In the development process, achieving a better life and increasing well-being is achieved by focusing on access to a life of health and knowledge. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of financial development on human development, including life expectancy and primary enrollment rates in developing countries by gender in the period 2016-2020. The experimental model of this research was estimated using the Generalized method of Moments (GMM) panel method and the variables of facilities granted to the private sector, the ratio of money to GDP, the degree of openness of the economy, the effect of educational expenditures and health expenditures. The results of model estimation indicate that the facilities granted to the private sector have a positive and significant effect on human capital. The effect of the ratio of money supply to GDP is negative due to the destructive effect of inflation on all models. The coefficient of degree of openness of the economy in all models (except the female registration rate) is positive and significant. Educational expenses have a positive and significant effect on the male and female registration rate as well as men's life expectancy. The effect of health expenditures is also positive and significant in most models (life expectancy of men and women as well as women's registration rate). Therefore, governments should pay attention to encouraging exports, reforming the tariff system based on encouraging the import of capital goods, currency stability, facilitating banking transactions, facilitating the conditions for opening letters of credit. پرونده مقاله

توسعه مالی با الزاماتی که برای فعالیت های اقتصادی ایجاد و با اعطای امتیازاتی که به گیرندگان وام می دهد، یکی از عوامل مهم درکوچک تر شدن اقتصاد زیرزمینی می باشد. در این تحقیق یک الگوی (TVP-FAVAR)[i]با هدف بررسی تأثیر توسعه مالی بر بخش زیرزمینی اقتصاد ایران تصریح شده است. به این منظور از داده های سری زمانی در بازه 1350 تا 1394 و دو ابزار توابع واکنش آنی و تجمعی استفاده شده است. نتایج نشان می دهدکه پویایی اقتصاد زیرزمینی در واکنش به اعمال شوکی به اندازه یک انحراف معیار درتوسعه مالی و رشد تولید ناخالص داخلی، نزولی است و بر اثر تکانه های نقدینگی، درآمد مالیاتی و نرخ ارز روند صعودی دارد.بر این اساس پیشنهاد به اعمال سیاست هایی می شود که توسعه مالی را افزایش دهد و با استفاده از اصلاح سیستم بانکی ازجمله رهنمودهای مبارزه با پول شویی و ایجاد انگیزه مالی و مالیاتی، موجب کوچکتر شدن اقتصاد زیرزمینی نسبت به اقتصاد رسمی گردد. [i] Factor Augmented Time-Varying Parameter VAR Financial development is one of the main factors behind the reduction of the underground economy with the requirements for economic activities, as well as by granting concessions to borrowers. In this research, a TVP-FAVAR model was designed to investigate the effect of financial development on the underground economy of Iran. For this purpose, time series data from 1350 to 1394 and two tools of instantaneous and cumulative reaction functions have been used. The results of this study indicate that the dynamics of underground economy is declining in response to shock as a standard deviation in financial development and growth of gross domestic product, and is driven by liquidity fluctuations, tax revenues and exchange rates. Accordingly, the proposal is to apply policies to increase financial development and to reduce the underground economy than the formal economy by using a reform of the banking system, including anti-money-laundering guidelines and financial and tax incentives. Keywords: underground economy, financial development, TVP-FAVAR model JEL Classification: G29, E26, H26, C53 پرونده مقاله