گواهی و تعارض آن با امارات قضایی (علم قاضی) از دیدگاه فقه و حقوق موضوعه
محورهای موضوعی : فقه و حقوق خصوصیابوالفضل علیشاهی قلعه جوقی 1 , علیرضا ملاشاهی 2 , منصور غریب پور 3
1 - دانشیار گروه الهیات، دانشگاه فرهنگیان، تهران، ایران.
2 - دانش آموخته دکترای الهیات، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه یاسوج، یاسوج، ایران.
3 - استادیار گروه الهیات، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه یاسوج، یاسوج، ایران.
کلید واژه: تعارض, قرینه, گواهی, علم قاضی, اماره قضایی,
چکیده مقاله :
گواهی عبارت است از اخبار قطعی از حق لازمی به نفع شخص ثالث که از جانب غیر حاکم واقع می شود. طبق برخی مواد قانونی (161 و 162ق.م) بینه با شرایط شرعی و قانونی موضوعیت دارد و از طرفی طبق ماده 241 ق.آ.د.م. ارزش و تأثیر گواهی را به نظر دادگاه محول نموده است و به نحو مبهم شاید بدان معناست زمانی که گواهی با سایر ادله تعارض پیدا کند، تشخیص ارزش و تأثیر آن با دادگاه است. در مقابل این اماره قانونی و شرعی، امارات قضایی، اوضاع و احوالی است که منجر به علم قاضی می شود و از سه منشأ تحصیل می شوند: ظنون دادرسان عرف و عادات اجتماعی و قراین و اوضاع واحوال ... و با صلاحدید دادرس و در صورتی که این قراین برای دادرس اطمینان و باور درونی ایجاد نماید، اماره قضایی محسوب و می تواند مستند رأی دادگاه قرار گیرد. در این تحقیق با روش تحلیلی و توصیفی با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه ای به این مسأله پرداخته شده است که در مقام تعارض بین گواهی با شرایط شرعی و قانونی و علم قاضی ناشی از امارات قضایی، راه حل چیست و کدامیک مقدم است؟ در پاسخ ضمن بررسی جایگاه حقوقی و ارزش اثباتی هر کدام و نیز تحلیل مواد قانونی مربوطه با بررسی گسترده ماهیت علم قاضی و ادله حجیت آن و ارزش اثبانی آن در لسان ادله، بر تقدم اماره قضایی منتج علم قاضی بر گواهی، استدلال شده است.
Testimony is definitive information about a mandatory right for the benefit of a third party, which occurs from a third party. According to some legal articles (161 and 162 Islamic Penal Code), the proof is subject to Shari'a and legal conditions. On the other hand, according to Article 241 B.C., the value and effect of testimony are assigned to the court's opinion. In a vague way, it may mean that when the testimony conflicts with other evidence, it is up to the court to determine its value and effect. In contrast to this legal and Shariah presumption juris tantum, the judicial emirate is the situation that leads to the knowledge of the judge and is obtained from three sources: Judges' suspicions, customs and social habits, evidence and circumstances... and at the discretion of the judge and if this evidence creates confidence and inner belief for the judge, it is considered as judicial evidence and can be considered as a document of the court's decision. In this research, with the analytical and descriptive method, using library sources, the problem has been addressed that in the position of conflict between testimony with Shari'a and legal conditions and the knowledge of the judge due to the judicial emirate, what is the solution and which one is the priority? The answer, while examining the legal status and evidentiary value of each one, as well as analyzing the relevant legal materials, with an extensive examination of the nature of the judge's knowledge and the evidence of its validity and its evidentiary value in evidence, it has been argued on the precedence of the judicial decree resulting from the judge's knowledge over the certificate.
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