Literature Use in Iranian and International Journals of Applied Linguistics: A Grounded Theory Study
محورهای موضوعی : language teachingسیامک مرادی 1 , عصمت بابایی 2 , محمدرضا هاشمی 3
1 - دانشگاه خوارزمی
2 - دانشگاه خوارزمی
3 - دانشگاه خوارزمی
کلید واژه: Citation Analysis, Literature Use, Constructivist Grounded Theory, Citation Framework/Typology,
چکیده مقاله :
Researchers’ thorough familiarity with the related literature together with the appropriate implementation of previous studies in academic publications is of crucial importance. Simply put, scientific studies need to address the related literature in a proper manner to get published. The main objective of the current study was to delineate citation patterns in applied linguistics. To come up with a citation framework/typology for applied linguistics, the researchers employed constructivist Grounded Theory. In order to present a comprehensive picture of citation practices, the researchers decided to investigate a corpus of five international and two local journals published between 2015 and 2020. Initial results revealed 20 themes which were then further categorized into five major themes. The results revealed considerable discrepancies between the local and international studies in employing various citation forms which can be attributed to journal polices, target audience and researchers’ expertise level. Furthermore, differences were detected in quantitative and qualitative studies in using various citation techniques which can be associated with the nature of such studies.
Researchers’ thorough familiarity with the related literature together with the appropriate implementation of previous studies in academic publications is of crucial importance. Simply put, scientific studies need to address the related literature in a proper manner to get published. The main objective of the current study was to delineate citation patterns in applied linguistics. To come up with a citation framework/typology for applied linguistics, the researchers employed constructivist Grounded Theory. In order to present a comprehensive picture of citation practices, the researchers decided to investigate a corpus of five international and two local journals published between 2015 and 2020. Initial results revealed 20 themes which were then further categorized into five major themes. The results revealed considerable discrepancies between the local and international studies in employing various citation forms which can be attributed to journal polices, target audience and researchers’ expertise level. Furthermore, differences were detected in quantitative and qualitative studies in using various citation techniques which can be associated with the nature of such studies.
Alcaraz-Azira, M. A. (2010). Evaluation in English-Medium Medical Book Reviews. International Journal of English Studies, 2, 137-153.
Bakkalbasi, N., Bauer, K., Glover, J., & Wang, L. (2006). Three options for citation tracking: Google scholar, Scopus and web of science. Biomedical Digital Libraries, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-5581-3-7
Bazerman, C. (1984). Modern evolution of the experimental report in physics: Spectroscopic articles in physical review, 1893-1980. Social Studies of Science, 14(2), 163-196. https://doi.org/10.1177/030631284014002001
Bloch, J., & Chi, L. (1995). A comparison of the use of citations in Chinese and English academic discourse. In D. Belcher & G. Braine (Eds.), Academic writing in a second language: Essays on research and pedagogy (pp. 231–274). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Borg, E. (2000). Citation practices in academic writing. In P. Thompson (Ed.), Patterns and perspectives: Insights into EAP writing practice (pp. 26-42). Reading, UK: Centre for Applied Language Studies.
Braine, G. (1988). Two commentaries on Ruth Spack's "Initiating ESL students into the academic discourse community: How far should we go?". A reader reacts. TESOL Quarterly, 22(4), 700. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587277
Bringer, J. D., Johnson, L, H., & Brackenridge, C. H. (2006). Using Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software to Develop a Grounded Theory Project. Field Methods, 18, 245–266.
Broadus, R. N. (1983). An investigation of the validity of bibliographic citations. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 34(2), 132-135. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630340206
Brookes, B. C. (1980). Aging in Scientific Literature. In A. I. Chernyi, Problems of Information Science; Collection of Papers (pp. 66-90). International Federation for Documentation, The Hague (Netherlands). Committee on Research on the Theoretical Basis of Information.
Bryant, A. (2002). Re-grounding grounded theory. Journal of Information Technology Theory and Application, 4.(1), 25-42.
Bryant, A., & Charmaz, K. (2007). Grounded Theory Research: Methods and Practices. In A. Bryant & K. Charmaz (Ed), the Sage Handbook of Grounded Theory, (pp. 1-28). SAGE Publications Ltd.
Charles, M. (2006). Phraseological patterns in reporting clauses used in citation: A corpus-based study of theses in two disciplines. English for Specific Purposes, 25(3), 310-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2005.05.003
Charles, M. (2006). The construction of stance in reporting clauses: A cross-disciplinary study of theses. Applied Linguistics, 27(3), 492-518. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/aml021
Charmaz, K. (2002). Grounded theory: Methodology and theory construction. In N.]. Smelser &P. B. Baltes (Eels.), International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences (pp. 6396-6399). Amsterdam: Pergan1on.
Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Pine Forge Press.
Charmaz, K., & Belgrave, L. L. (2015). Grounded theory. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosg070.pub2
Clarke, A. E. (2005). Situational Analysis: Grounded theory after the post modem turn. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Cole, J. R. (1970). Patterns of intellectual influence in scientific research. Sociology of Education, 43(4), 377. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111839
Cozzens, S. E. (1989). What do citations count? the rhetoric-first model. Scientometrics, 15(5-6), 437-447. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02017064
Crane, D. (1972). Invisible colleges; Diffusion of knowledge in scientific communities. University of Chicago Press.
Cutcliffe, J. R. (2000). Methodological issues in grounded theory. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 31, 1476-1484.
Duyx, B., Urlings, M. J., Swaen, G. M., Bouter, L. M., & Zeegers, M. P. (2017). Scientific citations favor positive results: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 88, 92-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.06.002
Fanelli, D. (2012). Positive results receive more citations, but only in some disciplines. Scientometrics, 94(2), 701-709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-012-0757-y
Garfield, E. (1955). Citation indexes for science: A new dimension in documentation through association of ideas. Science, 122(3159), 108-111. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.122.3159.108
Garfield, E. (1979). Citation indexing: Theory and application in science, technology and humanities.
Gilbert, N. (1977). Referencing as persuasion. Social Studies of Science, 7(1), 113-122. https://doi.org/10.1177/030631277700700112
Gittelman, M., & Kogut, B. (2003). Does good science lead to valuable knowledge? Biotechnology firms and the evolutionary logic of citation patterns. Management Science, 49(4), 366-382. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.49.4.366.14420
Glaser, B. G. (2001). The grounded theory perceptive: Conceptualization contrasted with description. Mill Valley, CA: The Sociology Press.
Hadley, G. (2017). Grounded theory in applied linguistics research: A practical guide. Taylor & Francis.
Harwood, N. (2005). ‘We do not seem to have a theory … the theory I present here attempts to fill this gap’: Inclusive and exclusive pronouns in academic writing. Applied Linguistics, 26(3), 343-375. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/ami012
Hooten, P. A. (1991). Frequency and functional use of cited documents in information science. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 42(6), 397-404. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(199107)42:63.0.co;2-n
Hyland, K. (1999). Academic attribution: Citation and the construction of disciplinary knowledge. Applied Linguistics, 20(3), 341-367. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/20.3.341
Hyland, K. (2002). Activity and evaluation: reporting practices in academic writing. In J. Flowerdew (Ed.), Academic discourse (pp. 115–130). London: Longman.
Kramsch, C. (2000). Second language acquisition, applied linguistics, and the teaching of foreign languages. The Modern Language Journal, 84(3), 311-326. https://doi.org/10.1111/0026-7902.00071
Lawani, S. M., & Bayer, A. E. (1983). Validity of citation criteria for assessing the influence of scientific publications: New evidence with peer assessment. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 34(1), 59-66. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630340109
Liu, M. (1993). Progress in documentation the complexities of citation practice: A review of citation studies. Journal of Documentation, 49(4), 370-408. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb026920
Mansourizadeh, K., & Ahmad, U. K. (2011). Citation practices among non-native expert and novice scientific writers. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 10(3), 152-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2011.03.004
Nwogu, K. N. (1997). The medical research paper: Structure and functions. English for Specific Purposes, 16(2), 119-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0889-4906(97)85388-4
Okamura, A. (2008). Use of citation forms in academic texts by writers in the L1 & L2 context. The Economic Journal of Takasaki City University of Economics, 51(1), 20-44.
Okamura, A., & Shaw, P. (2000). Lexical phrases, culture, and subculture in transactional letter writing. English for Specific Purposes, 19(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0889-4906(98)00004-0
Peirce, C. S. (1958). Collected papers. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Pennycook, A. (1996). Borrowing others' words: Text, ownership, memory, and plagiarism. TESOL Quarterly, 30(2), 201. https://doi.org/10.2307/3588141
Petrić, B. (2007). Rhetorical functions of citations in high- and low-rated master's theses. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 6(3), 238-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2007.09.002
Pickard, V. (1995). Citing Previous Writers: What Can We Say Instead of 'Say'? Hong Kong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 18, 89-102.
Rampton, B. (1997). Retuning in applied linguistics. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 7(1), 3-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-4192.1997.tb00101.x
Reichert, J. (2007). Abduction: The logic of discovery in grounded theory. In A. Bryant & K. Charmaz (Eds.), The handbook of grounded theory (pp. 214–228). London: Sage.
Rosenthal, G. (2004). Biographical research. In C. Seale, G. Gobo, J. F. Gubrium, & D. Silverman (Eds.), Qualitative research practice (pp. 48–64). London: Sage.
Ruiying, Y., & Allison, D. (2003). Research articles in applied linguistics: Moving from results to conclusions. English for Specific Purposes, 22(4), 365-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0889-4906(02)00026-1
Rumrill, P. D., Fitzgerald, S. M., & Merchant, W. R. (2010). Using scoping literature reviews as a means of understanding and interpreting existing literature. Work, 35(3), 399-404. https://doi.org/10.3233/wor-2010-0998
Samraj, B. (2008). A discourse analysis of master's theses across disciplines with a focus on introductions. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 7(1), 55-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2008.02.005
Samraj, B. (2013). Form and function of citations in discussion sections of master's theses and research articles. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 12(4), 299-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2013.09.001
Scollon, R. (1995). Plagiarism and ideology: Identity in intercultural discourse. Language in Society, 24, 1-28.
Sievert, M., & Haughawout, M. (1989). An editor's influence on citation patterns: A case study ofElementary school journal. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 40(5), 334-341. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(198909)40:53.0.co;2-s
Smith, L. C. (1981). Citation Analysis. Library Trends, 30(1), 83-106.
Stern, P. N. (2016). Glaserian Grounded Theory. In Morse, J. M., Stern, P. M., Corbin, J., Bowers, B., Charmaz, K., Clarke, A. E. (eds.) DEVELOPING GROUNDED THEORY The Second Generation. Routledge: Taylor & Francis, pp. 55-65.
Strübing, J. (2007). Research as pragmatic problem-solving: The pragmatist roots of empirically-grounded theorizing. The SAGE Handbook of Grounded Theory, 580-601. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781848607941.n27
Swales, J. (1986). Citation analysis and discourse analysis. Applied Linguistics, 7(1), 39-56. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/7.1.39
Swales, J. (1990). Genre analysis: English in academic and research settings. Cambridge University Press.
Swales, J. (2014). Create a research space (CARS) model of research introductions. D. Downs and E. Wardle. Writing about writing: A college reader. New York: Macmillan, 12-15.
Swales, J. M., & Feak, C. B. (1994). Academic writing for graduate students: Essential tasks and skills : a course for Nonnative speakers of English. University of Michigan Press ELT.
Thompson, G. and Hunston, S. (2000). Evaluation: An Introduction. In S. Hunston and G. Thompson (Eds). Evaluation in Text: Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse (pp. 3–27). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Thompson, P. (2005). Points of focus and position: Intertextual reference in PhD theses. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 4(4), 307-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2005.07.006
Thompson, P., & Tribble, C. (2001). Looking at citations: Using corpora in English for academic purposes. Language Learning & Technology, 5(3), 91-105.
Tight, M. (2007). Higher education research as Tribe, territory and/or community: A Co-citation analysis. Higher Education, 55(5), 593-605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-007-9077-1
Valerie, P. (1995). Citing Previous Writers: What Can We Say Instead of 'Say'? Hong Kong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 18, 89-102.
Virgo, J. A. (1977). A statistical procedure for evaluating the importance of scientific papers. The Library Quarterly, 47(4), 415-430. https://doi.org/10.1086/620723
White, H. D. (2004). Citation analysis and discoure analysis revisted. Applied Linguistics, 25(1), 89-116.
Wilhite, A. W., & Fong, E. A. (2012). Coercive citation in academic publishing. Science, 335(6068), 542-543. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1212540
Zaltman, G. (1968). Scientific recognition and communication behavior in high energy physics.
Ziman, J. M. (1969) Information, Communication, Knowledge, Nature, 224-318.
Ziman, J. M. (1968). Public knowledge: An essay concerning the social dimension of science. CUP Archive.
Zsindely, Z., Schubert, A., & Braun, T. (1982). Citation patterns of editorial gatekeepers in international chemistry journals. Scientometrics, 4(1), 69-76.
