امنیتی کردن به مثابه راهبرد مبارزه با فساد سیاسی
محورهای موضوعی :
جامعه شناسی
حمید احمدی نژاد
1
(مدرس و پژوهشگر پسادکتری روابط بینالملل، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران (نویسنده مسئول) E-mail: ahmadinejad@khu.ac.ir)
صالح سلاورزی زاده
2
(دانش آموخته دکتری روابط بین الملل، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران.)
تاریخ دریافت : 1401/10/11
تاریخ پذیرش : 1401/12/15
تاریخ انتشار : 1402/09/01
کلید واژه:
مکتب کپنهاگ,
ایران,
فساد,
فساد سیاسی,
امنیتی کردن,
راهبرد مبارزه,
چکیده مقاله :
فساد به عنوان یکی از اصلی ترین تهدیداتِ امنیت و رفاه کشورها، سال هاست که توجه اندیشمندان و سیاستگذاران را به خود جلب کرده است. جمهوری اسلامی ایران نیز از این قاعده مستثنی نیست، بویژه که طی سال های اخیر این پدیده به یکی از اصلی ترین تهدیدات کشور تبدیل شده است. در این میان، فساد سیاسی به عنوان حساسیت برانگیزترین نوع فساد در ایران ضمن متاثر ساختن امنیت در ابعاد مختلف و کاهش اعتمادعمومی، با این واقعیت ترکیب شده که اغلب تاثیر آن به خوبی درک نمی شود. در نتیجه فساد سیاسی در ایران بیش از آن که نیازمند قوانین و نهادهای جدیدی برای مبارزه باشد، به ریشه یابی دلایل بقاء و ناکامی مبارزه با آن نیاز دارد. هدف این پژوهش ضمن بررسی علت این ناکامی مبارزه با فساد سیاسی، ارائه ی یک الگو به عنوان راهبردی برای موفقیت مبارزه با فساد است. لذا سوال محوری این پژوهش آن است که؛ چه عواملی در ایران منجر به ناکارآمدی مبارزه با فساد سیاسی شده و راهبرد موفقیت آمیز برای این مبارزه چیست؟. یافته های پژوهش برمبنای روش توصیفی - تحلیلی حاکی از آن است که تلقی فساد سیاسی به مساله ای عادی و فاقد تهدید وجودی منجر به ناکارآمدی رویکردهای مبارزه با آن شده و لذا امنیتی ساختن راه موثر و واقعی موفقیت مبارزه با آن است.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Corruption, as one of the main threats to the security and prosperity of countries, has attracted the attention of thinkers and policy makers for years. The Islamic Republic of Iran is not an exception to this rule, especially since this phenomenon has become one of the main threats to the country in recent years. Political corruption, as the most sensitive type of corruption in Iran, while affecting security in various dimensions and reducing public trust, is combined with the fact that its impact is often not well understood. As a result, political corruption in Iran needs more than new laws and institutions to fight it, it needs to find the root of the reasons for survival and failure to fight it. The purpose of this research is to present a model as a strategy for the success of the fight against corruption while investigating the cause of this failure in the fight against political corruption. Therefore, the central question of this research is; What factors in Iran have led to the ineffectiveness of the fight against political corruption, and what is the successful strategy for this fight? The findings of the research based on the descriptive-analytical method indicate that considering political corruption as a normal problem without an existential threat has led to the ineffectiveness of the approaches to combat it, and therefore securitization is the effective and real way to successfully combat it.
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Abdulla Khani, Ali (2013). Theories of Security; An introduction to planning the doctrine of National Security (1), Second Edition, Tehran: International Studies and Research Institute.
Abolfathi, Mohammad, Ghanbari, Mohammad (2019). Study of barriers and strategies to achieve good governance in Iran With an emphasis on social capital at the macro level, Political Strategic Studies, 8(29), p: 9-41.
Afzali, Abdolrahman (2012). Official Corruption and Its Effect on Development: Causes and Solutions, International Law Review An Academic Journal (Quarterly), 2(45), p: 235-264.
Ahadi, Parviz and et al (2018). A Survey of the Political Corruption and its Relation with the Political Development from the Political Sociology’s point of view, The Journal of Sociology Studies, 11(40), p: 133-146.
Alizadeh Saroukolaie, Rasoul and el at (2020). Investigating the Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran's Government in the Fight against Corruption, Journal of Political and International Researches, 11(43), p: 163-185.
Azadi, Pooya (2020). The Structure of Corruption in Iran, Publisher: Stanford Iran 2040 Project, Retrieved from https://iranian-studies.stanford.edu/iran-2040-project/publications/structure-corruption-iran[Access November 20].
Barati, Amir Nezam, Seyfi, Behzad (2021). The comparative Study of Especial civil society in Combating corruption in I.R of Iran and Philippines, Comparative Law Biquarterly, 4(2), p: 23-37.
Behboudi, Mohammad Hasan, Abzari, Mahdi & Etebarian, Akbar (2018). Interpretive-Structural Analysis Model Design of the Factors Affecting Administrative Corruption of Electronic Government in Iran, Iranian Journal of Social Problems, 9(2), p: 63-90.
Buzan, Barry, Weaver, Ole & Wilde, Jaapde (1998). Security;Anew framework Analysis, London: Lynn Rienner publisher.
Ceschel, Federico, Hinna, Alessandro & Homberg, Fabian (2022). Public Sector Strategies in Curbing Corruption: A Review of the Literature, Public Organization Review, 22, p: 571-591.
Ebrahimi, Nabiullah (2007). Reflection on the Foundations and Culture of the Copenhagen School, Foreign Policy Quarterly, 21(2), p: 458-439.
Ghamami, Mohammad Mahdi, Ghasemi, Mohammad Reza (2016). The starting points of the fight against Corruption with an emphasis on the symptomatic approach; With a case study of the situation of Iran's legal system, Journal of Audit Science, 17(69), p: 151-172.
Heidenheimer, Arnold, Johnston, Michael (2001). Political CorruPtion: Concepts & Contexts, Third Edition, British: Routledge.
Karimian M. (2022). Individual – Orientation or System – Orientation in the laws against administrative corruption in Iran, Administrative Law, 9(30), p: 141-156.
Khezri, Mohammad (2009). Pathology of the Ways of Combating Administrative Corruption in Iran, Strategic Studies Quarterly, 11(42), p: 813-826.
Knudsen, Olaf (2007). Security studies after Copenhagen, translated by Asghar Sarmi Shahab, Security Quarterly, 5(3), p: 93-116.
Latifian, Saeideh (2007). The Security Implications of Political and Economic Corruption in developing Countries, Politics Quarterly: Journal of Faculty of Law and Political Science, 71, p: 187-220.
Malekmohammadi, Hamid Reza, Haghshenas, Mohammad Javad (2013). A Comparative study of Anti-Aorruption policy making in Islamic Republic of Iran, Turkey, Pakistan and Designing Desirable Model, Politics Quarterly, 43(1), p: 137-154.
Merriam Webster (2022). corruption, Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/corruption[Access October 28].
Mohammadi, Manouchehr, Masoumi, Seyed Mohammad (2017). The necessities of Media Equipping Strategy for Combating Political Corruption in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Scientific Quarterly of Islamic Revolution Research, 5(19), p: 239-259.
Myint, U. (2000). Corruption: Causes, Consequences and Cures, Asia-Pacific Development Journal, 7(2), p: 33-57.
Nikpour, Amin (2016). Designing a model the public supervision in order to prevent administrative corruption in state agencies of Iran, 23(87), p: 201-231.
Parimi A, Zakeryan M, Arabian, A. (2022). The role of conflict of interest in shaping the harms of administrative health policies, Administrative Law, 9(29), p: 27-55.
Rahimian, Narges (2013). Investigation of economic corruption and ways to combat it, Economic Journal, 14(9-10), p: 103-116.
Salmani, Ali (1385). Principles and basics of security analysis; Findings and shortcomings of the Copenhagen school, Strategic approach, 78-77, p: 139-154.
Samti, Hadi, Rahnavard, Hamid (2008). The Securitization of Iran and the National Security Strategy of the United States of America, Foreign Relations Quarterly, 1(2), p: 89-118.
Sardarnia, K., Bonei, M. (2021). Critical and Practical Study of Civil Society and Economic Corruption and Transparency in Iran, Research Letter of Political Science, 16(4), p: 115-144.
Trading Economics (2022). Iran Corruption Index, Retrieved from https://tradingeconomics.com/iran/corruption-index[Access October 27].
Trading Economics (2022). Iran Corruption Rank, Retrieved from https://tradingeconomics.com/iran/corruption-rank[Access October 27].
U4 Brief (2010). Unpacking the concept of political will to confront corruption, Retrieved from https://www.cmi.no/publications/file/3699-unpacking-the-concept-of-political-will-to.pdf[Access October 31].
U4 Brief (2011). Understanding success and failure of anti-corruption initiatives, Retrieved from https://www.cmi.no/publications/file/3978-understanding-success-and-failure-of-anti.pdf[Access October 31].
Waever, Ole (1995). Securitization and Desecuritization, In On Security, Lipschutz, Ronnie D., New York: Columbia University Press.
Weaver, Ole (2011). Securitization and non-securitization, translated by Moraad Ali Sadoughi, Farhang Andisheh Quarterly, 1(3-4), p: 167-193.
Yarahmadi, Hamidreza (2021). A Measuring Model for Curbing Customary Corruption in the Iranian Governmental Organizations, Quarterly Journal of The Macro and Strategic Policies, 9(3), p: 526-557.
