اثر تزریق درون‌تخم‌مرغی نسبت‌های مختلف دی‌ال-متیونین به ال-لایزین بر هیستومورفولوژی روده کوچک و اندام‌های سیستم ایمنی در جوجه‌های گوشتی یک‌روزه
محورهای موضوعی :
آسیب شناسی درمانگاهی دامپزشکی
مرضیه ابراهیمی
1
(
عضو هیات علمی گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران
)
رویا قوچخانی
2
(
دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران
)
مسعود ادیب مرادی
3
(
استادگروه بافت شناسی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
)
ذوالفقار رجبی
4
(
دانشیارگروه علوم درمانگاهی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران
)
تاریخ دریافت : 1396/02/03
تاریخ پذیرش : 1396/06/01
تاریخ انتشار : 1397/02/01
کلید واژه:
جوجه گوشتی,
روده کوچک,
تزریق درون‌تخم‌مرغی,
نسبت دی‌ال-متیونین به ال-لایزین,
چکیده مقاله :
توسعه زودهنگام روده کوچک می‌تواند موجب افزایش نرخ رشد در جوجه‌های تازه هچ‌شده شود. بنابراین، هدف از این مطالعه بررسی اثر تزریق درون تخممرغی نسبت‌های مختلف دی‌ال-متیونین به ال-لایزین بر هیستومورفولوژی روده کوچک و اندام‌های سیستم ایمنی در جوجه های گوشتی یک روزه راس 308 بود. در این مطالعه از 210 تخم‌مرغ بارور مادر گوشتی راس 308 در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 7 گروه آزمایشی شامل 30 تخم مرغ انفرادی استفاده شد. گروه های آزمایشی شامل شاهد (بدون تزریق)، شم-شاهد (1 میلی‌لیتر آب مقطر)، نسبت‌های 5/40، 5/45، 5/50، 5/55 و 5/60 درصد دی‌ال-متیونین به ال-لایزین بودند که در روز 14 دوره انکوباسیون از قسمت پهن تخم مرغ به مایع آمنیوتیک تزریق شدند. در روز 22 مطالعه، ابتدا همه جوجه‌ها وزن‌کشی و کشتار شدند تا شاخص های مربوط به بافت روده و اندام‌های سیستم ایمنی اندازه گیری شوند. بر اساس نتایج آزمایش حاضر، اثر تزریق درون تخممرغی نسبت های مختلف دی‌ال-متیونین به ال-لایزین بر وزن و وزن نسبی ایلیوم، طول ایلیوم، وزن و وزن نسبی روده کوچک، طول و طول نسبی روده کوچک معنی‌دار و افزایش‌دهنده بود (01/0p<). همچنین اثر معنی‌دار (05/0p<) تیمارها بر قطر کریپت (به جز دوازدهه)، عمق کریپت، طول پرز و نسبت طول پرز به عمق کریپت دوازدهه، ژژنوم و ایلیوم مشاهده شد. از سوی دیگر، اندام‌های سیستم ایمنی تحت تأثیر تیمارها قرار نگرفتند. نتایج کلی این مطالعه نشان داد تزریق درون تخممرغی از نسبت 5/40 تا 5/50 درصد دی‌ال-متیونین به ال-لایزین، بهبود رشد و هیستومورفولوژی روده کوچک جوجه‌های گوشتی را ایجاد می کند.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Early development of small intestine can cause higher growth rate in hatchlings. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of in ovo injection of different ratios ofDL-methionine to L-lysine on small intestinal histomorphology and immune system organs of day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks. In this experiment, 210 fertile Ross 308 broiler breeder eggs were randomly assigned into 7 experimental groups including 30 individual eggs per group. Treatment groups included: sham control (non-injected), control (1ml distilled water), 40.5, 45.5, 50.5, 55.5, and 60.5% DL-methionine to L-lysine ratios which were injected into the amnion at 14 d of incubation. On day 22, hatched chicks were weighed and slaughtered in order to evaluate the characteristics of small intestine and immune system organs. Based on the results of the present experiment, the effects of in ovo injection with different DL-methionine to L-lysine ratios on weight and relative weight of ileum, ileum length, weight and relative weight of small intestine, length and relative length of small intestine were significant (p<0.01) and elevatory. Also, significant effect (p<0.05) of treatments was observed on crypt diameter (except for duodenum), crypt depth, villus height, and villus height to crypt depth ratio in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. On the other hand, immune system organs were not affected by the treatments. The overall results of the present study showed that in ovo injection from 40.5 to 50.5% of DL-methionine to L-lysine ratio improved small intestinal growth and histomorphology in broiler chicks.
منابع و مأخذ:
Abdolalizadeh Alvanegh, F., Ebrahimi, M., Daghigh Kia, H. and Ghochkhani, R. (2016). The effect of in ovo injection with different L-arginine to L-lysine ratios on small intestine growth and immune system in day-old Ross broiler chicks. The Seventh Congress on Animal Science of Iran. [In Persian]
Al-Murrani, W.K. (1982). Effect of injecting amino acids into the egg on embryonic and subsequent growth in the domestic fowl. British Poultry Science, 23:171-174.
Arsalan, C., Citil, M. and Satsi, M. (2004). Effect of L-Carnitine administration on growth performance, carcass traits, serum lipids and abdominal fatty acid composition of geese. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire, 155(6): 315-320.
Arslan, C. (2006). L-carnitine and its use as a feed additive in poultry feeding a review. Revue de médecine vétérinaire, 157(3): 134.
Asmawat, I., Sonjaya, H., Natsir, A. and Pakiding, W. (2015). Native chicken embryo quality improvement through in ovo feeding. Asian Journal of Microbiology Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, 17: 69-74.
Baker, D.H. (2009). Advances in protein-Amino acid nutrition of poultry. Amino Acids, 37: 29–41.
Bartell, S.M., and Batal, A.B. (2007). The effect of supplemental glutamine on growth performance, development of the gastrointestinal tract, and humoral immune response of broilers. Poultry Science, 86(9): 1940-1947.
Bhanja, S.K. and Mandal, A.B. (2005). Effect of in ovo injection of critical amino acids on pre and post hatch growth, immunocompetence and development of digestive organs in broiler chickens. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 18: 524-531.
Bhanja, S.K., Baran Mandal, A., Agarwal, S.K. and Majumdar, S. (2012). Modulation of post hatch-growth and immunocompetence through in ovo injection of limiting amino acids in broiler chickens. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 82(9): 993-998.
Bouyeh, M. (2012). Effect of Excess Lysine and Methionine on Immune system and Performance of Broilers. Annals of Biological Research, 3(7): 3218-3224.
Calder, P.C. and Yaqoob, P. (1999). Glutamine and the immune system. Amino Acids, 17: 227-241.
Cant, P.J., McBride, B.W. and Croom, Jr.W.J. (1996). The regulation of intestinal metabolism and its impact on whole animal energetics. Journal of Animal Science, 74: 2541-2553.
Cant, P.J., McBride, B.W. and Croom, Jr.W.J. (1996). The regulation of intestinal metabolism and its impact on whole animal energetics. Journal of Animal Science, 74: 2541-2553.
Chen, W., Wang, R., Wan, H.F., Xiong, X.L., Peng, P. and Peng, J. (2009). Influence of in ovo injection of glutamine and carbohydrates on digestive organs and pectoralis muscle mass in the duck. British Poultry Science, 50(4): 436-442.
Coşkun, İ., Erener, G., Şahin, A., Karadavut, U., Altop, A. and Okur, A.A. (2014). Impacts of in ovo feeding of DL-methionine on hatchability and chick weight. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 2(1): 47-50.
Ebrahimi, M., Zare Shahneh, A., Shivazad, M., Ansari Pirsaraei, Z. and Ghafari Balesini, M. (2016). The effects of dietary L-arginine on some parameters of meat quality, intestine histology and immune system of 46-d old broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Science Researches, 26(2): 83-96. [In Persian]
Ebrahimi, M., Janmohammadi, H., Daghigh Kia, H., Moghaddam, G., Rajabi, Z., Rafat, S.A., et al. (2017). The effect of L-lysine in ovo feeding on body weight characteristics and small intestine morphology in a day-old Ross broiler chicks. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire, 168(4-6): 116-124.
Finkelstein, J.D. (1990). Methionine metabolism in mammals. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 1: 228-237.
Foye, O.T., Ferket, P.R. and Uni, Z. (2007). The effects of in ovo feeding arginine, β-hydroxy-β-methyl-butyrate, and protein on jejunal digestive and absorptive activity in embryonic and neonatal turkey poults. Poultry Science, 86(11): 2343-2349.
Foye, O.T., Ferket, P.R. and Uni, Z. (2005a). The effects of in ovo feeding of arginine and/or beta-hydroxy-beta-metylbutyrate (HMB) on glycogen metabolism and growth in turkey poults. Poultry Science, 84(Supplement 1): 9.
Foye, O.T., Ferket, P.R. and Uni, Z. (2005b). The effects of in ovo feeding of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) and arginine on jejunal expression and function in turkeys. Poultry Science, 84(Supplement 1): 41.
Foye, O.T. (2005). The biochemical and molecular effects of amniotic nutrient administration, “in ovo feeding” on intestinal development and function and carbohydrate metabolism in turkey embryos and poults. Ph.D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, United States.
Foye, O.T., Uni, Z. and Ferket, P.R. (2006). Effect of in ovo feeding egg white protein, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, and carbohydrates on glycogen status and neonatal growth of turkeys. Poultry Science, 85: 1185-1192.
Geyra, A., Uni, Z. and Sklan, D. (2001). The effect of fasting at different ages on growth and tissue dynamics in the small intestine of the young chick. British Journal of Nutrition, 86(01): 53-61.
Khajali, F. and Widerman, R.F. (2010). Dietary arginine: metabolic, environmental, immunological and physiological interrelationships. World's Poultry Science Journal, 66: 751-766.
Kita, K., Kato, S., Yaman, M.A., Okumura, J. and Yokota, H. (2002). Dietary L-carnitine increases plasma insulin-like growth factor-I concentration in chicks fed a diet with adequate dietary protein level. British Poultry Science, 43(1): 117-121.
Klasing, K.C. (1998). Ontogeny of Digestive Capacity and Strategy. In: Comparative avian nutrition. United Kingdom: Cab International, Wallingford, pp: 62-63.
Labadan, M.C. and Austic, R.E. (2001). Lysine and arginine requirement of broiler chickens at two to three-week intervals to eight weeks of age. Poultry Science, 80: 599-606.
Luo, S. and Levine, R.L. (2009). Methionine in proteins defends against oxidative stress. FASEB Journal 23: 464-472.
Mohammadrezaei, H., Sajadian, M., Nazem, M.N. and Kheirandish, R. (2014). Evaluation the effect of methionine on histomorphometry of small intestine in chick fetus. PhD thesis. University of Shahid Bahonar Kerman. [In Persian]
Pluske, J.R., Hampson, D.J. and Williams, I.H. (1997). Factors influencing the structure and function of the small intestine in the weaned pig- a review. Livestock Production Science, 51: 215-236.
Poosti, A. and Adibmoradi, M. (2008). Laboratory Technics in Histology. 1st ed., University of Tehran Press, Iran: Tehran, pp: 16-22. [In Persian]
Shafey, T.M., Al-Batshan, H.A., Al-Owaimer, A.N. and Al-Samawei, K.A. (2010). Effects of in ovo administration of L-carnitine on hatchability performance, glycogen status and insulin-like growth factor-1 of broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 51(1): 122-131.
Shafey, T.M., Al-Batshan, H.A., Al-Owaimer, A.N. and Al-Samawei, K.A. (2010). Effects of in ovo administration of L-carnitine on hatchability performance, glycogen status and insulin-like growth factor-1 of broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 51(1): 122-131.
Shafey, T.M., Al-Batshan, H.A., Al-Owaimer, A.N. and Al-Samawei, K.A. (2010). Effects of in ovo administration of L-carnitine on hatchability performance, glycogen status and insulin-like growth factor-1 of broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 51(1): 122-131.
Shen, Y.B., Ferket, P., Park, I., Malheiros, R.D. and Kim, S.W. (2015). Effects of feed grade-methionine on intestinal redox status, intestinal development, and growth performance of young chickens compared with conventional-methionine. Journal of Animal Science, 93(6): 2977-2986.
Tahami, Z., Hoseini, S.M. and Bashtani, M. (2014). The effect of organic acid supplementation on some digestive system characteristics and morphology of small intestine in broiler chickens. Animal Production Research, 3(3): 1-10. [In Persian]
Teshfam, M., Nodeh, H. and Hassanzadeh, M. (2005). Alteration in the intestinal mucosal structure fllowing oral administration triiodothyronine (T3) in broiler chickens. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 27: 105-108.
Tessseraud, S., Maaa, N., Peresson, R. and Chagneau, A.M. (1996). Relative responses of protein turnover in three different skeletal muscles to dietary lysine deficiency in chicks. British Poultry Science, 37: 641-650.
Uni, Z. and Ferket, R.P. (2004). Methods for early nutrition and their potential. World's Poultry Science Journal, 60(01): 101-111.
Uni, Z., Tako, E., Gal-Garber, O. and Sklan, D. (2003). Morphological, molecular, and functional changes in the chicken small intestine of the late-term embryo. Poultry Science, 82(11): 1747-1754.
Vaezi, G., Teshfam, M., Bahadoran, S., Farazyan, H. and Hosseini, S. (2011). Effects of different levels of lysine on small intestinal villous morphology in starter diet of broiler chickens. Global Veterinaria, 7(6): 523-526.
Vazquez-Anon, M., Gonzalez-Esquerra, R., Saleh, E., Hampton, T., Ritcher, S., Firman, J., et al. (2006). Evidence for 2-hydroxy-4 (methylthio) butanoic acid and DL-methionine having different dose responses in growing broilers. Poultry Science, 85(8): 1409-1420.
Xu, G., Kwon, J., Marshall, C.A., Lin, T.A., Lawrence, J.C. and McDaniel, M.L. (1998). Branched-chain amino acids are essential in the regulation of PHAS-I and p70 S6 kinase by pancreatic β-cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 273: 28178-28184.
_||_
Abdolalizadeh Alvanegh, F., Ebrahimi, M., Daghigh Kia, H. and Ghochkhani, R. (2016). The effect of in ovo injection with different L-arginine to L-lysine ratios on small intestine growth and immune system in day-old Ross broiler chicks. The Seventh Congress on Animal Science of Iran. [In Persian]
Al-Murrani, W.K. (1982). Effect of injecting amino acids into the egg on embryonic and subsequent growth in the domestic fowl. British Poultry Science, 23:171-174.
Arsalan, C., Citil, M. and Satsi, M. (2004). Effect of L-Carnitine administration on growth performance, carcass traits, serum lipids and abdominal fatty acid composition of geese. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire, 155(6): 315-320.
Arslan, C. (2006). L-carnitine and its use as a feed additive in poultry feeding a review. Revue de médecine vétérinaire, 157(3): 134.
Asmawat, I., Sonjaya, H., Natsir, A. and Pakiding, W. (2015). Native chicken embryo quality improvement through in ovo feeding. Asian Journal of Microbiology Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, 17: 69-74.
Baker, D.H. (2009). Advances in protein-Amino acid nutrition of poultry. Amino Acids, 37: 29–41.
Bartell, S.M., and Batal, A.B. (2007). The effect of supplemental glutamine on growth performance, development of the gastrointestinal tract, and humoral immune response of broilers. Poultry Science, 86(9): 1940-1947.
Bhanja, S.K. and Mandal, A.B. (2005). Effect of in ovo injection of critical amino acids on pre and post hatch growth, immunocompetence and development of digestive organs in broiler chickens. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 18: 524-531.
Bhanja, S.K., Baran Mandal, A., Agarwal, S.K. and Majumdar, S. (2012). Modulation of post hatch-growth and immunocompetence through in ovo injection of limiting amino acids in broiler chickens. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 82(9): 993-998.
Bouyeh, M. (2012). Effect of Excess Lysine and Methionine on Immune system and Performance of Broilers. Annals of Biological Research, 3(7): 3218-3224.
Calder, P.C. and Yaqoob, P. (1999). Glutamine and the immune system. Amino Acids, 17: 227-241.
Cant, P.J., McBride, B.W. and Croom, Jr.W.J. (1996). The regulation of intestinal metabolism and its impact on whole animal energetics. Journal of Animal Science, 74: 2541-2553.
Cant, P.J., McBride, B.W. and Croom, Jr.W.J. (1996). The regulation of intestinal metabolism and its impact on whole animal energetics. Journal of Animal Science, 74: 2541-2553.
Chen, W., Wang, R., Wan, H.F., Xiong, X.L., Peng, P. and Peng, J. (2009). Influence of in ovo injection of glutamine and carbohydrates on digestive organs and pectoralis muscle mass in the duck. British Poultry Science, 50(4): 436-442.
Coşkun, İ., Erener, G., Şahin, A., Karadavut, U., Altop, A. and Okur, A.A. (2014). Impacts of in ovo feeding of DL-methionine on hatchability and chick weight. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 2(1): 47-50.
Ebrahimi, M., Zare Shahneh, A., Shivazad, M., Ansari Pirsaraei, Z. and Ghafari Balesini, M. (2016). The effects of dietary L-arginine on some parameters of meat quality, intestine histology and immune system of 46-d old broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Science Researches, 26(2): 83-96. [In Persian]
Ebrahimi, M., Janmohammadi, H., Daghigh Kia, H., Moghaddam, G., Rajabi, Z., Rafat, S.A., et al. (2017). The effect of L-lysine in ovo feeding on body weight characteristics and small intestine morphology in a day-old Ross broiler chicks. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire, 168(4-6): 116-124.
Finkelstein, J.D. (1990). Methionine metabolism in mammals. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 1: 228-237.
Foye, O.T., Ferket, P.R. and Uni, Z. (2007). The effects of in ovo feeding arginine, β-hydroxy-β-methyl-butyrate, and protein on jejunal digestive and absorptive activity in embryonic and neonatal turkey poults. Poultry Science, 86(11): 2343-2349.
Foye, O.T., Ferket, P.R. and Uni, Z. (2005a). The effects of in ovo feeding of arginine and/or beta-hydroxy-beta-metylbutyrate (HMB) on glycogen metabolism and growth in turkey poults. Poultry Science, 84(Supplement 1): 9.
Foye, O.T., Ferket, P.R. and Uni, Z. (2005b). The effects of in ovo feeding of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) and arginine on jejunal expression and function in turkeys. Poultry Science, 84(Supplement 1): 41.
Foye, O.T. (2005). The biochemical and molecular effects of amniotic nutrient administration, “in ovo feeding” on intestinal development and function and carbohydrate metabolism in turkey embryos and poults. Ph.D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, United States.
Foye, O.T., Uni, Z. and Ferket, P.R. (2006). Effect of in ovo feeding egg white protein, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, and carbohydrates on glycogen status and neonatal growth of turkeys. Poultry Science, 85: 1185-1192.
Geyra, A., Uni, Z. and Sklan, D. (2001). The effect of fasting at different ages on growth and tissue dynamics in the small intestine of the young chick. British Journal of Nutrition, 86(01): 53-61.
Khajali, F. and Widerman, R.F. (2010). Dietary arginine: metabolic, environmental, immunological and physiological interrelationships. World's Poultry Science Journal, 66: 751-766.
Kita, K., Kato, S., Yaman, M.A., Okumura, J. and Yokota, H. (2002). Dietary L-carnitine increases plasma insulin-like growth factor-I concentration in chicks fed a diet with adequate dietary protein level. British Poultry Science, 43(1): 117-121.
Klasing, K.C. (1998). Ontogeny of Digestive Capacity and Strategy. In: Comparative avian nutrition. United Kingdom: Cab International, Wallingford, pp: 62-63.
Labadan, M.C. and Austic, R.E. (2001). Lysine and arginine requirement of broiler chickens at two to three-week intervals to eight weeks of age. Poultry Science, 80: 599-606.
Luo, S. and Levine, R.L. (2009). Methionine in proteins defends against oxidative stress. FASEB Journal 23: 464-472.
Mohammadrezaei, H., Sajadian, M., Nazem, M.N. and Kheirandish, R. (2014). Evaluation the effect of methionine on histomorphometry of small intestine in chick fetus. PhD thesis. University of Shahid Bahonar Kerman. [In Persian]
Pluske, J.R., Hampson, D.J. and Williams, I.H. (1997). Factors influencing the structure and function of the small intestine in the weaned pig- a review. Livestock Production Science, 51: 215-236.
Poosti, A. and Adibmoradi, M. (2008). Laboratory Technics in Histology. 1st ed., University of Tehran Press, Iran: Tehran, pp: 16-22. [In Persian]
Shafey, T.M., Al-Batshan, H.A., Al-Owaimer, A.N. and Al-Samawei, K.A. (2010). Effects of in ovo administration of L-carnitine on hatchability performance, glycogen status and insulin-like growth factor-1 of broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 51(1): 122-131.
Shafey, T.M., Al-Batshan, H.A., Al-Owaimer, A.N. and Al-Samawei, K.A. (2010). Effects of in ovo administration of L-carnitine on hatchability performance, glycogen status and insulin-like growth factor-1 of broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 51(1): 122-131.
Shafey, T.M., Al-Batshan, H.A., Al-Owaimer, A.N. and Al-Samawei, K.A. (2010). Effects of in ovo administration of L-carnitine on hatchability performance, glycogen status and insulin-like growth factor-1 of broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 51(1): 122-131.
Shen, Y.B., Ferket, P., Park, I., Malheiros, R.D. and Kim, S.W. (2015). Effects of feed grade-methionine on intestinal redox status, intestinal development, and growth performance of young chickens compared with conventional-methionine. Journal of Animal Science, 93(6): 2977-2986.
Tahami, Z., Hoseini, S.M. and Bashtani, M. (2014). The effect of organic acid supplementation on some digestive system characteristics and morphology of small intestine in broiler chickens. Animal Production Research, 3(3): 1-10. [In Persian]
Teshfam, M., Nodeh, H. and Hassanzadeh, M. (2005). Alteration in the intestinal mucosal structure fllowing oral administration triiodothyronine (T3) in broiler chickens. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 27: 105-108.
Tessseraud, S., Maaa, N., Peresson, R. and Chagneau, A.M. (1996). Relative responses of protein turnover in three different skeletal muscles to dietary lysine deficiency in chicks. British Poultry Science, 37: 641-650.
Uni, Z. and Ferket, R.P. (2004). Methods for early nutrition and their potential. World's Poultry Science Journal, 60(01): 101-111.
Uni, Z., Tako, E., Gal-Garber, O. and Sklan, D. (2003). Morphological, molecular, and functional changes in the chicken small intestine of the late-term embryo. Poultry Science, 82(11): 1747-1754.
Vaezi, G., Teshfam, M., Bahadoran, S., Farazyan, H. and Hosseini, S. (2011). Effects of different levels of lysine on small intestinal villous morphology in starter diet of broiler chickens. Global Veterinaria, 7(6): 523-526.
Vazquez-Anon, M., Gonzalez-Esquerra, R., Saleh, E., Hampton, T., Ritcher, S., Firman, J., et al. (2006). Evidence for 2-hydroxy-4 (methylthio) butanoic acid and DL-methionine having different dose responses in growing broilers. Poultry Science, 85(8): 1409-1420.
Xu, G., Kwon, J., Marshall, C.A., Lin, T.A., Lawrence, J.C. and McDaniel, M.L. (1998). Branched-chain amino acids are essential in the regulation of PHAS-I and p70 S6 kinase by pancreatic β-cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 273: 28178-28184.
