اثر نانوکودهای نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم بر رشد و عملکرد دو رقم برنج (.Oryza sativa L)
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعیسیدتقی ساداتی ولوجائی 1 , یوسف نیک‌نژاد 2 , هرمز فلاح 3 , داوود براری تاری 4
1 - دانشجوی دکتری زراعت، واحد آیت‌اله آملی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، آمل، ایران
2 - استادیار گروه زراعت، واحد آیت‌اله آملی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، آمل، ایران
3 - استادیار گروه زراعت، واحد آیت‌اله آملی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، آمل، ایران
4 - استادیار گروه زراعت، واحد آیت‌اله آملی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، آمل، ایران
کلید واژه: صفات مورفولوژیک, اجزای عملکرد, برنج, نانوکود, کود رایج,
چکیده مقاله :
مصرف بهینه کود در افزایش عملکرد برنج و سایر محصولات زراعی نقش کلیدی دارد. استفاده از نانوکودها می تواند گامی مؤثر در مصرف بهینه کود در سیستم های زراعی و دست یابی به کشاورزی پایدار باشد. اثر محلول‌پاشی نانوکودها و مقایسه آنها با کودهای شیمیایی رایج N.P.K بر صفات مورفولوژیک، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد برنج در دو سال زراعی 1395 و 1396 در شهرستان ساری، استان مازندران بررسی شد. آزمایش به صورت اسپلیت پلات در قالب طرح پایه بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار اجرا شد. عامل اصلی شامل دو رقم برنج (طارم محلی و شیرودی) و عامل فرعی تیمار کودی در 10 سطح شامل شاهد (بدون مصرف کود)، کودهای رایج نیتروژن (N)، فسفر (P)، پتاسیم (K) و کود کامل (NPK) و نانو کودهای: نیتروژن (Nano-N حاوی 17 درصد کلات نیتروژن)، فسفر (Nano-P حاوی 17 درصد کلات فسفر)، پتاسیم (Nano-K حاوی 27 درصد کلات پتاسیم) و کود کامل (Nano-NPK) و همچنین کاربرد همزمان NPK و Nano-NPK (NPK+Nano-NPK) بودند. نتایج نشان داد در هر دو رقم مورد بررسی، استفاده از کودهای رایج و نانوکودها از جمله کاربرد NPK و Nano-NPK صفات رویشی و عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد برنج را افزایش دادند. در اکثر سطوح کودی (کودهای نیتروژن، پتاسیم و کود کامل) در رقم طارم محلی و فسفر، پتاسیم و کود کامل در رقم شیرودی) استفاده از نانوکود در مقایسه با مصرف کود رایج اثر بهتری داشته و عملکرد شلتوک را افزایش دادند، هرچند این افزایش فقط در کاربرد Nano-NPK نسبت به NPK معنی دار بوده و در رقم طارم محلی و شیرودی به ترتیب برابر 54/22 و 12/10 درصد بود. از آنجایی که کاربرد کودهای شیمیایی برای به دست آوردن عملکرد مناسب در گیاهان انکارناپذیر است، از این رو استفاده از نانوکودها به ویژه تیمار Nano-NPK می تواند راهکار مناسبی برای بهینه کردن مصرف کود در مزارع برنج باشد.
Optimum use of fertilizer plays a key role in enhancing the yield of rice and other crops. The use of nano-fertilizers can be an effective strategy in optimizing fertilizer use in croping systems and achieving sustainable agriculture. This research was carried out to study the effect of nano-fertilizers spraying compared with common chemical N.P.K fertilizers use on morphological traits, yield and yield components of rice in Sari, Mazandaran province for two years (2016 and 2017). A split plot experiment, based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted. The main factors were two rice cultivars (Tarom and Shiroudi) and a sub plots including fertilizer treatments in 10 levels, consisting of control (without fertilizer), common fertilizers of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and NPK, and nano-fertilizers of nitrogen (Nano-N; chelated nitrogen 17%), phosphorus (Nano-P; chelated phosphorus 17%), potassium (Nano-K; chelated potassium 27%) and NPK (Nano-NPK), plus simultaneous application of NPK and Nano-NPK (NPK+Nano-NPK). The results showed that, use of conventional fertilizers and nano-fertilizers, including the use of NPK and Nano-NPK, increased the yield and yield components of both rice cultivars. Most of the fertilizer levels (N, K, NPK fertilizers in Tarom and P, K and NPK fertilizers in Shiroudi), the use of nano-fertilizers was more affective than conventional fertilizer and increased seed yield. Application of Nano-NPK increase yield of Tarom and Shirodi cultivars by 22.54% and 12.12%, respectively as compared to the use of NPK. Since the application of chemical fertilizers is indispensable for obtaining proper yield in plants, the use of nano-fertilizers, especially Nano-NPK treatments, can be a good strategy to optimize the use of fertilizers in rice fields.
Alesaadi, Gh.A., S.M.R. Moosavi, and T. Basirnia. 2017. Effect of nano-K, potassium sulphate and salicylic acid on tomato growth and control of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica). Plant Protection. 40(3): 71-83. (In Persian).
Amini Dehaghi, M.A., N. Pakbaz, and S.A. Razavi. 2018. Effects of nano-phosphate and superphosphate fertilizer on yield components of two Oryza sativa varieties, shirudi and hashemi. 15th National Iranian Crop Science Congress. Sep. 4-6, Karaj, Iran. (In Persian).
Anonymus. 2015. Statistics of Agriculture, crop products (first volume). Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad, Planning and Economic Affairs, Information and Communication Technology Center. 2014-2015 annual report. (In Persian).
Anonymus. 2018. Rice Research Institute of Iran (Amo). http://berenjamol .areeo. ac.ir/ HomePage.aspx?TabID=10510&Site=berenjamol.areeo.ac&Lang=fa-IR
Benzon, H.R.L., U.R. Rosnah U.U. Venecio, and S.C. Lee. 2015. Nano-fertilizer affects the growth, development and chemical properties of rice. International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research. 7(1): 105-117.
Cui, H., C. Sun, Q. Liu, J. Jiang, and W. Gu. 2006. Applications of nanotechnology in agrochemical formulation, perspectives, challenges and strategies. Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China, pp: 1-6.
De Rosa, M.R., C. Monreal, M. Schnitzer, R. Walsh, and Y. Sultan. 2010. Nanotechnology in fertilizers. Nature Nanotechnology. 5: 91-92.
Ekinci, M., A. Dursun, E. Yildirim, and F. Parlakova. 2014. Effects of nanotechnology liquid fertilizers on the plant growth and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Horticulture. 13(3): 135-141.
Erfani, R., Y. Yaghoubian, and H. Pirdashti. 2020. The contribution of chemical, organic and bio-fertilizers on rice production in Iran: A meta-analysis. Russian Agricultural Sciences. 46(6): 596-601.
Fallah, A., M. Mohammadian, N. Fathai, and H. Elyasi. 2018. Interactive effect of nitrogen and variety on agronomical characteristics, yield and quality of grain of rice in replanting. Journal of Applied Research of Plant Echophysiology. 4(2): 29-48. (In Persian).
Faraji, F., M. Esfehani, M. Kavoosi, M. Nahvi, and B. Rabiyi. 2012. Effects of split application and levels of nitrogen fertilizer on growth indices and grain yield of rice (Oryza sativa) cv. Khazar. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science. 43(2): 323-333. (In Persian).
Feizi, H., A. Berahmand, P. Rezvani Moghaddam, A. Fotovvat, and N. Tahmasbi. 2010. Application magnetic field and silver nano particles in growth and yield of maize. In: National Conference on Nano Science and Nano Technology, Yazd, Iran, 11-12 March. p. 1694-1697. (In Persian).
Ghasemzadeh, N., A.A. Gholipouri, D. Hosseinpanah, and D. Jamaati. 2012. Study of the effects of potassium nano-fertilizer and microtubule planting density on the production of tuber (miniaturbar) and some quantitative and qualitative traits of minituber in potatoes. The 1st National Conference on Solutions to Access Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Natural Resources and the Environment. Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).
Harsinia, M.G.; H. Habibib, and G.H. Talaei. 2014. Effect of nano iron foliar application on quantitative characteristics of new line of wheat. Scientific Journal of Crop Science. 3:37-42
Hasani, Z., H. Pirdashti, Y. Yaghoubian, and M.Z. Nouri. 2013. Effect of cold air and water temperature on some morphological parameters of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes. Caspian Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 2(11): 39-44.
He, C.L., M.Z. Liu, H.H. Jiang, Z.P. Wang, and M. Lian. 1992. Study of high yield model of a rice hybrid weiyou 7 Fujian. Agricultural Science Technology. 5: 2-4.
Jafarzadeh, R., M. Jami Moini, and M. Hokmabadi. 2013. Research of yield and yield components in wheat to soil and foliar application of nano potassium fertilizer. Journal of Crop Production Research. 5(2): 189-197. (In Persian).
Kochaki, A., and M. Hosseini. 2011. Energy efficiency in crop ecosystems. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Iran. Pp: 328. (In Persian).
Koutroubas, S.D., and D.A. Ntanos. 2003. Genotypic differences for grain yield and nitrogen utilization in Indica and Japonica rice under Mediterranean conditions. Field Crops Research. 83: 251-260.
Lai, R. 2007. Soil science in the era of hydrogen economy and 10 billion people. The Ohio State University, USA, pp: 1-9.
Liu, X.M., F.D. Zhang, S.Q. Zhang, X.S. He, R. Fang, Z. Feng, and G.Y. Wan. 2005. Effects of nano-ferric oxide on the growth and nutrients absorption of peanut. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science. 11: 14-18.
Mazaherinia, S., A. Astaraei, A. Fotovat, and A. Monshi. 2011. Effect of iron oxides (ordinary and nano) and municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) coated sulfur on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plant iron concentration and growth. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 8(5): 855-861. (In Persian).
Moaveni, P., and T. Kheiri. 2011. TiO2 nano particles affected on maize (Zea mays L.). 2nd International Conference on Agricultural and Animal Science in Singapore by International Proceeding of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering. International Association of Computer Science and Information Technology Press. 22: 160-163.
Mohammadi Kashka, F., H. Pirdashti, and Y. Yaghoubian. 2018 b. Improvement of related parameters with rice panicle of Tarom Hashemi cultivar by using Piriformospora indica and Trichoderma virens fungi at different levels of phosphorus fertilization. Journal of Applied Research of Plant Echophysiology. 4(2): 139-158. (In Persian).
Mohammadi Kashka, F., H. Pirdashti, and Y. Yaghoubian. 2018c. Inoculation with Trichoderma virens and Piriformospora indica for improving the morphological and physiological traits related to grain yield of rice under different rates of phosphorus fertilizer. Journal of Crop Echophysiology. 11(44): 857-874. (In Persian).
Mohammadi Kashka, F., H. Pirdashti, Y. Yaghoubian, and E. Bakhshandeh. 2018 a. Enterobacter inoculation on improving wheat yield in different levels of phosphorus fertilizer. Agroecology. 10(2): 430-443. (In Persian).
Mohammadi Kashka, F., H. Pirdashti, Y. Yaghoubian, and E. Bakhshandeh. 2017. Evaluation of growth and yield stability of wheat by application of Trichoderma and Enterobacter sp. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. 26(4): 1-15. (In Persian).
Monreal, C.M. 2010. Nanofertilizers for increased N and P use efficiencies by crops. In summary of information currently provided to MRI concerning applications for round 5 of the Ontario research fund-research excellence program, p: 12-13.
Moosavi S.Gh., O. Mohamadi, R. Baradaran, M.J. Seghatoleslami, and E. Amiri. 2014. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates on morphological traits, yield and yield components of three cultivars of rice. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 13(1): 146-152. (In Persian).
Naderi, M.R., and A. Abedi. 2012. Application of nanotechnology in agriculture and refinement of environmental pollutants. Journal of Nanotechnology. 11 (1): 18-26.
Naderi, M.R., and A. Danesh-Shahraki. 2011. Application of nanotechnology to optimize the formation of chemical fertilizers. Nanotechnology. 10(4): 20-32. (In Persian).
Nahvi, M., M. Allahgholipour, M. Ghorbanpour, and H. Mehrgan. 2005. The effective of planting density and nitrogenous fertilizer rate for GRH1 rice hybrid. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi. 66: 33-38. (In Persian).
Noor Mohammadi, Gh., A. Siadat, and A. Kashani. 2010. Agronomy (Cereals). Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz Press. Pp. 468. (In Persian).
Pirdashti, H., Y. Yaghoubian, E.M. Goltapeh, and S. Hosseini. 2012. Effect of mycorrhiza-like endophyte (Sebacina vermifera) on growth, yield and nutrition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under salt stress. Journal of Agricultural Technology. 8(5):1651-1661.
Prasad, T.N.V., P. Sudhakar, Y. Sreenivasulu, P. Latha, Y.V. Munaswam, K. Raja Reddy, T.S. Sreeprasad, P.R. Sajanla, and T. Pradeep. 2012. Effect of manoscale zinc oxide particles on the germination, growth and yield of peanut. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 35: 905-927.
Rostami Ajirloo, A.A., and E. Amiri. 2018. Soybean response to different levels of nano-potassium under cutting irrigation conditions in Mugan plain. Crops Improvement. 20(2): 503-516. (In Persian).
Shabala, S. 2003. Regulation of potassium transport in leaves: From molecular to tissue level. Annual of Botany. 92: 627-634.
Shargi, F., and E. Khalilvand Behrouzyar. 2019. Effect of Nano-TiO2 and salicylic acid foliar application on some biochemical traits of corn 704 single cross under water regimes. Journal of Crop Echophysiology. 13(51): 413-430. (In Persian).
Singh, S., and M.C. Jain. 2000. Growth and yield response of traditional told and improved semi tall rice cultivars to moderate and high nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium levels. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 33: 9-15.
Sotoudeh Maram, S., and M. Ghiyasi. 2018. Influence of nano fertilizers folia r application on some morpho logical characteristics, for the production of sugar beet seed. 15th National Iranian Crop Science Congress. Sep. 4-6. Karaj, Iran. (In Persian).
Tarafdar, J.C. 2012. Perspectives of nanotechnological applications for crop production. NAAS News. 12: 8-11.
Tarafdar, J.C., R. Raliya, and I. Rathore. 2012. Microbial synthesis of phosphorous nanoparticle from tri-calcium phosphate using Aspergillus tubingensis TFR-5. Journal of Bionanoscience. 6: 84-89.
Tavan, T., M. Niakan, and A.A. Norinia. 2014. Effect of nano-potassium fertilizer on growth parameters, photosynthetic system and protein content of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. N8019. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology. 9(3): 61-71. (In Persian).
Yaghoubian, Y., E.M. Goltapeh, H. Pirdashti, E. Esfandiari, V. Feiziasl, H.K. Dolatabadi, A. Varma, and M.H. Hassim. 2014. Effect of Glomus mosseae and Piriformospora indica on growth and antioxidant defense responses of wheat plants under drought stress. Agricultural Research. 3(3): 239-245.
Yaghoubian, Y., H. Pirdashti, A. Mottaghian, and S.J. Hosseini. 2012. Effect of fluctuating salinity at different growth stages on physiological and yield related parameters of rice (Oryza sativa L.). International Journal of Agriculture. 2(3): 266-276.
_||_Alesaadi, Gh.A., S.M.R. Moosavi, and T. Basirnia. 2017. Effect of nano-K, potassium sulphate and salicylic acid on tomato growth and control of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica). Plant Protection. 40(3): 71-83. (In Persian).
Amini Dehaghi, M.A., N. Pakbaz, and S.A. Razavi. 2018. Effects of nano-phosphate and superphosphate fertilizer on yield components of two Oryza sativa varieties, shirudi and hashemi. 15th National Iranian Crop Science Congress. Sep. 4-6, Karaj, Iran. (In Persian).
Anonymus. 2015. Statistics of Agriculture, crop products (first volume). Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad, Planning and Economic Affairs, Information and Communication Technology Center. 2014-2015 annual report. (In Persian).
Anonymus. 2018. Rice Research Institute of Iran (Amo). http://berenjamol .areeo. ac.ir/ HomePage.aspx?TabID=10510&Site=berenjamol.areeo.ac&Lang=fa-IR
Benzon, H.R.L., U.R. Rosnah U.U. Venecio, and S.C. Lee. 2015. Nano-fertilizer affects the growth, development and chemical properties of rice. International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research. 7(1): 105-117.
Cui, H., C. Sun, Q. Liu, J. Jiang, and W. Gu. 2006. Applications of nanotechnology in agrochemical formulation, perspectives, challenges and strategies. Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China, pp: 1-6.
De Rosa, M.R., C. Monreal, M. Schnitzer, R. Walsh, and Y. Sultan. 2010. Nanotechnology in fertilizers. Nature Nanotechnology. 5: 91-92.
Ekinci, M., A. Dursun, E. Yildirim, and F. Parlakova. 2014. Effects of nanotechnology liquid fertilizers on the plant growth and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Horticulture. 13(3): 135-141.
Erfani, R., Y. Yaghoubian, and H. Pirdashti. 2020. The contribution of chemical, organic and bio-fertilizers on rice production in Iran: A meta-analysis. Russian Agricultural Sciences. 46(6): 596-601.
Fallah, A., M. Mohammadian, N. Fathai, and H. Elyasi. 2018. Interactive effect of nitrogen and variety on agronomical characteristics, yield and quality of grain of rice in replanting. Journal of Applied Research of Plant Echophysiology. 4(2): 29-48. (In Persian).
Faraji, F., M. Esfehani, M. Kavoosi, M. Nahvi, and B. Rabiyi. 2012. Effects of split application and levels of nitrogen fertilizer on growth indices and grain yield of rice (Oryza sativa) cv. Khazar. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science. 43(2): 323-333. (In Persian).
Feizi, H., A. Berahmand, P. Rezvani Moghaddam, A. Fotovvat, and N. Tahmasbi. 2010. Application magnetic field and silver nano particles in growth and yield of maize. In: National Conference on Nano Science and Nano Technology, Yazd, Iran, 11-12 March. p. 1694-1697. (In Persian).
Ghasemzadeh, N., A.A. Gholipouri, D. Hosseinpanah, and D. Jamaati. 2012. Study of the effects of potassium nano-fertilizer and microtubule planting density on the production of tuber (miniaturbar) and some quantitative and qualitative traits of minituber in potatoes. The 1st National Conference on Solutions to Access Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Natural Resources and the Environment. Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).
Harsinia, M.G.; H. Habibib, and G.H. Talaei. 2014. Effect of nano iron foliar application on quantitative characteristics of new line of wheat. Scientific Journal of Crop Science. 3:37-42
Hasani, Z., H. Pirdashti, Y. Yaghoubian, and M.Z. Nouri. 2013. Effect of cold air and water temperature on some morphological parameters of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes. Caspian Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 2(11): 39-44.
He, C.L., M.Z. Liu, H.H. Jiang, Z.P. Wang, and M. Lian. 1992. Study of high yield model of a rice hybrid weiyou 7 Fujian. Agricultural Science Technology. 5: 2-4.
Jafarzadeh, R., M. Jami Moini, and M. Hokmabadi. 2013. Research of yield and yield components in wheat to soil and foliar application of nano potassium fertilizer. Journal of Crop Production Research. 5(2): 189-197. (In Persian).
Kochaki, A., and M. Hosseini. 2011. Energy efficiency in crop ecosystems. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Iran. Pp: 328. (In Persian).
Koutroubas, S.D., and D.A. Ntanos. 2003. Genotypic differences for grain yield and nitrogen utilization in Indica and Japonica rice under Mediterranean conditions. Field Crops Research. 83: 251-260.
Lai, R. 2007. Soil science in the era of hydrogen economy and 10 billion people. The Ohio State University, USA, pp: 1-9.
Liu, X.M., F.D. Zhang, S.Q. Zhang, X.S. He, R. Fang, Z. Feng, and G.Y. Wan. 2005. Effects of nano-ferric oxide on the growth and nutrients absorption of peanut. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science. 11: 14-18.
Mazaherinia, S., A. Astaraei, A. Fotovat, and A. Monshi. 2011. Effect of iron oxides (ordinary and nano) and municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) coated sulfur on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plant iron concentration and growth. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 8(5): 855-861. (In Persian).
Moaveni, P., and T. Kheiri. 2011. TiO2 nano particles affected on maize (Zea mays L.). 2nd International Conference on Agricultural and Animal Science in Singapore by International Proceeding of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering. International Association of Computer Science and Information Technology Press. 22: 160-163.
Mohammadi Kashka, F., H. Pirdashti, and Y. Yaghoubian. 2018 b. Improvement of related parameters with rice panicle of Tarom Hashemi cultivar by using Piriformospora indica and Trichoderma virens fungi at different levels of phosphorus fertilization. Journal of Applied Research of Plant Echophysiology. 4(2): 139-158. (In Persian).
Mohammadi Kashka, F., H. Pirdashti, and Y. Yaghoubian. 2018c. Inoculation with Trichoderma virens and Piriformospora indica for improving the morphological and physiological traits related to grain yield of rice under different rates of phosphorus fertilizer. Journal of Crop Echophysiology. 11(44): 857-874. (In Persian).
Mohammadi Kashka, F., H. Pirdashti, Y. Yaghoubian, and E. Bakhshandeh. 2018 a. Enterobacter inoculation on improving wheat yield in different levels of phosphorus fertilizer. Agroecology. 10(2): 430-443. (In Persian).
Mohammadi Kashka, F., H. Pirdashti, Y. Yaghoubian, and E. Bakhshandeh. 2017. Evaluation of growth and yield stability of wheat by application of Trichoderma and Enterobacter sp. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. 26(4): 1-15. (In Persian).
Monreal, C.M. 2010. Nanofertilizers for increased N and P use efficiencies by crops. In summary of information currently provided to MRI concerning applications for round 5 of the Ontario research fund-research excellence program, p: 12-13.
Moosavi S.Gh., O. Mohamadi, R. Baradaran, M.J. Seghatoleslami, and E. Amiri. 2014. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates on morphological traits, yield and yield components of three cultivars of rice. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 13(1): 146-152. (In Persian).
Naderi, M.R., and A. Abedi. 2012. Application of nanotechnology in agriculture and refinement of environmental pollutants. Journal of Nanotechnology. 11 (1): 18-26.
Naderi, M.R., and A. Danesh-Shahraki. 2011. Application of nanotechnology to optimize the formation of chemical fertilizers. Nanotechnology. 10(4): 20-32. (In Persian).
Nahvi, M., M. Allahgholipour, M. Ghorbanpour, and H. Mehrgan. 2005. The effective of planting density and nitrogenous fertilizer rate for GRH1 rice hybrid. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi. 66: 33-38. (In Persian).
Noor Mohammadi, Gh., A. Siadat, and A. Kashani. 2010. Agronomy (Cereals). Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz Press. Pp. 468. (In Persian).
Pirdashti, H., Y. Yaghoubian, E.M. Goltapeh, and S. Hosseini. 2012. Effect of mycorrhiza-like endophyte (Sebacina vermifera) on growth, yield and nutrition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under salt stress. Journal of Agricultural Technology. 8(5):1651-1661.
Prasad, T.N.V., P. Sudhakar, Y. Sreenivasulu, P. Latha, Y.V. Munaswam, K. Raja Reddy, T.S. Sreeprasad, P.R. Sajanla, and T. Pradeep. 2012. Effect of manoscale zinc oxide particles on the germination, growth and yield of peanut. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 35: 905-927.
Rostami Ajirloo, A.A., and E. Amiri. 2018. Soybean response to different levels of nano-potassium under cutting irrigation conditions in Mugan plain. Crops Improvement. 20(2): 503-516. (In Persian).
Shabala, S. 2003. Regulation of potassium transport in leaves: From molecular to tissue level. Annual of Botany. 92: 627-634.
Shargi, F., and E. Khalilvand Behrouzyar. 2019. Effect of Nano-TiO2 and salicylic acid foliar application on some biochemical traits of corn 704 single cross under water regimes. Journal of Crop Echophysiology. 13(51): 413-430. (In Persian).
Singh, S., and M.C. Jain. 2000. Growth and yield response of traditional told and improved semi tall rice cultivars to moderate and high nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium levels. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 33: 9-15.
Sotoudeh Maram, S., and M. Ghiyasi. 2018. Influence of nano fertilizers folia r application on some morpho logical characteristics, for the production of sugar beet seed. 15th National Iranian Crop Science Congress. Sep. 4-6. Karaj, Iran. (In Persian).
Tarafdar, J.C. 2012. Perspectives of nanotechnological applications for crop production. NAAS News. 12: 8-11.
Tarafdar, J.C., R. Raliya, and I. Rathore. 2012. Microbial synthesis of phosphorous nanoparticle from tri-calcium phosphate using Aspergillus tubingensis TFR-5. Journal of Bionanoscience. 6: 84-89.
Tavan, T., M. Niakan, and A.A. Norinia. 2014. Effect of nano-potassium fertilizer on growth parameters, photosynthetic system and protein content of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. N8019. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology. 9(3): 61-71. (In Persian).
Yaghoubian, Y., E.M. Goltapeh, H. Pirdashti, E. Esfandiari, V. Feiziasl, H.K. Dolatabadi, A. Varma, and M.H. Hassim. 2014. Effect of Glomus mosseae and Piriformospora indica on growth and antioxidant defense responses of wheat plants under drought stress. Agricultural Research. 3(3): 239-245.
Yaghoubian, Y., H. Pirdashti, A. Mottaghian, and S.J. Hosseini. 2012. Effect of fluctuating salinity at different growth stages on physiological and yield related parameters of rice (Oryza sativa L.). International Journal of Agriculture. 2(3): 266-276.
