Large commercial and industrial loads known as large energy consumers are always seeking to reduce their energy costs and consequently they are utilizing renewable and non-renewable energy sources in procurement of their required energy. Use of renewable energy sources (RESs) and plug-in electric vehicles (PHEVs) parking lot without proper planning will make technical and economic problems for the owner of the large consumers. This study provides a model for energy management of a smart large consumer (SLC), concluding PHEVs parking lot, RESs (photovoltaic (PV), wind turbines (WT)) and non-renewable sources (fuel cell (FC), micro-turbine (MT)). In this study, an optimal exploitation for the PHEVs parking is proposed, which has the potential of utilizing as an energy generation source with the goal of reducing operational costs of SLC. In addition, this study considers the demand response (DR) program as an energy source and reducing the costs. The purpose of objective function is decreasing the operation cost of SLC to the minimum amount while considering physical and technical constraints of the sources. The proposed model is considered both DR programs and PHEVs parking lot, and the results of the simulation illustrated the positive impact of the demand response program (DRP) and parking lot in reducing operation costs. پرونده مقاله

Smart distribution networks (SDNs) plays a significant role in future power networks. Accordingly, the optimal scheduling of such networks, which include planning of consumers and production sections, inconsiderably concerned in recent research studies. In this paper, the optimal planning of energy and reserve of SDNs has been studied. Technical constraints of distribution network and power generation units are satisfied in the optimal solution of day-ahead scheduling of the network. The proposed model is studied on a case instance for evaluating the performance and analyzing the optimal solution. A modified IEEE 32-bus test system is considered as test system, in which three wind turbines and four diesel generators are placed. Industrial, residential and commercial consumers can use demand response programs to change electrical energy consuming scheduling. In this paper, incentive based demand response programs are studied for improving the optimal solution. Two demand response providers and two industrial loads are taken into account for employing demand response programs. The obtained optimal solutions are prepared and analyzed, which shows the effectiveness of the proposed model. پرونده مقاله