ارزیابی و مقایسه فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی، محتوای فنل و فلاونوئید عصاره گیاه ‌دارویی Artemisia annua L. تحت تاثیر روش‌های مختلف خشک‌کردن

محورهای موضوعی : گیاهان دارویی

آتنا محمدی نیا سماکوش ¹ (دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد، دانشکده علوم زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران.)
حسین مرادی ² (استادیار، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده علوم زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران)
مجتبی اسماعیل زاده ³ (دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد، دانشکده علوم زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران.)
فاطمه دواتگر ⁴ (دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد، دانشکده علوم زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران.)

تاریخ دریافت : 1400/06/20 تاریخ پذیرش : 1400/09/24 تاریخ انتشار : 1400/12/12

کلید واژه: استخراج, عصاره, کوئرستین, آرتمیزینین,

چکیده مقاله :

خشک‌کردن یکی از مهم‌ترین فرآیندهای پس از برداشت گیاهان دارویی است. در این تحقیق جهت مطالعه تاثیر روش‌های مختلف خشک‌کردن بر فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی و فیتوشیمیایی سرشاخه‌های گلدار و برگ‌های درمنه‌خزری، آزمایشی بر پایه طرح کاملا تصادفی با چهار تیمار و ده تکرار در دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری‌ در سال 1398 اجرا شد. اندام‌های‌هوایی گیاه درمنه‌خزری در دی ماه از رویشگاه طبیعی از منطقه شیرگاه مازندران (ارتفاع 238 متر از سطح دریا‌) تهیه شد. بخش‌های مختلف گیاه با استفاده از چهار روش سایه‌–‌آفتاب، آون (دمای 45 درجه سانتی‌گراد)، حرارت غیر‌مستقیم (دمای 28-32 درجه‌سانتی‌گراد) و ماکروویو‌، توان 520 وات خشک شدند. استخراج عصاره به روش خیساندن با متانول صورت گرفت. در مرحله اول آزمایش فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی (DPPH)، فنل‌کل (فولین سیوکالتو) و فلاونوئید (آلومینیوم‌کلرید) تمام نمونه‌ها مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد تفاوت معنی‌داری بین روش‌های مختلف خشک‌کردن وجود دارد. بالاترین محتوای آنتی‌اکسیدان‌کل در سرشاخه‌های گلدار (92/70 درصد) وبرگ (66/70 درصد) در تیمار حرارت غیر‌مستقیم مشاهده گردید. بیش‌ترین میزان فنل‌کل (به‌ترتیب 56/2و 09/3 میلی‌گرم گالیک‌اسید در 100 گرم ماده خشک) متعلق به نمونه خشک شده توسط روش‌های سایه-آفتاب و حرارت غیر‌مستقیم بود. بالاترین میزان فلاونوئید‌کل (به‌ترتیب 45/1 و 73/3 میلی‌گرم کوئرستین در100 گرم ماده خشک) مربوط به نمونه حرارت غیر‌مستقیم و ماکروویو بود. کم‌ترین میزان فنل، فلاونوئید و فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی سرشاخه‌های‌گلدار و برگ در نمونه‌های خشک شده در آون با دمای 45 درجه مشاهده شد. در مرحله دوم آزمایش، بهترین نمونه از نظر فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی، فنل و فلاونوئید انتخاب شده و خصوصیات آن توسط کروماتوگرافی بررسی شد. بیشترین ترکیب موجود در عصاره شامل Arteannuic acid (63/15درصد) بود. به‌طور کلی خشک‌کردن به روش حرارت غیرمستقیم باعث حفظ ترکیبات آنتی اکسیدانی شده و روش های دیگر ممکن است باعث کاهش و یا حتی تخریب این‌گونه ترکیبات شوند.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Drying is one of the most important post-harvest processes for medicinal plants. to study the effect of different drying methods on the antioxidant and phytochemical activity of flowering branches and leaves of Artemisia annua, an experiment based on a completely randomized design with four treatments and ten replications was conducted at Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University in 2020. Aerial parts of the plant were obtained from natural habitat in Shirgah region of Mazandaran (238 meters above sea level‌) in January. Different parts of the plant were dried using four methods: shade - sun, oven (45°C), indirect heating (28-32 ° C) and microwave (520 w). All extracts were prepared by soaking in methanol. In the first stage, antioxidant activity (DPPH), phenolic (Folin–Ciocâlteu) and flavonoid (aluminum chloride) content were evaluated for all samples. The results showed that there was a significant difference between different drying methods. The highest content of total antioxidants was observed in flowering branches (70.92%) and leaves (70.66%) for indirect heat sampels. The highest amount of total phenol (2.56 and 3.09 mg gallic acid per 100g of dry matter, respectively) belonged to the samples dried using sun-shade and indirect heat. The highest total flavonoid content was also found in samples dried under indirect heating and microwave (1.45 and 3.73 mg of quercetin per 100g of dry matter, respectively). The lowest amount of total phenol, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity were observed in oven-dried flowering and leafy branches at 45°c. In the second stage of the experiment, the best sample regarding antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid was chosen and evaluated using chromatography. The most composition of the extract was arteannuic acid (15.63%). In general, indirect heat drying could preserve antioxidant and bioactive compounds more effectively, while other methods may reduce or even degrade these compounds.

منابع و مأخذ:

Ahmadi, F., Kadivar, M. and Shahedi, M. 2007. Antioxidant activity of Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff. in model and food systems. Food chemistry, 105(1): 57-64.

2. Ahmadi, K., Sefidkon, F. and Asareh, M. 2008. The effects of different drying methods on essential oil content and composition of three genotypes of Rosa damascena Mill. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 24(2): 162-176.

3.Amin, Z.A., Abdulla, M.A., Ali, H.M., Alshawsh, M.A. and Qadir, S.W. 2012. Assessment of in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial and immune activation potentials of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Phyllanthus niruri. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 92(9):1874-1877.

4.Alara, O.R., Abdurahman, N.H., Abdul Mudalip, S.K. and Olalere, O.A. 2019. Effects of microwave-assisted extraction parameters on the recovery yield and total phenolic content of Vernonia amygdalina leaf extracts with different methods of drying. Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products, 14(1).

5.Arslan, D., Ozcan, M.M. and Okyay Menges, H. 2010. Evaluation of drying methods with      respect to drying parameters, some nutritional and colour characteristics of peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.). Energy Conver and Manage, 51: 2769- 2775.

6.Asadi, M., Nejad Ebrahimi, S., Hatami, M. and  Hadian, J. 2020. Changes in secondary metabolite contents of Arnica chamissonis Less. in response to different harvest time, flower developmental stages and drying methods. J. Med. Plants, 19 (76) :69-88.

7.Asekun, O.T., Grierson, D.S. and Afolayan, A.J. 2007. Effects of drying methods on the quality and quantity of the essential oil of Mentha longifolia L subsp. Capensis. Food Chemistry, 101(3): 995-998.

8. Azimzadeh, Z., Hassani, A. and Esmaiili, M. 2015. Effect of different drying methods on the essential oil content and composition of Anise hyssop (Agastache foeniculum [Pursh] Kuntze). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 31(5):789-800.

9.Azizi, M.A., Rahmati, M., Ebadi, T. and Hasanzadeh Khayyat, M. 2009. The effects of different drying methods on weight loss rate, essential oil and chamazolene contents of chamomile (Matricaria recutita) flowers. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 25(2):182-92.

10.Besbes, S., Blecker, C., Deroanne,  C., Bahloul,  N., Lognay,  G. and Drira,  N. E.  2004. Date seed oil: phenolic, tocopherol and sterol profiles. Journal Food Lipids, 11: 5- 251.

11.Blanco, M.C.S.G., Ming, L.C., Marques, M.O.M. and Bovi, O .A. 2002a. Drying temperature effects in peppermint essential oil content and composition. Latin-American Symposiwn on the Production of Medicinal, Aromatic and Condiments Plants. Acta Hortic, 569: 1.

12.Bostani, S. and Asefi, N. 2021. The effect of drying process on the physiochemical characteristics and quality of Basil leaf leaves. Journal of Food Technology and Nutrition, pp. 5-16.

13. Brown, G.D. 2010. The biosynthesis of artemisinin (Qinghaosu)and the phytochemistry of Artemisia annua L. (Qinghao). Molecules, 15(11): 7603–7698.

14.Caliskan, T., Maral, H., Prieto, L.M.V.G., Kafkas, E. and Kirici, S. 2017. The influence of different drying methods on essential oil content and composition of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) in cukurova conditions. indian journal of pharmaceutical education and research, 51(3): 518-521.

15.Chan, E.W.C., Lim, Y.Y., Wong, S.K., Lim, K.K., Tan, S.P., Lianto, F.S., Martinov, M., Oztekin, S. and Muller, J. 2007. Medicinal and aromatic crops. CRC Press, United States of America. 320 p.

16. Chang, C.C., Yang, M.H., Wen, H.M. and Chern, JC. 2002. Estmation of total flavonoid content in proplis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Food Drug Anal, 10: 178-182.


17. Chong, K. L. and Lim, Y.Y. 2012. Effects of drying on the antioxidant properties of herbal tea from selected Vitex species. Journal of Food Quality, 35(1): 51-59.

18.Delgado, A. M., Issaoui, and M. Chammem,  N. 2019. Analysis of main and healthy phenolic compounds in foods. J. AOAC Int, 102: 1356–1364.

19.Dias, R.A., Souza, P.S. and Alsin, O. L.S. 2011. Drying and total tannins extraction of Spearmint (Mentha x vilosa Hudson). Revista Agrarian Dourados, 4(12): 123-133.

20.Ebadi, M.T., Rahmati, M., Azizi, M., Khayyat, M.H. and Dadkhah, A. 2013. The effects of different drying methods on drying time, essential oil content and fresh sample. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 16(61): 68-78.

21. Efferth, T. 2017. From ancient herb to modern drug: Artemisia annua and artemisinin for cancer therapy. Seminars inCancer Biology, 46: 65–83.


22. Ebrahimzadeh, M. A., Nabavi, S. F. and Nabavi, S. M. 2009. Antioxidant activity of leaves and inflorescence of Eryngium caucasicum Trautv . at flowering stage. Pharmacognocy Research, 1(6): 435-439.

23.Fathi, E. and Sefidkon, F. 2012. Influence of drying and extraction methods on yield and chemical composition of the essential oil of Eucalyptus sargentii. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 14(5): 1035-1042.

24.Ferreira, J.F., Luthria, D.L. 2010. Drying affects artemisinin, dihydroartemisinic acid, artemisinic acid, and the antioxidant capacity of Artemisia annua L. leaves. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 58(3): 1691–1698..

25.Figiel, A., Szumny, A., Gutiérrez-Ortíz, A. and Carbonell-Barrachina, Á.A. 2010. Composition of oregano essential oil (Origanum vulgare) as affected by drying method. Journal of Food Engineering, 98(2): 240-247.

26.Gao, X., Bjok, L., Trajkovski, V. and Uggla, M.  2000. Evaluation of antioxidant activities of rosehip ethanol extracts in different test systems. Journal Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 80: 2021- 7.

27.Gao, F., Sun, Z., Kong, F. and Xiao, J. 2020. Artemisinin-derived hybrids and their anticancer activity. European journal of medicinal chemistry, 188, 112044.

28.Ganjloo, A., Bimakr, M. and Ghorbani,  M. 2019.  Study the effect of different drying methods and solvent type on kinetics of phenolic compounds extraction from green pea pod and evaluation of its antiradical activity. Journal of Food Reseach, 29(2): 29–45.

29. Ghabaei, T., Nazirzadeh, S. and Nourafcan, H. 2019. Effect of different drying methods on quantity and quality of active substances of Purple coneflower (Echinacea purpureae L.), Journal of Medicinal Herbs, "J. Med Herb" (Formerly known as Journal of Herbal Drugs or J. Herb Drug), 9(3): 115-120.


30. Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Mahdad, E. and Craker, L. 2013. Effects of drying methods on qualitative and quantitative properties of essential oil of two basil landraces. Journal of Food Chemistry, 141: 2440- 2449.


31. Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Salehia, S. and Craker, L. 2017. Effect of drying methods on qualitative and quantitative properties of essential oil from the aerial parts of coriander. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 4: 35–40.


32. Gupta, S.K., Singh, P., Bajpai, P., Ram, G., Singh, D., Gupta, M.M., Jain, D.C., Khanuja, S.P. and Kumar. 2002. morphogenetic variation for artemisinin and volatile oil in Artemisia annua L. Industrial crop and products, 16: 217-224.

33.Guo, Y., Fu, W., Xin, Y., Jinlei, B., Huifang, P., Liujun, F., Jie, L., Liping, L., Yujin, M. and Hongwei, J. 2018.

34.Hamrouni Sellami,  I.,  Zohra rahali,  F., Bettaieb Rebey, I., Bourgou, S., Limam, F. and Marzouk, B. 2012. Total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) plants as affected by different drying methods. Food Bioprocess Technology, 5: 2978–2989.

35.Hashemi, M., Ehsani, A., Aminzare, M. and Hassanzadazar, H. 2016. Antioxidant and   antifungal activities of essential oils of Origanum vulgare ssp. Gracile flowers and leaves from Iran. Journal of food quality and hazards control, 3(4): 134-140.

36.Hassanzadeh, K., Hemmati, K. and Mehdipour, M. 2018. Effects of different drying methods (Technical Report: Natural method and oven) on drying time and some secondary metabolites of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.). Journal of Plant Production (Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources), 25 (1): 137-143.

37. Hassanpouraghdam, M. B., Hassani, A., Vojodi, L. and Farsad-Akhtar, N. 2010. Drying method affects essential oil content and composition of Basil (Ocimum basilicum .). Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 13(6): 759-766.

38.Hayat, K., Abbas, S., Hussain, S., Shahzad, S. A. and Tahir, M. U. 2019. Effect of microwave and conventional oven heating on phenolic constituents, fatty acids, minerals and antioxidant potential of fennel seed. Industrial Crops and Products, 140: 111610.

39.Henriques, F., Guiné, R. and João Barroca, M. 2012. Chemical properties of pumpkin dried by different methods. Hrvatski časopis za prehrambenu tehnologiju, biotehnologiju inutricionizam, 7(1-2): 98-105.

39.Hossain, M.B., Barry-Ryan, C., Martin-Diana, A.B. and Brunton, N.P. 2010. Effect of drying method on the antioxidant capacity of six Lamiaceae herbs. Food Chemistry, 123(1): 85-91.

40.Hosseini Nejad, M., Shahidi, F. and Malekzadeh, Gh.R. 2002. Evaluation of quality characteristics and microbial contamination of dried saffron samples by microwave method. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Industries, 16(2): 51- 57.

41.Hosseini Pool, S. F. and Pourshamsian, Kh. 2014. Investigation of antioxidant properties of Caspian artemisia Artemisia annua L harvested from Tonekabon. the first National Congress of Biology and Natural Sciences of Iran, Tehran.

42.Ikram Nur, K.B.K. and Simonsen, H.T. 2018. A review of biotechnological artemisinin production in plants.  Frontiers in Plant Science, vol. 8.

43.Itelima, J.U. 2017. Phytochemical, antimicrobial and anti-diabetic properties of Artemisia annua L. (Sage Wort) and Plectranthus neochilus Schltr. (Blue Coleus). Journal of Biotechnology & Biomaterials, 7:43.

44. Kadhim, M.J., Sosa, A.A. and Hameed, I.H. 2016. Evaluation of anti-bacterial activity and bioactive chemical analysis of Ocimum basilicum using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, 8(6): 127-146.

45.Keyhani, A., Sefidkon, F. and Monfared, A. 2014. The effect of drying and distillation methods on essential oil content and composition of Satureja sahendica Bornm. Iranian Journal of medicinal and aromatic plants,  30(2): 239-249.

46. Khorramdel, S., Shabahang, J. and Asadi, G. A. 2013. Effect of drying methods on drying time, essential oil quantitative and qualitative of some of medicinal plants. Eco- phytochemical Journal of Medical Plants, 1(1): 36-48.

47.Kumar, M., Prakash, S., Radha. Kumari, N., Pundir, A., Punia, S., Saurabh, V., Choudhary, P., Changan, S., Dhumal, S., Pradhan, P. C., Alajil,  O., Singh, S., Sharma,  N., Ilakiya, T., Singh, S. and  Mekhemar, M. 2021. Beneficial role of antioxidant secondary metabolites from medicinal plants in maintaining oral health. Antioxidants, 10(7):10-61.

48.Lotfi, M. and Mokhtari, F. 2015. Comparison of the effect of microwave drying, stove and natural drying methods on Satureja hortensis. International Conference on Research in Engineering, Science and Technology.

49.Mashati, P., Esmaeili, S., Dehghan Nayeri, N., Darvishi, M. and Gharehbaghian, A. 2017. The effect of methanolic extract of aerial parts of Artemisia annua on proliferation and apoptosis of acute lymphoblasticleukemia cell lines, Nalm-6 and Reh. Sci J Iran Blood Transfus Organ. 14 (1) :34-42.

50. Mir Mostafaei, S., Azizi, M., Bahraini, M., Arvi, H. and Orujalian, f. 2014. The effects of different drying methods on drying speed, essential oil and microbial load in Peppermint. Journal of plant production (Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Industries Resources), 20(4): 133-147.

51.Mumivand, H., Rezaei Nejad, A., taghipour, S., Sepahvand, K. and Moradi, B. 2020. Effect of different drying methods on drying time and some phytochemical characteristic of Pelargonium (Pelargonium graveolens). Journal Of Horticultural Science, 33(4): 655-668.

52.Munyangi, J., Cornet-Vernet, L. and Idumbo, M.  2019. Artemisia annua and Artemisia afra tea infusions vs artesunate–amodiaquine (ASAQ) in treating Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a large scale, double blind, randomized clinical trial. Phytomedicine, 57:49–56.

53.Omidbeigi, R. 2005. Production and processing of medicinal plants, Behnashr Pub. 347 P. (in Farsi).

54.Omidbeigi, R. 2005. Production and processing of medicinal plants. Volume II, Behnashr Pub. 438 P. (in Farsi).

55.Olatunya,  A.M.  and Akintayo, E.T. 2017. Evaluation of the effect of drying on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil of peels from three species of citrus group. International Food Research Journal, 24(5): 1991-1997.

56.Ozcan, M., Arslan, D. and Ünver, A. 2005. Effect of drying methods on the mineral content of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Journal of Food Engineering, 69(3): 375-379.

57.Rabeta, M.S. and Lai, S.Y. 2013. Effects of drying fermented and unfermented tea of Ocimum tenuiflorum Linn. On the antioxidant capacity. International Food Research Journal, 20(4): 1601-1608.

58.Rahemi karizaki, A., rassam, G., Faranarzi, K., alavian petroodi, M. and khalili aghdam, N. 2020. Investigation of the effect of harvest time and different drying methods on qualitative and quantitative traits of Savory medicinal plant (Satureja hortensis ). Journal of Medicinal Plants Biotechnology, 6(1):70-83.

59. Safidkon, F., Abbasi, Kh. and Bakhshi Khaniki, Gh. L. 2006. Influence of drying and extraction method on yield and chemical composition of the essential oil of Satureja hortensis. Food Chemistry, 99(1): 19-23.

60.Segneanu, Adina-Elena., Catalin, N., Marin Ioan, O. F., Ghirlea, Catalin, V.I. Feier, Cornelia Muntean, and Ioan Grozescu. 2021. "Artemisia annua growing wild in romania—a metabolite profile approach to target a drug delivery system based on magnetite nanoparticles" Plants , 11: 22-45.

61.Shahbazi, R., Davoodi, H. and Esmaeili, S. 2013. The anticancer effects of flavonoids: involvement of P13K/ Akt signaling pathway. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology, 7(4): 1-10.

62.Shokri, Z., Khoshbin, M., Koohpayeh, A., Abbasi, N., Bahmani, F., Rafieian-kopaei, M. and Beyranvand, F. 2018. Thyroid diseases: pathophysiology and new hopes in treatment with medicinal plants and natural antioxidants. nternational Journal of Green Pharmacy, 12.

63.Slinkard, K. and singleton, V. 1977. Total phenol analysis: automation and comparison with manual methods. American journal of enology and viticulture, (28): 49-55.

64.Sultana, B., Anwar, F. and Przybylski, R. 2007. Antioxidant activity of phenolic components present in barks of Azadirachta indica, Terminalia arjuna, Acacia nilotica, and Eugenia jambolana Lam. trees. Food Chemistry, 104(3): 1106-1114.

65. Taheri, R. 2001. Biological factors affecting corrosion of steel by sulfate-reducing bacteria. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)

66.Venskutonis, P.R. 1997. Effect of drying on the volatile constituents of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and sage (Salvia officinalis). Food Chemistry, 52(9): 219-277.

67.Wu, Y., Jiang, X., Zhang, L. and Zhou, Y. 2017. Chemical composition and biological activities of volatile oils in different periods of growth of Artemisia annua L. from China. J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants 20: 1320-1330.

68.Yazdani, D., Shahnazi, S., Jamshidi, A., Rezazadeh, S. and Mojab, F. 2006. Study on variation of essential oil quality and quantity in dry and fresh herb of Thyme and Tarragon. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 1(17): 7-15.

69.Zheng, W.R., Li, E.C., Peng, S. and Wang, X. S. 2020. Tu youyou winning the Nobel Prize: Ethical research on the value and safety of traditional Chinese medicine. Bioethics, 34(2): 166–171.