissible limit. Data has been analyzed by SPSS20 software and parametric statistic tests. The maximum fungal prevalence was related to Cladosporium and yeast. The ICU ward of the hospital (A) was the most polluted area with 479.3 CFU/m3. Maximum microbial contamination was observed on ICU food tables (A). Our findings confirm the significant relationship between concentration of microbial air and the surfaces statistically. Surface contamination can be resulted from airborne transmission in hospital; hence, in addition to surface disinfection and decontamination, it is appropriate to purify air by filtration system in order to improve indoor air quality. پرونده مقاله

Although milk and dairy products are considered as nutritious food for human, it serves as a beneficent medium for the growth of many microorganisms such as psychrotrophic microorganisms (PMs). PMs can be affected by the milk quality and dairy products by production thermostable enzymes. The present study aimed to evaluated the psychrotrophic microorganisms count (PMsC) of raw cow milk samples in milk collection centers. A total of 60 raw cow milk samples were collected from 15 main milk collection centers located in Qazvin, Iran for a period of one year (four seasons). The mean±SD of PMs, Ph, and acidity levels for a period of one year was 4.83±0.43 Log10 CFU/ml, 6.30±0.41, and 20.13±3.21°D, respectively. PMsC, Ph, and acidity levels in cold seasons (autumn and winter) were greater than warm seasons (spring and summer). It may be expected that PMs values can affect the pH and acidity levels while no significant relationship (P>0.05) was found among PMs, Ph, and acidity levels. Seasonal variations had a significant effect (P<0.05) on PMs values while seasonal variations had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the pH and acidity levels. 55% (33 out of 60) of milk samples were in the accepted limit. Milk quality properties in Qazvin in terms of PMs were relatively within the hygienic standards limit. پرونده مقاله