• صفحه اصلی
  • بررسی اثرات ضدمیکروبی عصاره‌های اتانولی Robinia pseudoacacia L. وPhytolacca americana L. علیه برخی از پاتوژن‌های باکتریایی انسانی

اشتراک گذاری

آدرس مقاله


کد مقاله : EJMP-2012-1613 (R2) بازدید : 204 صفحه: 94 - 110

10.30495/ejmp.2021.1916730.1613

نوع مقاله: پژوهشی

بررسی اثرات ضدمیکروبی عصاره‌های اتانولی Robinia pseudoacacia L. وPhytolacca americana L. علیه برخی از پاتوژن‌های باکتریایی انسانی

محورهای موضوعی : بیوشیمی

نازیلا رضا نژاد 1 , رقیه اسکوئیان 2 , رابعه ایزدی آملی 3

1 - کارشناسی‌ارشد، گروه زیست‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد آیت‌اله آملی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، آمل، ایران
2 - استادیار، گروه زیست‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد آیت‌اله آملی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، آمل، ایران
3 - استادیار، گروه زیست‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد آیت‌اله آملی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، آمل، ایران

تاریخ دریافت : 1399/12/12 تاریخ پذیرش : 1400/09/28 تاریخ انتشار : 1400/09/01

کلید واژه: شمال ایران, عوامل بیماریزا, اقاقیا, سرخاب کولی, اثرات آنتی‌باکتریال,

چکیده مقاله :

گیاهان دارویی به واسطه تولید ترکیبات ضدمیکروبی می‌توانند جایگزین مناسبی برای تامین آنتی بیوتیک‌ها باشند. در این تحقیق برگ گیاهان اقاقیا (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) و سرخاب کولی (Phytolacca americana L.) در بهار 1395 از جنگل‌های شهرستان آمل جمع‌آوری گردید، عصاره اتانولی با استفاده از روش سوکسوله استخراج شده و سپس اثر ضدباکتریایی آن‌ها در غلظت‌های 25/6، 5/12، 25، 50، 100 و 200 میلی‌گرم/میلی‌لیتر بر روی سویه‌های بیماریزای پروتئوس میرابیلیس، پروتئوس ولگاریس، استرپتوکوکوس سانگوئیس و استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس به روش دیسک دیفیوژن و چاهک بررسی شد. حداقل میزان بازدارندگی (MIC) و حداقل میزان کشندگی (MBC) عصاره‌ها نیز تعیین شد. بیشترین میزان قطر‌هاله عدم رشد در غلظت 200 میلی‌گرم بر میلی‌لیتر عصاره در هر دو روش دیسک دیفیوژن و چاهک مشاهده شد. در روش دیسک دیفیوژن، عصاره اقاقیا بر باکتری‌های پروتئوس میرابیلیس و پروتئوس ولگاریس با قطر‌هاله عدم رشد برابر 67/24 میلی‌متر و عصاره سرخاب کولی بر باکتری‌ استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس با 67/27 میلی‌متر بیشترین تاثیر را داشت. در روش چاهک نیز عصاره اقاقیا بیشترین‌هاله عدم رشد را در اطراف پروتئوس میرابیلیس (67/24 میلی متر) و عصاره سرخاب کولی در اطراف استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس (3/24 میلی‌متر) ایجاد کردند. مقدار MIC و MBC عصاره اقاقیا برای سویه‌های پروتئوس ولگاریس، استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس و استرپتوکوکوس سانگوئیس به‌طور مشابهی به‌ترتیب برابر با 25 و50 میلی‌گرم/ میلی‌لیتر و برای پروتئوس میرابیلیس 50 و100 میلی‌گرم/میلی‌لیتر تعیین شدند. مقدار MIC و MBC عصاره سرخاب کولی برای پروتئوس میرابیلیس، استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس و استرپتوکوکوس سنگوئیس به‌ترتیب در غلظت‌های 25 و 50 میلی‌گرم/ میلی‌لیتر و برای پروتئوس ولگاریس 50 و100 میلی‌گرم بر میلی‌لیتر بودند. بنابراین، بر اساس نتایج عصاره‌های اتانولی R. pseudoacacia و P. Americana اثر ضدمیکروبی قابل قبولی به‌ویژه در غلظت mg/ml200 بر روی برخی از عوامل بیماری‌زای مهم باکتریایی داشتند.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Medicinal plants can be a good alternative to antibiotics by producing antimicrobial compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effects of Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Phytolacca americana L. ethanolic leaf extract on several nosocomial pathogenic strains. Plant leaves were collected from the forests of Amol city in the spring of 2016. The extract was extracted by Soxhlet extractor method and then their antibacterial activity at concentrations of 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/ml on Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Staphylococcus aureus were studied by disk diffusion and well dilution methods. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were also determined. The highest inhibition zone diameter in the both disk diffusion and well dilution methods was found at concentrations of 200 mg/ml of each plant extract. In the disk diffusion method, R. pseudoacacia extract had highest inhibitory effect on P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris with a growth inhibition zone diameter of 24.67 mm, while P. Americana extract had the highest effect on S. aureus with 27.67 mm. In the well dilution method, R. pseudoacacia extract had the highest inhibition zone diameter on P. mirabilis (24.67 mm), whereas P. Americana showed highest inhibition zone diameter on S. aureus (24.3 mm). The MIC and MBC values of R. pseudoacacia extract was determined at 25 and 50 mg/ml concentrations for P. vulgaris, S. aureus and S. sanguis, and 50 and 100 mg/ml for P. mirabilis. The MIC and MBC values of P. Americana extract was 25 and 50 mg/ml for P. mirabilis, S. aureus and S. sanguis, and 50 and 100 mg/ml for P. vulgaris, respectively. Therefore, based on the results R. pseudoacacia and P. Americana ethanolic extracts had acceptable antimicrobial effect, especially at 200 mg/ml, against some important bacterial pathogens.

منابع و مأخذ:


  1. Adamczak, A., Ożarowski, M. and Karpiński, T.M. 2020. Antibacterial activity of some favonoids and organic aids widely distributed in plants. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(1): 109-118.
    2.
  2. Alam, A., Sharma, V. and Sharma, S.C. 2012. In vitro antifungal efficacies of aqueous extract of Targionia hypophylla against growth of some pathogenic fungi. International Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine, 2(02): 229-233.
    3.
  3. Álvarez, A., Fernández, L., Gutiérrez, D., Iglesias, B., Rodríguez, A. and García, P. 2019. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospitals: Latest trends and treatments based on bacteriophages. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 57: e01006-01019.
    4.
  4. Azizian Shermeh, O., Valizadeh, M. and Taherizadeh, M. 2016. Phytochemical investigation, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Phytolacca americaca from Mazandaran province. 5th National Congress on Medicinal Plants, Isfahan, Iran. 117.
    5.
  5. Basti, A.A., Misaghi, A. and Khaschabi, D. 2007. Growth response and modelling of the effects of Zataria multiflora essential oil, pH and temperature on Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus. LWT- Food Science and Tecnology, 40(6): 973-981.
    6.
  6. Baydar, N.G., Ozkan, G. and Sagdic, O. 2004. Total phenolic contents and antibacterial activities of grape seed extracts. Food Control, 15: 335-339.
    7.
  7. Calina, D.; Olah, N.K., Patru, E.; Docea, A., Popescu, H. and Bubulica, M.V. 2013. Chromatographic analysis of the flavonoids from Robinia pseudoacacia Current Health Sciences Journal, 39: 232–236.
    8.
  8. Chandra, H., Bishnoi P., Yadav, A., Patni, B., Mishra, A.P. and Nautiyal, A.R. 2017. Antimicrobial resistance and the alternative resources with special emphasis on plant-based antimicrobials–A review. Plants, 6(2): 16-25.
    9.
  9. Deris, Z.Z., Akter, J., Sivanesan, S., Roberts, K.D., Thompson, P.E., Nation, R.L., Li, J. and Velkov, T. 2013. A secondary mode of action of polymyxins against gram-negative bacteria involves the inhibition of NADH-quinone oxidoreductase activity. The Journal of Antibiotics, 67: 147-151.
    10.
  10. Ding, L.J., Ding, W, Zhang, Y.Q. and Luo, J.X. 2013. Bioguided fractionation and isolation of esculentoside P from Phytolacca americana. Industrial Crops and Products, 44: 534-541.
    11.
  11. Habibzadeh, S. and Beiki, F. 2017. Assessment of antifungal activity of some native plant extracts of north of Iran on Penicillium digitatum. Journal of Applied Research in Plant Protection, 7(1): 123-134
    12.
  12. Hadadi, Z., Nematzadeh, G.N. and Ghahari Kouchaksaraei, S. 2019. Investigating of chemical compounds of essential oils and antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant effects of methanolic and chloroform extracts of Eucalyptus, Hyssop and False Acacia. Journal of Medicinal Plants Biotechnology, 4(2): 70-93.
    13.
  13. Hallmann, E. 2020. Quantitative and qualitative identification of bioactive compounds in edible flowers of black and bristly locust and their antioxidant activity. Biomolecules, 10(12): 1603-1614.
    14.
  14. Hosseini Hashemi, S.K., Parsapajouh, D., Khademi Eslam, H., Mirshokraie, S.A. and Hemmasi, A.H. 2006. Identification of chemical compounds within north of Iran's Walnut heart wood extractives by GC/MS method. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 12(4): 939-947.
    15.
  15. Houshmand, B., Mortazavi, H., Alikhani, , Abdolsamadi, H.R., Motemayel, F.A. and Mahmoudabadi, R.Z. 2010. In vitro evaluation of antibacterial effect of Myrtus extract with different concentrations on some oral bacteria. Journal of Mashhad Dental School, 35: 123-130.
    16.
  16. Koohsari, H., Ghaemi, E.A., Sheshpoli, S., Jahedi, M. and Zahiri, M. 2015. The investigation of antibacterial activity of selected native plants from north of Iran. Journal of Medicine and life, 8: 38–42.
    17.
  17. Lee, W., Woo, E. and Lee, D.G. 2016. Phytol has antibacterial property by inducing oxidative stress response in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Free radical research, 50(12): 1309- 1318.
    18.
  18. Lin, M.F., Liou, M.L., Kuo, C.H, Lin, Y.Y., Chen, J.Y. and Kuo, H.Y. 2019. Antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular epidemiology of Proteus mirabilis isolates from three hospitals in northern Taiwan. Microbial Drug Resistance, 25: 1338-134.
    19.
  19. Mahon, C.R. and Manoselis, G. 2000. Textbook of diagnostic microbiology, Chapter 3, 2nd edition WB. Saunders Company, 62- 95.
    20.
  20. Marinas, I.C., Oprea, E., Geana, E.I., Chifiriuc, C. and Lazar, V. 2014. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the vegetative and reproductive organs of Robinia pseudoacacia. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, 79: 1363–1378.
    21.
  21. Mazandarani, Masoumeh, Koushan Sineh Sepehr, Behzad Baradaran, Parastoo Zarghami Moghaddam 3 and Vahid Khuri 2013. Autecology, phytochemical and antioxidant activity of Peganum harmala seed extract in North ofIran (Tash Mountains) . Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-products, 2: 85-90.
    22.
  22. Mazandarani, Masoumeh, Zahra Majidi, Parastoo Zarghami-Moghaddam, Mehdi Abrodi, Helen Hemati 4and Fatemeh Fathiazad. 2012. Essential  oil  composition, total  phenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin and antioxidant  activities in  different  parts of  Artemisia  annua  in  two localities (North of Iran). Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-products, 1: 13-21.
    23.
  23. Mozaffarian, V. 2013. Indepentification of medicinal and aromatic plants of Iran. Contemporary Culture Publications, 856.
    24.
  24. Nakano, R., Nakano, A., Abe, M., Nagano, N., Asahara, M. and Furukawa, T. 2019. Prevalence and mechanism of fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical isolates of Proteus mirabilis in Japan. Heliyon, 5: e01291.
    25.
  25. Patra, J.K., Kim, E.S., Oh, K., Kim, H.J., Kim, Y. and Baek, K.H. Antibacterial effect of crude extract and metabolites of Phytolacca americana on pathogens responsible for periodontal inflammatory diseases and dental caries. BMC Complement Altern Medicine and therapies, 14: 343- 354
    26.
  26. Patra J.K., Kim, E.S., Oh, K., Kim, H.J., Dhakal, R., Kim, Y. and Baek, K.H. 2015. Bactericidal effect of extracts and metabolites of Robinia pseudoacacia on Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis causing dental plaque and periodontal inflammatory diseases. Molecules, 20: 6128-6139.
    27.
  27. Rosu, A.F., Bita, A., Calina, D., Rosu, L., Zlatian, O. and Calina, V. 2012. Synergic antifungal and antibacterial activity of alcoholic extract of the species Robinia pseudoacacia (Fabaceae). European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 19(2): 216-226.
    28.
  28. Saharkhiz, M.J., Satari, M., Goudarzi, G. and Or, B. 2008. Assessment of antibacterial properties of Tanacetum parthenium essential oil. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 24: 47-55.
    29.
  29. Sandri, I., Zacaria, J., Fracaro, F., Delamare, A. and Echeverrigaray, S. 2007. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Brazilian species of the genus Cunila against foodborne pathogens and spoiling bacteria. Food Chemistry, 103(3): 823-828
    30.
  30. Talas-Oğraş, T., Bajroviç, Z.K. and Gözükirmizi, N. 2005. Antibacterial activity of seed proteins of Robinia pseudoacacia. Fitoterapia, 76: 67-72.
    31.
  31. Veitch, N.C., Elliott, P.C., Kite, G.C. and Lewis, G.P. 2010. Flavonoid glycosides of the black locust tree, Robinia pseudoacacia (Leguminosae) .Phytochemistry, 71: 479–486.
    32.
  32. Zarei-Yazdeli, M., Seyed Ebrahimi, S.A., Alipanah, H. and Noori, M. 2020. Evaluation of antibacterial activity of ethanoloic and methanoloic extracts of Dracocephalum kotschyi and Mazouj galls. Journal of Kashan University of Medical Sciences, 24(3): 293-301.
    33.
  33. Antimicrobial diversity of extracts of medicinal plants of northern Iran (Robinia pseudoacacia) and (Phytolacca americana L.) against some human pathogenic bacteria.
    34.

 

 

 

_||_

  1. Adamczak, A., Ożarowski, M. and Karpiński, T.M. 2020. Antibacterial activity of some favonoids and organic aids widely distributed in plants. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(1): 109-118.
    2.
  2. Alam, A., Sharma, V. and Sharma, S.C. 2012. In vitro antifungal efficacies of aqueous extract of Targionia hypophylla against growth of some pathogenic fungi. International Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine, 2(02): 229-233.
    3.
  3. Álvarez, A., Fernández, L., Gutiérrez, D., Iglesias, B., Rodríguez, A. and García, P. 2019. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospitals: Latest trends and treatments based on bacteriophages. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 57: e01006-01019.
    4.
  4. Azizian Shermeh, O., Valizadeh, M. and Taherizadeh, M. 2016. Phytochemical investigation, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Phytolacca americaca from Mazandaran province. 5th National Congress on Medicinal Plants, Isfahan, Iran. 117.
    5.
  5. Basti, A.A., Misaghi, A. and Khaschabi, D. 2007. Growth response and modelling of the effects of Zataria multiflora essential oil, pH and temperature on Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus. LWT- Food Science and Tecnology, 40(6): 973-981.
    6.
  6. Baydar, N.G., Ozkan, G. and Sagdic, O. 2004. Total phenolic contents and antibacterial activities of grape seed extracts. Food Control, 15: 335-339.
    7.
  7. Calina, D.; Olah, N.K., Patru, E.; Docea, A., Popescu, H. and Bubulica, M.V. 2013. Chromatographic analysis of the flavonoids from Robinia pseudoacacia Current Health Sciences Journal, 39: 232–236.
    8.
  8. Chandra, H., Bishnoi P., Yadav, A., Patni, B., Mishra, A.P. and Nautiyal, A.R. 2017. Antimicrobial resistance and the alternative resources with special emphasis on plant-based antimicrobials–A review. Plants, 6(2): 16-25.
    9.
  9. Deris, Z.Z., Akter, J., Sivanesan, S., Roberts, K.D., Thompson, P.E., Nation, R.L., Li, J. and Velkov, T. 2013. A secondary mode of action of polymyxins against gram-negative bacteria involves the inhibition of NADH-quinone oxidoreductase activity. The Journal of Antibiotics, 67: 147-151.
    10.
  10. Ding, L.J., Ding, W, Zhang, Y.Q. and Luo, J.X. 2013. Bioguided fractionation and isolation of esculentoside P from Phytolacca americana. Industrial Crops and Products, 44: 534-541.
    11.
  11. Habibzadeh, S. and Beiki, F. 2017. Assessment of antifungal activity of some native plant extracts of north of Iran on Penicillium digitatum. Journal of Applied Research in Plant Protection, 7(1): 123-134
    12.
  12. Hadadi, Z., Nematzadeh, G.N. and Ghahari Kouchaksaraei, S. 2019. Investigating of chemical compounds of essential oils and antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant effects of methanolic and chloroform extracts of Eucalyptus, Hyssop and False Acacia. Journal of Medicinal Plants Biotechnology, 4(2): 70-93.
    13.
  13. Hallmann, E. 2020. Quantitative and qualitative identification of bioactive compounds in edible flowers of black and bristly locust and their antioxidant activity. Biomolecules, 10(12): 1603-1614.
    14.
  14. Hosseini Hashemi, S.K., Parsapajouh, D., Khademi Eslam, H., Mirshokraie, S.A. and Hemmasi, A.H. 2006. Identification of chemical compounds within north of Iran's Walnut heart wood extractives by GC/MS method. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 12(4): 939-947.
    15.
  15. Houshmand, B., Mortazavi, H., Alikhani, , Abdolsamadi, H.R., Motemayel, F.A. and Mahmoudabadi, R.Z. 2010. In vitro evaluation of antibacterial effect of Myrtus extract with different concentrations on some oral bacteria. Journal of Mashhad Dental School, 35: 123-130.
    16.
  16. Koohsari, H., Ghaemi, E.A., Sheshpoli, S., Jahedi, M. and Zahiri, M. 2015. The investigation of antibacterial activity of selected native plants from north of Iran. Journal of Medicine and life, 8: 38–42.
    17.
  17. Lee, W., Woo, E. and Lee, D.G. 2016. Phytol has antibacterial property by inducing oxidative stress response in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Free radical research, 50(12): 1309- 1318.
    18.
  18. Lin, M.F., Liou, M.L., Kuo, C.H, Lin, Y.Y., Chen, J.Y. and Kuo, H.Y. 2019. Antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular epidemiology of Proteus mirabilis isolates from three hospitals in northern Taiwan. Microbial Drug Resistance, 25: 1338-134.
    19.
  19. Mahon, C.R. and Manoselis, G. 2000. Textbook of diagnostic microbiology, Chapter 3, 2nd edition WB. Saunders Company, 62- 95.
    20.
  20. Marinas, I.C., Oprea, E., Geana, E.I., Chifiriuc, C. and Lazar, V. 2014. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the vegetative and reproductive organs of Robinia pseudoacacia. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, 79: 1363–1378.
    21.
  21. Mazandarani, Masoumeh, Koushan Sineh Sepehr, Behzad Baradaran, Parastoo Zarghami Moghaddam 3 and Vahid Khuri 2013. Autecology, phytochemical and antioxidant activity of Peganum harmala seed extract in North ofIran (Tash Mountains) . Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-products, 2: 85-90.
    22.
  22. Mazandarani, Masoumeh, Zahra Majidi, Parastoo Zarghami-Moghaddam, Mehdi Abrodi, Helen Hemati 4and Fatemeh Fathiazad. 2012. Essential  oil  composition, total  phenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin and antioxidant  activities in  different  parts of  Artemisia  annua  in  two localities (North of Iran). Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-products, 1: 13-21.
    23.
  23. Mozaffarian, V. 2013. Indepentification of medicinal and aromatic plants of Iran. Contemporary Culture Publications, 856.
    24.
  24. Nakano, R., Nakano, A., Abe, M., Nagano, N., Asahara, M. and Furukawa, T. 2019. Prevalence and mechanism of fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical isolates of Proteus mirabilis in Japan. Heliyon, 5: e01291.
    25.
  25. Patra, J.K., Kim, E.S., Oh, K., Kim, H.J., Kim, Y. and Baek, K.H. Antibacterial effect of crude extract and metabolites of Phytolacca americana on pathogens responsible for periodontal inflammatory diseases and dental caries. BMC Complement Altern Medicine and therapies, 14: 343- 354
    26.
  26. Patra J.K., Kim, E.S., Oh, K., Kim, H.J., Dhakal, R., Kim, Y. and Baek, K.H. 2015. Bactericidal effect of extracts and metabolites of Robinia pseudoacacia on Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis causing dental plaque and periodontal inflammatory diseases. Molecules, 20: 6128-6139.
    27.
  27. Rosu, A.F., Bita, A., Calina, D., Rosu, L., Zlatian, O. and Calina, V. 2012. Synergic antifungal and antibacterial activity of alcoholic extract of the species Robinia pseudoacacia (Fabaceae). European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 19(2): 216-226.
    28.
  28. Saharkhiz, M.J., Satari, M., Goudarzi, G. and Or, B. 2008. Assessment of antibacterial properties of Tanacetum parthenium essential oil. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 24: 47-55.
    29.
  29. Sandri, I., Zacaria, J., Fracaro, F., Delamare, A. and Echeverrigaray, S. 2007. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Brazilian species of the genus Cunila against foodborne pathogens and spoiling bacteria. Food Chemistry, 103(3): 823-828
    30.
  30. Talas-Oğraş, T., Bajroviç, Z.K. and Gözükirmizi, N. 2005. Antibacterial activity of seed proteins of Robinia pseudoacacia. Fitoterapia, 76: 67-72.
    31.
  31. Veitch, N.C., Elliott, P.C., Kite, G.C. and Lewis, G.P. 2010. Flavonoid glycosides of the black locust tree, Robinia pseudoacacia (Leguminosae) .Phytochemistry, 71: 479–486.
    32.
  32. Zarei-Yazdeli, M., Seyed Ebrahimi, S.A., Alipanah, H. and Noori, M. 2020. Evaluation of antibacterial activity of ethanoloic and methanoloic extracts of Dracocephalum kotschyi and Mazouj galls. Journal of Kashan University of Medical Sciences, 24(3): 293-301.
    33.
  33. Antimicrobial diversity of extracts of medicinal plants of northern Iran (Robinia pseudoacacia) and (Phytolacca americana L.) against some human pathogenic bacteria.
    34.

 

 

 

سکوی نشر دانش

سند یا سکوی نشر دانش ،سامانه ای جهت مدیریت حوزه علمی و پژوهشی نشریات دانشگاه آزاد می باشد

پیوندهای سایت

مراکز مرتبط

پشتیبانی

صفحات رسمی

حقوق این وب‌سایت متعلق به سامانه مدیریت نشریات دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی است.
حق نشر © 1403-1400

صفحه اصلی| عضویت/ ورود| درباره سند| تماس با ما|
[English] [العربية] [en] [ar]