بررسی اثر عمق کاشت بر خصوصیات جوانه‌زنی و سبز شدن گونه اسپرس (Onobrychis sativa)
محورهای موضوعی : جنگلداریولی اله رئوفی راد 1 , ستاره باقری 2 , محمد جعفری 3 , علی طویلی 4
1 - فارغ التحصیل دکترای مرتعداریدانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران
2 - دانشجوی دکتری مرتعداری دانشکده منابع‌طبیعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع‌طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران.
3 - استاد دانشکدة منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، ایران
4 - دانشیار دانشکدة منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، ایران
کلید واژه: اسپرس, مرتع, بذر, سبز شدن, عمق کشت,
چکیده مقاله :
عمق کاشت بدلیل تأثیر زیادی که بر جوانه زنی، سبز شدن و استقرار گیاهچه دارد، در برنامه های اصلاح و احیای مراتع بسیار حائز اهمیت می باشد. اسپرس (Onobrychis) یکی از مهمترین گونه های مرتعی بوده که از نظر علوفه ایی، حفاظتی و یا به عنوان گیاهان جذب کننده زنبور عسل دارای اهمیت بسیار بالایی می باشند. از این رو، در این تحقیق، اثر 4 سطح عمق کاشت (5/0، 5/1، 3، 5/4 سانتی متر) بر جوانه زنی و سبز شدن اسپرس به صورت طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در چهار تکرار تحت شرایط گلخانه ای انجام گردید. بذرها در گلدان های پلاستیکی کشت شده و پس از رشد جوانه ها، تعداد آنها شمارش شده و خصوصیات مختلف جوانه زنی (طول ریشه چه، ساقه چه و گیاهچه، بنیه بذر، درصد و سرعت جوانه زنی، وزن تر و خشک ریشه چه و ساقه چه)، اندازه گیری شده و اطلاعات بدست آمده با استفاده از تجزیه واریانس، آزمون دانکن و دانت مورد تجزیه و تحلیل آماری قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که تیمارها بر خصوصیات جوانه زنی و رشد گیاهچه شامل وزن تر ریشه چه و وزن خشک ساقه چه در سطح 5 درصد تاثیر معنی داری دارند و بر درصد جوانه زنی، سرعت جوانه زنی، طول ریشه چه، بنیه بذر، طول گیاهچه، طول ساقه چه در سطح یک درصد تاثیر معنی دار دارند. نتیجه بدست آمده مبین آن است که میان چهار تیمار کاشت، تفاوت معنی داری وجود دارد و عمق کاشت کمتر نسبت به عمق کاشت بیشتر بهتر می باشد. بنابراین توجه به عمق کشت در برنامه های اصلاح و احیای مراتع امری ضروری بوده و می تواند در موفقیت این برنامه ها نقش مهمی داشته باشد.
Since sowing depth has remarkable impact on germination, seedling emergence and establishment, it is extremely important in the restoration and reclamation programs of rangelands. Sainfoin (Onobrychis) is one of the most important forage species that is protective or as plants attract bees are very important. In this study, the effect of sowing depth at 4 levels (0/5 (control), 1.5, 3 and 4.5 cm) on germination and emergence of a randomized complete block design with four replications Sainfoin under greenhouse conditions was conducted. The seeds were planted in pots and after the seedlings grow, their number and character count of germination (the root, shoot and seedling, seed vigor, percentage and speed of germination, root and shoot dry weight how), measurement and data using analysis of variance, Duncan and Dunnett were statistically analyzed. Results showed that the treatments have significant impact on germination and seedling growth characteristics such as weight and root dry weight and shoot (P≤ 0.05), germination percentage, germination rate, root length, speed of germination, seedling length, during the shoot (P≤ 0.01). Results also showed that among the four treatments, less sowing depth is much better than more sowing depth. According to the findings, it can be concluded that sowing depth seems to be necessary in rangeland improvement and paying more attention to sowing depth can play an important role in improvement programs of rangelands.
1. Al-Ani, A., F. Bruzau, P. Raymind, V. Sain-Ges, J.M. Leblank, & A. Pradett, 1985. Germination, respiration and adenylatechorge of seeds at various oxygen pressures. Plant Physiol. 79: 885-890.
2. Alebrahim, M.T., M. darvishi, & k. sharifi, 2013. The effect of planting depth on germination of Prosopis farcta. Biology and ecology of weeds.
3. Ali Mohammadi, R., A. Emani, & A. Rezai, 2003. Effect of density and planting depth on growth and yield of potatoes in the middle of the Diamant. Seed and Plant. 19 (1): 75-58.
4. Anda, A., & L. Pinter, 1994. Sorghum germination and development as influenced by soil temperature and water content. Agron. J. 86: 621-624.
5. Asgharipur, M.R., 2011. Effects of Planting Depth on Germination and the Emergence of Field Balyan, R.S. and V.M. Bhan, 1986. Germination of horse purslane (Trianthema portulacastrum) in relation to temperature, storage conditions, and seedling depth. Weed Sci. 34: 513-515.
6. Bagheri, A., & G, Sarmadnia, 1988. Influence of Onobrychis legume on germination, growth of seedling and number of plant in area. Journal of Science.
7. Basra, S.M.A., M. Ashraf, N. Iqbal, A. Khaliq, & R. Ahmad, 2004. Physiological and biochemical aspects of pre- sowing heat stress on cottonseed. Seed Sci and Technol. 32: 765-774.
8. Benvenuti, S., 1995. Soil light penetration and dormancy of Jimsonweed (Daturastramonium) seeds. Weed Sci. 43: 389-393.
9. Benvenuti, S., & M, Macchia, 1998. Phytochrome mediated germination control of Daturea stramonium L. seeds. Weed Res. 38: 199-205.
10. Benvenuti, S., M. Macchia, & S, Miele, 2001. Light, temperature and burial depth effects on Rumex obtusifolius seed germination and emergence. Weed Res. 41: 177-186.
11. Biswas, P.K., P.D. Bell, J.L. Crayton, & K.B. Paul, 1975. Germination behavior of Florida pausleyseed. І. Effects of storage, light, temperature and planting depth on germination. Weed Sci. 23: 400-403.
12. Boiffin, J., C. Durr, A. Fleury, A. Marinlafleche, & I. Maillet, 1992. Analysis of thevari- ability ofsugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) growth during the early stages. 1. Influence of various conditions on crop establishment.Agronomie. 12: 515–525.
13. Camberato, J., & B. Mccarty, 1999. Irrigation water quality: part I. Salinity, J. South Carolina Turfgrass.
14. Chen, H., & M.A. Maun, 1999. Effects of sand burial depth on seed germination and seedling emergence of Cirsum pitcher. Plant Ecol. 140: 53-60.
15. De Villiers, A.J., M.W. Van Rooyrn, G.K. Theron, & H.A. Van Deventer, 1994. Germination of three namaqualand pioneer species, as influenced by salinity, temperature and light. Seed Sci and Technol. 22: 427-433.
16. Ghanavati, F., 2011. Identification and taxonomy of Onobrychis genus based on palynological characters. Final Report of Research Project No. 89/1544. Seed and Plant Improvement Institute. 76 pp.(In Persian).
17. Ghanavati, F., & H. Amirabadi Zadeh, 2012. Eco-geographical Distribution of Perennial Species of Onobrychis in Khorasan-e-Razavi Province. Volumes 2-28, No. 1.(In Persian).
18. Ghorbani, M.H., & A. Porfarid, 2008.The effect of salinity and sowing depth on wheat seed emergence. J. Agric. Sci. Natur. Resourc., Vol. 14(5). .(In Persian).
19. Hadjichris Todolou, A., A. Della, & J. Photiades, 1997. Effect of sowing depth on plant establishment, tillering capacity and other organic characters of cereals j. of Agric. Sci., Camb. 89: 161-167.
20. Holm, R.E., 1972. Volatile metabolites controlling weed germination in soil. Plant Physiol. 50: 293-297.
21. Jacobson, S.E., & A.P. Bach, 1998. The influence of temperature on seed germination rate in quinoa. Seed Sci and Technol. 26: 515-523.
22. Karimi, H., 1986. Agronomy and breeding of forages. University of Tehran press.414p. .(In Persian).
23. Khalkhali, S.A., 2000. Effect Interaction between soil properties and plant traits in the area cultivated Atriplex canescens. Range Management Master's Thesis, Faculty of Natural resources, University of Tehran. .(In Persian).
24. Koch, D.W., D. Detzenko, & G.D. Hinze, 1972. Influence of three cutting systems on the yield, water use efficiency and forage quality of sainfoin. Agronomy Journal. 64: 463-467.
25. Lafond, G.P., & R.J. Baker, 1986. Effects of genotype and seed size on speed of emergence and seedling vigor in nine spring Wheat cultivars. Crop Sci. 26: 341-346.
26. Lin, J., R.S. Zeng, M.B. She, Z. Chen, & Z. Liang, 2003. Allelopathic effect of Eucalyptus urophylla and Pinus elliottii on Pisolithus tinctorius. Journal of South China Agricultural University. 24(2): 48-50.
27. Mabberley, D.J., 1997. The Plant Book. A Portable Dictionary of the Vascular Plants. ed. 2, Cambridge, UK.
28. Mahdi, L., C.J. Bell, & J. Royan, 1998. Establishment and yield of wheat (Triticum Turgidum L.) after early sowing at various depths in a semi-arid Mediterranean environment. Filed crop res. 58: 187-196.
29. Paulsen, G.M., 1987. Wheat Stand establishment, in Heyne, E.G. (E.d.), wheat and what improvement, 2nd edition. American SOC. EXP. Agronomy monograph No 13. 387 pp.
30. Peimanifard, B., B. Malekpour, & M. Faezipour, 1971. Introduction of important plants of pastures. Iranian Journal of Rangelands and Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research. Publication 34. 15pp. (In Persian).
31. Pour, H., S.h. Nemati, A. Tehranfar, M. Shor, & M.R. Joharchi, 2010. Effect pattern and sowing depth on seed germination and seedling establishment Salvia leriifoliain order to native it, Journal of Horticultural Science Vol. 24, No. 2.
32. Rechinger, K.H., 1984. Papilionaceae. Flora iranica 157. A (K. H. Rechinger, ed). Pages 387- 464.
33. Shaw, D.R., H.R. Smith, A.W. Cole, & C.E. Snipes, 1987. Influence of environmental factors on small flower morningglory (Jacquemontia) germination and growth. Weed Sci., 35: 519-523.
34. Singh, M., & N.R. Achhireddy, 1984. Germination ecology of Milkweed vine (Morrenia odorata).Weed Sci. 32: 781-785.
35. Soares, M.I.M., S. Kakhimov, & Z. Shakirov, 2000. Productivity of the desert legumme ”Onobrychis”. Dryland Biotechnology Vol. 6.
36. Soltani, A., E. Zeinali, S. Galeshi, & N. Latifi, 2001. Genetic variation for and interrelationships among seed vigor traits in wheat from the Caspian Sea Coast of Iran. Seed Sci. and Technol. 29: 653-662. .(In Persian).
37. Triplett, G.B., G.R. Tesare, & M.B. Tesare, 1960. Effects of compaction, depth of planting, and soil moisture tension on seedling emergence of alfalfa. Agron. J. 52: 681-684.
38. Vleeshouwers, L.m., 1997. Modelling the effect of temperature. Soil penetration resistance, burial depth and seed weight on pre emergence growth of weeds. Ann. Bot. 79: 553-563.
39. Wilson, R., 1979. Germination and seedling development of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvence). Weed Sci. 27: 146-151.
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1. Al-Ani, A., F. Bruzau, P. Raymind, V. Sain-Ges, J.M. Leblank, & A. Pradett, 1985. Germination, respiration and adenylatechorge of seeds at various oxygen pressures. Plant Physiol. 79: 885-890.
2. Alebrahim, M.T., M. darvishi, & k. sharifi, 2013. The effect of planting depth on germination of Prosopis farcta. Biology and ecology of weeds.
3. Ali Mohammadi, R., A. Emani, & A. Rezai, 2003. Effect of density and planting depth on growth and yield of potatoes in the middle of the Diamant. Seed and Plant. 19 (1): 75-58.
4. Anda, A., & L. Pinter, 1994. Sorghum germination and development as influenced by soil temperature and water content. Agron. J. 86: 621-624.
5. Asgharipur, M.R., 2011. Effects of Planting Depth on Germination and the Emergence of Field Balyan, R.S. and V.M. Bhan, 1986. Germination of horse purslane (Trianthema portulacastrum) in relation to temperature, storage conditions, and seedling depth. Weed Sci. 34: 513-515.
6. Bagheri, A., & G, Sarmadnia, 1988. Influence of Onobrychis legume on germination, growth of seedling and number of plant in area. Journal of Science.
7. Basra, S.M.A., M. Ashraf, N. Iqbal, A. Khaliq, & R. Ahmad, 2004. Physiological and biochemical aspects of pre- sowing heat stress on cottonseed. Seed Sci and Technol. 32: 765-774.
8. Benvenuti, S., 1995. Soil light penetration and dormancy of Jimsonweed (Daturastramonium) seeds. Weed Sci. 43: 389-393.
9. Benvenuti, S., & M, Macchia, 1998. Phytochrome mediated germination control of Daturea stramonium L. seeds. Weed Res. 38: 199-205.
10. Benvenuti, S., M. Macchia, & S, Miele, 2001. Light, temperature and burial depth effects on Rumex obtusifolius seed germination and emergence. Weed Res. 41: 177-186.
11. Biswas, P.K., P.D. Bell, J.L. Crayton, & K.B. Paul, 1975. Germination behavior of Florida pausleyseed. І. Effects of storage, light, temperature and planting depth on germination. Weed Sci. 23: 400-403.
12. Boiffin, J., C. Durr, A. Fleury, A. Marinlafleche, & I. Maillet, 1992. Analysis of thevari- ability ofsugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) growth during the early stages. 1. Influence of various conditions on crop establishment.Agronomie. 12: 515–525.
13. Camberato, J., & B. Mccarty, 1999. Irrigation water quality: part I. Salinity, J. South Carolina Turfgrass.
14. Chen, H., & M.A. Maun, 1999. Effects of sand burial depth on seed germination and seedling emergence of Cirsum pitcher. Plant Ecol. 140: 53-60.
15. De Villiers, A.J., M.W. Van Rooyrn, G.K. Theron, & H.A. Van Deventer, 1994. Germination of three namaqualand pioneer species, as influenced by salinity, temperature and light. Seed Sci and Technol. 22: 427-433.
16. Ghanavati, F., 2011. Identification and taxonomy of Onobrychis genus based on palynological characters. Final Report of Research Project No. 89/1544. Seed and Plant Improvement Institute. 76 pp.(In Persian).
17. Ghanavati, F., & H. Amirabadi Zadeh, 2012. Eco-geographical Distribution of Perennial Species of Onobrychis in Khorasan-e-Razavi Province. Volumes 2-28, No. 1.(In Persian).
18. Ghorbani, M.H., & A. Porfarid, 2008.The effect of salinity and sowing depth on wheat seed emergence. J. Agric. Sci. Natur. Resourc., Vol. 14(5). .(In Persian).
19. Hadjichris Todolou, A., A. Della, & J. Photiades, 1997. Effect of sowing depth on plant establishment, tillering capacity and other organic characters of cereals j. of Agric. Sci., Camb. 89: 161-167.
20. Holm, R.E., 1972. Volatile metabolites controlling weed germination in soil. Plant Physiol. 50: 293-297.
21. Jacobson, S.E., & A.P. Bach, 1998. The influence of temperature on seed germination rate in quinoa. Seed Sci and Technol. 26: 515-523.
22. Karimi, H., 1986. Agronomy and breeding of forages. University of Tehran press.414p. .(In Persian).
23. Khalkhali, S.A., 2000. Effect Interaction between soil properties and plant traits in the area cultivated Atriplex canescens. Range Management Master's Thesis, Faculty of Natural resources, University of Tehran. .(In Persian).
24. Koch, D.W., D. Detzenko, & G.D. Hinze, 1972. Influence of three cutting systems on the yield, water use efficiency and forage quality of sainfoin. Agronomy Journal. 64: 463-467.
25. Lafond, G.P., & R.J. Baker, 1986. Effects of genotype and seed size on speed of emergence and seedling vigor in nine spring Wheat cultivars. Crop Sci. 26: 341-346.
26. Lin, J., R.S. Zeng, M.B. She, Z. Chen, & Z. Liang, 2003. Allelopathic effect of Eucalyptus urophylla and Pinus elliottii on Pisolithus tinctorius. Journal of South China Agricultural University. 24(2): 48-50.
27. Mabberley, D.J., 1997. The Plant Book. A Portable Dictionary of the Vascular Plants. ed. 2, Cambridge, UK.
28. Mahdi, L., C.J. Bell, & J. Royan, 1998. Establishment and yield of wheat (Triticum Turgidum L.) after early sowing at various depths in a semi-arid Mediterranean environment. Filed crop res. 58: 187-196.
29. Paulsen, G.M., 1987. Wheat Stand establishment, in Heyne, E.G. (E.d.), wheat and what improvement, 2nd edition. American SOC. EXP. Agronomy monograph No 13. 387 pp.
30. Peimanifard, B., B. Malekpour, & M. Faezipour, 1971. Introduction of important plants of pastures. Iranian Journal of Rangelands and Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research. Publication 34. 15pp. (In Persian).
31. Pour, H., S.h. Nemati, A. Tehranfar, M. Shor, & M.R. Joharchi, 2010. Effect pattern and sowing depth on seed germination and seedling establishment Salvia leriifoliain order to native it, Journal of Horticultural Science Vol. 24, No. 2.
32. Rechinger, K.H., 1984. Papilionaceae. Flora iranica 157. A (K. H. Rechinger, ed). Pages 387- 464.
33. Shaw, D.R., H.R. Smith, A.W. Cole, & C.E. Snipes, 1987. Influence of environmental factors on small flower morningglory (Jacquemontia) germination and growth. Weed Sci., 35: 519-523.
34. Singh, M., & N.R. Achhireddy, 1984. Germination ecology of Milkweed vine (Morrenia odorata).Weed Sci. 32: 781-785.
35. Soares, M.I.M., S. Kakhimov, & Z. Shakirov, 2000. Productivity of the desert legumme ”Onobrychis”. Dryland Biotechnology Vol. 6.
36. Soltani, A., E. Zeinali, S. Galeshi, & N. Latifi, 2001. Genetic variation for and interrelationships among seed vigor traits in wheat from the Caspian Sea Coast of Iran. Seed Sci. and Technol. 29: 653-662. .(In Persian).
37. Triplett, G.B., G.R. Tesare, & M.B. Tesare, 1960. Effects of compaction, depth of planting, and soil moisture tension on seedling emergence of alfalfa. Agron. J. 52: 681-684.
38. Vleeshouwers, L.m., 1997. Modelling the effect of temperature. Soil penetration resistance, burial depth and seed weight on pre emergence growth of weeds. Ann. Bot. 79: 553-563.
39. Wilson, R., 1979. Germination and seedling development of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvence). Weed Sci. 27: 146-151.
