بررسی اثر عصاره روغنی تخم خرفه (Portulaca oleracea) بر شاخص‌های مقاومت انسولینی در موش سوری
محورهای موضوعی :
آسیب شناسی درمانگاهی دامپزشکی
علی کارگری رضاپور
1
,
رعنا وطن دوست
2
1 - استادیار کلینیکال پاتولوژی دامپزشکی، گروه علوم دامی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران.
2 - دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد زیست شناسی–بیوشیمی، گروه زیست شناسی، واحد اهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهر، ایران.
تاریخ دریافت : 1395/09/22
تاریخ پذیرش : 1396/07/22
تاریخ انتشار : 1396/11/01
کلید واژه:
عصاره گیاهی,
دیابت,
موش سوری,
تخم خرفه,
چکیده مقاله :
استفاده از داروهای با منشأ طبیعی برای درمان دیابت مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. خرفه با نام علمی Portulaca oleracea از جمله گیاهان دارویی مهم بومی ایران است. هدف از مطالعه حاضر، بررسی اثر عصاره روغنی تخم خرفه بر شاخص های مقاومت انسولینی در موش سوری می باشد.در این مطالعه 30 سر موش سوری به 5 گروه 6 تایی تقسیم بندی شدند: 1- تیمار شاهد منفی (غیردیابتی)، 2- تیمار شاهد مثبت (دیابتی)، 3- تیمار شاهد عصاره خرفه غیردیابتی، 4- تیمار دیابتی با عصاره تخم خرفه (دوز mg/kg150) و 5- تیمار دیابتی با عصاره تخم خرفه (دوز mg/kg 300). تجویز عصاره خرفه از ابتدای آزمایش به مدت یک ماه در گروه های مربوطه (3 تا 5) انجام شد و پس از این مدت، القای دیابت با تزریق استرپتوزوتوسین به گروه های 2، 4 و 5 صورت گرفت و پس از 2 ماه، از موش ها خون گیری شده و شاخص های مورد نظر اندازه گیری شد و مورد تحلیل آماری قرار گرفت. کل دوره آزمایش سه ماه بود.عصاره روغنی تخم خرفه تاثیر کاهنده معنی داری بر گلوکز سرم خون در گروه های دیابتی نسبت به شاهد دیابتی مثبت داشت (05/0p<). همچنین، غظت انسولین سرمی به صورت معنی داری در گروه های 3، 4 و 5 که عصاره خرفه دریافت کرده بودند، افزایش یافت (05/0p<)، ولی در پروفایل لیپیدی و شاخص های HOMA-IR، QUICKI و اندیس آتروژنیک تغییرات معنی داری دیده نشد. نتایج مطالعه نشان داد عصاره تخم خرفه موجب کاهش گلوکز سرمی در موش های دیابتی شده و دارای اثر انسولینوگوگ می باشد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Recently, drugs of natural origin have been considered for treatment of diabetes. Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) is an important endemic Iranian medicinal plant. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of oil extract of purslane seeds on insulin resistance indices in mice. In this study 30 adult mice were divided into five groups of six: (1) Negative control (non- diabetic), (2) positive control (diabetic), (3) purslane seeds extract control (non-diabetic), (4) 150 (mg/kg) oil extract of purslane seeds (diabetic) and (5) 300 (mg/kg) oil extract of purslane seeds (diabetic). Pursulane extract was gavaged to groups 3, 4 and 5 for one month. After this period, diabetes induction was performed by injection of streptozocin in 2nd, 4th and 5th groups. After two months, blood samples were taken and the indices were measured and analyzed statistically. The overall period of the study was 3 months. Oil extract of purslane seeds decreased serum glucose significantly in diabetic groups in comparison to positive diabetic group (p<0.05). The levels of serum insulin were also increased in the 3rd, 4th and 5th groups (p<0.05). However, no significant differences were seen in lipid profile, HOMA-IR, QUICKI and atherogenic index. The results indicated that pursulane seeds decreased serum glucose in diabetic mice and it had insulinogogic effect.
منابع و مأخذ:
Abdalla, H.M. (2010). Purslane extract effects on obesity-induced diabetic rats fed a high-fat diet. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 16(3): 419-429.
Abou-Seif, M.A. and Youssef, A.A. (2004). Evaluation of some biochemical changes in diabetic patients. Clinica Chimica Acta, 346(2): 161-170.
Ahmed, O.M., Hozayen, W.G. and Sree, H.T.A. (2013). Effects of ethanolic purslane shoot and seed extracts on doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Nature and Science, 11: 206-11.
Asareh, M.H. (2005). Plants Biodiversity of Iran. Research Institute of Forests and
Rangelands, Iran, pp: 134-136.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2003). National Diabetes Fact Sheet, United States, Nov: 3-6.
Chan, K., Islam, M.W., Kamil, M., Radhakrishnan, R., Zakaria, M.N. and Habibullah, M. (2000). The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Portulaca oleracea. L. Subsp. sativa (Haw). Celak. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 73(3): 445-451.
Chen, J., Shi, Y. and Liu, J. (2003). Determination of noradrenaline and dopamine in Chinese herbal extracts from Portulaca oleracea L. by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography, A: 1003, 127.
Damasceno, D.C., Netto, A.O., Iessi, I.L., Gallego, F.Q., Corvino, S.B., Dallaqua, B., et al. (2014). “Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Models: Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Fetal Outcomes,” BioMed Research International, Vol. 2014, Article ID: 819065, 11 pages.
Dkhil, M., Abdel Moniem, A. and Al-Quraishy, S. (2011). Antioxidant effect of purslane (Portulaca oleracea) and its mechanism of action. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 1589-1593.
Dobiasova, M. and Frohlich, J. (2001). The plasma parameter log (TG/HDL-C) as an atherogenic index: correlation with lipoprotein particle size and esterification rate in apoB-lipoprotein-depleted plasma (FER; HDL). Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 34(7): 583-588.
El-Sayed, M.I.K. (2011). Effects of Portulaca oleracea L. seeds in treatment of type-2 diabetes mellitus patients as adjunctive and alternative therapy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 137(1): 643-651.
Ezekwe, M.O., Omara-Alwala, T.R. and Membrahtu, T. (1999). Nutritive characterization of purslane accessions as influenced by planting date. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 54(3): 183-191.
Farnsworth, N.R., Akerele, O., Bingel, A.S., Soejarto, D.D. and Guo, Z. (2005). Medicinal plants in therapy. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 63: 965-981.
Farzanegi, P., Akbari, A. and Azarbayjani, M.A. (2013). Effect of Portulaca oleracea Seeds on the Levels of Matrix Metalloproteinase 2, 9 and Tissue Inhibitor Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Modares Journal of Medical Sciences: Pathobiology, 16(2): 65-73.
Ghahreman, A. (1978). Colored flora of Iran. Tehran: Publications of Natural Resources Protection and Human Environment with cooperation Tehran University, Vol 1. [In Persian]
Ghatresamani, K., Farouk, A., Khalili, B., Rafieian, M. and Moradi, M. (2011). Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) effects on serum paraoxanase-1 activity. Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Science, 13(1): 9-14. [In Persian]
Ghazanfar, S.A. (1994). Handbook of Arabian medicinal plants. Boca Raton FL: CRC Press, pp: 176.
Gong, F., Li, F., Zhang, L., Li, J., Zhang, Z. and Wang, G. (2009). Hypoglycemic effects of crude polysaccharide from Purslane. International Journal of Molecular Science, 10(3): 880-888.
Heidarzadeh, S., Farzanegi, P., Azarbayjani, M.A. and Daliri, R. (2013). Purslane effect on GLP-1 and GLP-1 receptor in type 2 diabetes. Journal of Electronic Physician, 582-587.
Hozayen, W., Bastawy, M. and Elshafeey, H. (2011). Effects of aqueous purslane (Portulaca oleracea) extract and fish oil on gentamicin nephrotoxicity in albino rats. Journal of Nature and Science, 9: 47-62.
Hu, L.F., Xu, X.Y. and Wang, B.Q. (2003). Research and utilization situation of Portulaca oleracea L. in china. Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Community Medicine, 20: 315-316.
Karimi, G.R., Khouei, A., Omidi, A., Kalantari, M., Babaei, J. and Taghiabadi, E. (2010). Protective effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Portulaca oleracea against cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity. Iran, Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 13(2): 31-35. [In Persian]
Katz, A., Nambi, S.S., Mather, K., Baron, A.D., Follmann, D.A. and Sullivan, G. (2000). Quantitatative insulin sensitivity check index: a simple, accurate method for assessing insulin sensitivity in humans. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 85(7): 2402-2410.
Lee, A.S., Lee, Y.J., Lee, S.M., Yoon, J.J., Kim, J.S., Kang, D.G., et al. (2012). An aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea ameliorates diabetic nephropathy through suppression of renal fibrosis and inflammation in diabetic db/db mice. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 40(3): 495-510.
Lorgwril, De., Salen, M., Laporte, P. and Delriris, F. (2001). Alpha-linolenic acid in prevention and treatment of coronary heart diseases. European Heart Journal Supplement, 3(4): 26-32.
Mathews, D.R, Hosker, J.P., Rudenski, A.S., Naylor, B.A., Treacher, D.F. and Turner, R.C. (1985). Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and b-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia, 28: 412-419.
Miladi-Gorgi, H., Vafaei, A.A. and Taherian, A.A. (2009). The effects of aqueous extracts of Purtulaca oleracea on withdrawal syndrome in mice. Journal of Medical Plants, 8: 51-7.
Miller, A.G. and Morris, M. (1988). Plants of Dhofa, the Southern region of Oman. Traditional, economical and medicinal uses. The office of the Advisor for conservation of Environment, Diwan of court, Sultanate of Oman.
Mohajeri, D., Ghafour, M. and Doustar, Y. (2009). Antihyperglycemic and pancreas protective effects of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) stigma ethanolic extract on rat with alloxan – induced diabetes. Journal of Biological Sciences, 9(4): 1-9.
Mohamed, A.I. and Hussein, A.S. (1994). Chemical composition of purslane (Portulaca oleracea). Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 45(1): 1-9.
Mozaffarian, V. (2012). Recognition of medicinal and aromatic herbs of Iran. Tehran: with cooperation of Contemporary Culture Publications, 1st press, pp: 905-906. [In Persian]
Omara-Alwala, T.R., Mebrahtu, T., Prior, D.E. and Ezekwe, M.O. (1991). Omega – Three fatty acids in purslane tissues. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 68(3): 198-199.
Omidbeigi, R. (1997). Production and Processing of Medicinal Plants. Iran: Bita, Publishers of Astan Quds Razavi. [In Persian]
Park, K. (2011). Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine. 21th ed., Jabalapur: B hanot Press, pp: 234-239.
Parry, O., Marks, J.A. and Okwuasaba, F. (1993). The skeletal muscle relaxant action of Portulaca oleracea: role of potassium ions. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 40(3): 187-194.
Radhakrishnan, R., Zakaria, M.N., Islam, M.W., Chen, H.B., Kamil, M. and Chan, K. (2001). Neuropharmacological actions of Portulaca oleraceae L. V. sativa (Hawk). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 76(2): 171-176.
Rashed, A.N., Afifi, F.U. and Disi, A.M. (2003). Simple evaluation of the wound healing activity of crude extract of portulaca olevacea L. (growing in Joordan) in Mus musculus JVI-1. Journal of Ethaopharmacology, 88(2-3): 131-136.
Salunkhe, D.K. and Kadam, S.S. (1998). Handbook of Vegetable Science and Technology. Marcel Deker, INC, pp: 727.
Samah Ali, E.N. (2016). The hypolipidemic effect of Portulaca oleracea L. stem on hyperlipidemic Wister Albino rates. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, In Press 2016, pp: 111-124.
Samir O.M. and Mohammed H.A. (2015). Purslane seeds fixed oil as a functional food in treatment of obesity induced by high fat diet in obese diabetic mice. Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 5: 332.
Santaguida, P.L., Balion, C., Hunt, D., Morrison, K., Gerstein, H., Raina, P., et al. (2005). Diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose. Evidence Report Summaries/ Technology Assessment, 128: 1-11.
Saremi, A. (2011). Sporting exercises and diabetes mellitus type 2: a review on evidences. Cell Journal, 2(3): 171-181. [In Persian]
Simopoulos, A.P. (2004). Omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants in edible wild plants. Biological Research, 37: 263-277.
Simopoulos, A.P., Norman, H.A., Gillaspy, J.E. and Duke, J.A. (1992). Common purslane a source of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidant. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 11(4): 374-382.
Stephan, J.M. (1994). Purslane. Fact sheet HS-651. Florida Cooperative Extension Service Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences. University of Florida, pp: 7.
Wang, W., Dong, L., Jia, L., Xin, H., Ling, C. and Li, M. (2012). Ethanol extract of Portulaca oleracea L. Portects against hypoxia-induced neuro damage through modulating endogenous erythropoietin expression. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 23: 385-391.
Wang, W., Gu, L., Dong, L., Wang, X., Ling, C. and Li, M. (2007). Protective effect of Portulaca oleracea extracts on hypoxic nerve tissue and its mechanism. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 16: 227-233.
Xaing, L., Xing, D., Wang, W., Wang, R., Ding, Y. and Du, L. (2005). Alkaloids from Protuluca oleracea L. Phytochemistry, 66(21): 2595-2601.
Xie, Z.F. (2002). Classified Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Foreign Languages Press, Beijing. China, pp: 313.
Zakizadeh, E., Jazayeri, S., Faghihimani, E., Gohari, M. and Esmaillzadeh, A. (2013). The effect of purslane seeds on glycemic status and lipid profiles of type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized controlled cross over trial. Journal of Health Systems Reserch, 1638-1648.
Zarei, S., Changizi Ashtiyani, S. and Taheri, S. (2013). The effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Protulaca oleracea on the concentration serum of hepatic enzymes on rats. Iranian South Medical Journal (ISMJ), In press, 2013.
Zargari, A. (2001). Medicinal Plants. Tehran: Tehran University Publication Institute. 3rd press, Vol 1, pp: 233-241. [In Persian]
Zhang, X.J., Ji, Y.B., Qu, Z.H.Y., Xia, J.C.H. and Wang, L. (2002). Experimental studies on anti – biotic functions of Portulaca oleracea L. in vitro. Chinese Journal of Microecology, 14: 277-280.
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Abdalla, H.M. (2010). Purslane extract effects on obesity-induced diabetic rats fed a high-fat diet. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 16(3): 419-429.
Abou-Seif, M.A. and Youssef, A.A. (2004). Evaluation of some biochemical changes in diabetic patients. Clinica Chimica Acta, 346(2): 161-170.
Ahmed, O.M., Hozayen, W.G. and Sree, H.T.A. (2013). Effects of ethanolic purslane shoot and seed extracts on doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Nature and Science, 11: 206-11.
Asareh, M.H. (2005). Plants Biodiversity of Iran. Research Institute of Forests and
Rangelands, Iran, pp: 134-136.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2003). National Diabetes Fact Sheet, United States, Nov: 3-6.
Chan, K., Islam, M.W., Kamil, M., Radhakrishnan, R., Zakaria, M.N. and Habibullah, M. (2000). The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Portulaca oleracea. L. Subsp. sativa (Haw). Celak. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 73(3): 445-451.
Chen, J., Shi, Y. and Liu, J. (2003). Determination of noradrenaline and dopamine in Chinese herbal extracts from Portulaca oleracea L. by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography, A: 1003, 127.
Damasceno, D.C., Netto, A.O., Iessi, I.L., Gallego, F.Q., Corvino, S.B., Dallaqua, B., et al. (2014). “Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Models: Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Fetal Outcomes,” BioMed Research International, Vol. 2014, Article ID: 819065, 11 pages.
Dkhil, M., Abdel Moniem, A. and Al-Quraishy, S. (2011). Antioxidant effect of purslane (Portulaca oleracea) and its mechanism of action. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 1589-1593.
Dobiasova, M. and Frohlich, J. (2001). The plasma parameter log (TG/HDL-C) as an atherogenic index: correlation with lipoprotein particle size and esterification rate in apoB-lipoprotein-depleted plasma (FER; HDL). Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 34(7): 583-588.
El-Sayed, M.I.K. (2011). Effects of Portulaca oleracea L. seeds in treatment of type-2 diabetes mellitus patients as adjunctive and alternative therapy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 137(1): 643-651.
Ezekwe, M.O., Omara-Alwala, T.R. and Membrahtu, T. (1999). Nutritive characterization of purslane accessions as influenced by planting date. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 54(3): 183-191.
Farnsworth, N.R., Akerele, O., Bingel, A.S., Soejarto, D.D. and Guo, Z. (2005). Medicinal plants in therapy. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 63: 965-981.
Farzanegi, P., Akbari, A. and Azarbayjani, M.A. (2013). Effect of Portulaca oleracea Seeds on the Levels of Matrix Metalloproteinase 2, 9 and Tissue Inhibitor Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Modares Journal of Medical Sciences: Pathobiology, 16(2): 65-73.
Ghahreman, A. (1978). Colored flora of Iran. Tehran: Publications of Natural Resources Protection and Human Environment with cooperation Tehran University, Vol 1. [In Persian]
Ghatresamani, K., Farouk, A., Khalili, B., Rafieian, M. and Moradi, M. (2011). Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) effects on serum paraoxanase-1 activity. Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Science, 13(1): 9-14. [In Persian]
Ghazanfar, S.A. (1994). Handbook of Arabian medicinal plants. Boca Raton FL: CRC Press, pp: 176.
Gong, F., Li, F., Zhang, L., Li, J., Zhang, Z. and Wang, G. (2009). Hypoglycemic effects of crude polysaccharide from Purslane. International Journal of Molecular Science, 10(3): 880-888.
Heidarzadeh, S., Farzanegi, P., Azarbayjani, M.A. and Daliri, R. (2013). Purslane effect on GLP-1 and GLP-1 receptor in type 2 diabetes. Journal of Electronic Physician, 582-587.
Hozayen, W., Bastawy, M. and Elshafeey, H. (2011). Effects of aqueous purslane (Portulaca oleracea) extract and fish oil on gentamicin nephrotoxicity in albino rats. Journal of Nature and Science, 9: 47-62.
Hu, L.F., Xu, X.Y. and Wang, B.Q. (2003). Research and utilization situation of Portulaca oleracea L. in china. Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Community Medicine, 20: 315-316.
Karimi, G.R., Khouei, A., Omidi, A., Kalantari, M., Babaei, J. and Taghiabadi, E. (2010). Protective effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Portulaca oleracea against cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity. Iran, Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 13(2): 31-35. [In Persian]
Katz, A., Nambi, S.S., Mather, K., Baron, A.D., Follmann, D.A. and Sullivan, G. (2000). Quantitatative insulin sensitivity check index: a simple, accurate method for assessing insulin sensitivity in humans. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 85(7): 2402-2410.
Lee, A.S., Lee, Y.J., Lee, S.M., Yoon, J.J., Kim, J.S., Kang, D.G., et al. (2012). An aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea ameliorates diabetic nephropathy through suppression of renal fibrosis and inflammation in diabetic db/db mice. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 40(3): 495-510.
Lorgwril, De., Salen, M., Laporte, P. and Delriris, F. (2001). Alpha-linolenic acid in prevention and treatment of coronary heart diseases. European Heart Journal Supplement, 3(4): 26-32.
Mathews, D.R, Hosker, J.P., Rudenski, A.S., Naylor, B.A., Treacher, D.F. and Turner, R.C. (1985). Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and b-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia, 28: 412-419.
Miladi-Gorgi, H., Vafaei, A.A. and Taherian, A.A. (2009). The effects of aqueous extracts of Purtulaca oleracea on withdrawal syndrome in mice. Journal of Medical Plants, 8: 51-7.
Miller, A.G. and Morris, M. (1988). Plants of Dhofa, the Southern region of Oman. Traditional, economical and medicinal uses. The office of the Advisor for conservation of Environment, Diwan of court, Sultanate of Oman.
Mohajeri, D., Ghafour, M. and Doustar, Y. (2009). Antihyperglycemic and pancreas protective effects of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) stigma ethanolic extract on rat with alloxan – induced diabetes. Journal of Biological Sciences, 9(4): 1-9.
Mohamed, A.I. and Hussein, A.S. (1994). Chemical composition of purslane (Portulaca oleracea). Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 45(1): 1-9.
Mozaffarian, V. (2012). Recognition of medicinal and aromatic herbs of Iran. Tehran: with cooperation of Contemporary Culture Publications, 1st press, pp: 905-906. [In Persian]
Omara-Alwala, T.R., Mebrahtu, T., Prior, D.E. and Ezekwe, M.O. (1991). Omega – Three fatty acids in purslane tissues. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 68(3): 198-199.
Omidbeigi, R. (1997). Production and Processing of Medicinal Plants. Iran: Bita, Publishers of Astan Quds Razavi. [In Persian]
Park, K. (2011). Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine. 21th ed., Jabalapur: B hanot Press, pp: 234-239.
Parry, O., Marks, J.A. and Okwuasaba, F. (1993). The skeletal muscle relaxant action of Portulaca oleracea: role of potassium ions. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 40(3): 187-194.
Radhakrishnan, R., Zakaria, M.N., Islam, M.W., Chen, H.B., Kamil, M. and Chan, K. (2001). Neuropharmacological actions of Portulaca oleraceae L. V. sativa (Hawk). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 76(2): 171-176.
Rashed, A.N., Afifi, F.U. and Disi, A.M. (2003). Simple evaluation of the wound healing activity of crude extract of portulaca olevacea L. (growing in Joordan) in Mus musculus JVI-1. Journal of Ethaopharmacology, 88(2-3): 131-136.
Salunkhe, D.K. and Kadam, S.S. (1998). Handbook of Vegetable Science and Technology. Marcel Deker, INC, pp: 727.
Samah Ali, E.N. (2016). The hypolipidemic effect of Portulaca oleracea L. stem on hyperlipidemic Wister Albino rates. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, In Press 2016, pp: 111-124.
Samir O.M. and Mohammed H.A. (2015). Purslane seeds fixed oil as a functional food in treatment of obesity induced by high fat diet in obese diabetic mice. Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 5: 332.
Santaguida, P.L., Balion, C., Hunt, D., Morrison, K., Gerstein, H., Raina, P., et al. (2005). Diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose. Evidence Report Summaries/ Technology Assessment, 128: 1-11.
Saremi, A. (2011). Sporting exercises and diabetes mellitus type 2: a review on evidences. Cell Journal, 2(3): 171-181. [In Persian]
Simopoulos, A.P. (2004). Omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants in edible wild plants. Biological Research, 37: 263-277.
Simopoulos, A.P., Norman, H.A., Gillaspy, J.E. and Duke, J.A. (1992). Common purslane a source of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidant. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 11(4): 374-382.
Stephan, J.M. (1994). Purslane. Fact sheet HS-651. Florida Cooperative Extension Service Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences. University of Florida, pp: 7.
Wang, W., Dong, L., Jia, L., Xin, H., Ling, C. and Li, M. (2012). Ethanol extract of Portulaca oleracea L. Portects against hypoxia-induced neuro damage through modulating endogenous erythropoietin expression. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 23: 385-391.
Wang, W., Gu, L., Dong, L., Wang, X., Ling, C. and Li, M. (2007). Protective effect of Portulaca oleracea extracts on hypoxic nerve tissue and its mechanism. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 16: 227-233.
Xaing, L., Xing, D., Wang, W., Wang, R., Ding, Y. and Du, L. (2005). Alkaloids from Protuluca oleracea L. Phytochemistry, 66(21): 2595-2601.
Xie, Z.F. (2002). Classified Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Foreign Languages Press, Beijing. China, pp: 313.
Zakizadeh, E., Jazayeri, S., Faghihimani, E., Gohari, M. and Esmaillzadeh, A. (2013). The effect of purslane seeds on glycemic status and lipid profiles of type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized controlled cross over trial. Journal of Health Systems Reserch, 1638-1648.
Zarei, S., Changizi Ashtiyani, S. and Taheri, S. (2013). The effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Protulaca oleracea on the concentration serum of hepatic enzymes on rats. Iranian South Medical Journal (ISMJ), In press, 2013.
Zargari, A. (2001). Medicinal Plants. Tehran: Tehran University Publication Institute. 3rd press, Vol 1, pp: 233-241. [In Persian]
Zhang, X.J., Ji, Y.B., Qu, Z.H.Y., Xia, J.C.H. and Wang, L. (2002). Experimental studies on anti – biotic functions of Portulaca oleracea L. in vitro. Chinese Journal of Microecology, 14: 277-280.
