Analyzing the Biophilic Paradigm in Urbanism, Based on Content Analysis Technique

محورهای موضوعی : Space Ontology International Journal

Sahar Moarefi ¹ , Zahra Sadat Saeideh Zarabadi ² , Farah Habib ³

1 - Department of Urban Development, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 - Department of Urban Development, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
3 - Department of Urban Development, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

تاریخ دریافت : 1402/04/30 تاریخ پذیرش : 1402/08/24 تاریخ انتشار : 1403/07/04

کلید واژه: Biophilic Urbanism, Human-Nature Connection, Urban Spatial Scales, Nature Pyramid, Content Analysis Technique,

چکیده مقاله :

The lived experience of million years of human beings has been originated and evolved in nature. The connection between man and nature plays a fundamental role to respond his physical and mental needs. The increasing manifestations of industry and technology, simultaneously lifestyle changes in the contemporary era, have led to rise dissociation of urban environments from nature. Accordingly, numerous problems, such as; loss of biological species, deforestation, global warming, traffic, air pollution, etc, appear in the present cities. Consequently, Human beings; as the main stakeholders of urban spaces, have been suffered from various physical and mental problems, such as; movement disorders, hypertension, diabetes, alienation to the environment, neurological diseases, depression, anger, etc. due to the nature receding processes. Therefore, it is more necessary to address the approach, through human-nature reconnection by creation, revive and restoration nature aspects in urban spaces. In this regard, the research problem raised from the main question: What are the issues of Biophilic paradigm in urban planning and design? This research is based on the content analysis for systematic review (PRISMA). Accordingly, articles with keywords selected and screened from comprehensive scientific databases and the selected final articles were analyzed in-depth, to extract and define while expressing the Biophilic concept of urban planning and design, its dimensions, components and criteria. Biophilic urban development is a comprehensive approach; principally deals with the interaction of functional, structural and meaning dimensions, embodied environmental, sociocultural, economic, institutional , city spatial and time duration scales, simultaneously sensory design components and the embodied natural features.Consequently,enriched accessible natural urban spaces can directed to people wellbeing and their responsibility toward the natural values of the environment.

چکیده انگلیسی:

The lived experience of million years of human beings has been originated and evolved in nature. The connection between man and nature plays a fundamental role to respond his physical and mental needs. The increasing manifestations of industry and technology, simultaneously lifestyle changes in the contemporary era, have led to rise dissociation of urban environments from nature. Accordingly, numerous problems, such as; loss of biological species, deforestation, global warming, traffic, air pollution, etc, appear in the present cities. Consequently, Human beings; as the main stakeholders of urban spaces, have been suffered from various physical and mental problems, such as; movement disorders, hypertension, diabetes, alienation to the environment, neurological diseases, depression, anger, etc. due to the nature receding processes. Therefore, it is more necessary to address the approach, through human-nature reconnection by creation, revive and restoration nature aspects in urban spaces. In this regard, the research problem raised from the main question: What are the issues of Biophilic paradigm in urban planning and design? This research is based on the content analysis for systematic review (PRISMA). Accordingly, articles with keywords selected and screened from comprehensive scientific databases and the selected final articles were analyzed in-depth, to extract and define while expressing the Biophilic concept of urban planning and design, its dimensions, components and criteria. Biophilic urban development is a comprehensive approach; principally deals with the interaction of functional, structural and meaning dimensions, embodied environmental, sociocultural, economic, institutional , city spatial and time duration scales, simultaneously sensory design components and the embodied natural features.Consequently,enriched accessible natural urban spaces can directed to people wellbeing and their responsibility toward the natural values of the environment.

منابع و مأخذ:

Barbiero, G. Berto, R. (2021).Biophilia as Evolutionary Adaptation:An Onto and Phylogenetic Framework for Biophilic Design. Frontiers in Psycholog,12,700709.
.Niranjika Wijesooriya,N.Brambilla,A.(2021). Bridging biophilic design and environmentally sustainable design: A critical review. Journal of Cleaner Production,283,124591.
66.Wilson, E.O. (1984), Biophilia, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Abusaada, H., &Elshater, A. (2022). Notes on Developing Research Review in Urban Planning and Urban Design Based on PRISMA Statement. Social Sciences, 11(9), 391. MDPI AG. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11090391
Andreucci, M.B.; Loder, A.; Brown, M.; Brajković, J. (2021). Exploring Challenges and Opportunities of Biophilic Urban Design: Evidence from Research and Experimentation. Sustainability, 13(8), 4323.
Beatley, T., Newman, P.( 2013). Biophilic cities are sustainable, resilient cities. Sustainability, 5, 3328–3345.
Beatley,T.(2011).Integrating Nature Into Urban Design and Planning.IslandPress,Washington D.C.
Beatley,T;2016.Handbook of Biophilic City Planning and Design.IslandPress,Washington D.C.
Berto, R. Barbiero, G. Nasar, JL.(2022). Biophilic design rationale: Theory, methods, and applications. Frontiers in Psycholog, 13,97868.
Birkeland,J. 2016. Net positive biophilic urbanism. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 5(1),9-14.
Birmingham and the Black Country Biodiversity Action Plan (2010), The Birmingham and Black Country Biodiversity Partnership).
Blau, M. Luz, F. Panagopoulos, T. (2018). Urban River Recovery Inspired by Nature-Based Solutions and Biophilic Design in Albufeira, Portugal. Land, 7(4), 141.
Boffi, M. Pola, L. Fumagalli, N.Fermani, E. Senes, G. Inghilleri, P.(2021). Nature Experiences of Older People for Active Ageing: An Interdisciplinary Approach to the Co-Design of Community Gardens. Frontiers in Psycholog, 12:702525.
Browning, W. Ryan, C. Clancy, J. (2014). 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design: Improving Health & Well-Being in the Built Environment. Terrap in Bright Green, , New York, NY
Cabanek, A. Baro,Z.Byrne,M J. Newman, P.(2021). Regenerating Stormwater Infrastructure into Biophilic Urban Assets. Case Studies of a Sump Garden and a Sump Park in Western Australia. Sustainability, 13(10), 5461.
Cacique, M. Ou, S.-J. (2022). Biophilic Design as a Strategy for Accomplishing the Idea of Healthy, Sustainable, and Resilient Environments. Sustainability, 14(9), 5605.
Carter,V.Derudder,B. Henríquez,C.(2021).Assessing local governments’ perception of the potential implementation of biophilic urbanism in Chile: A latent class approach.Land Use Policy,101.105103.
Carter,V.Henriquez,C.(2022). Can Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) contribute towards the implementation of biophilic urbanism in urban planning? The case of Chilean Municipal Regulatory Plans. Environmental Impact Assessment Review ,95(4):106765
Curridabat City. n.d. Sweet city: A city modelling approach based on pollinators as
Da Silva, A.M. Argenton e Silva. R,Primo, K.R. et al.(2021). Experimental Rehabilitation of Three Concrete, Urban Stretches Streams Through Biophilic Interventions Designed: Environmental Evaluations. Water Air Soil Pollution, 232, 24.
Eid,S.Khalifa.M. Elrahman.A. (2021).Biophilic perceptions in the urban waterfront: analytical study of the Nile waterfront in Central Cairo.HBRC Journal,17(1),19-39.
El-Baghdadi, O. Desha, C. (2017). Conceptualising a biophilic services model for urban areas. Urban Foresty& Urban Greening, 27, 399–408.
Freeman,C. (2011). Biophilic Cities: Integrating Nature Into Urban Design And Planning. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning,13(3), 322-324.
Fromm, E. The Heart of Man; Harper & Row: New York, NY, USA, 1964
Gaekwad .Jason, Sal Moslehian A., Roös Ph., Walker A.(2022). A Meta-Analysis of Emotional Evidence for the Biophilia Hypothesis and Implications for Biophilic Design. Frontiers in Psychology, 13,75024.
Gillis,K.Gatersleben,B. (2015). A Review of Psychological Literature on the Health and Wellbeing Benefits of Biophilic Design. Buildings, 5(3), 948-963.
Gupta,N.Lee,S-H. (2022) Trapezoidal interval type-2 fuzzy analytical hierarchy process technique for biophilic element/design selection in lodging industry. Journal of the Operational Research Society,
Hartman, Th.(2018). Handbook of Biophilic City Planning and Design. Urban Policy and research, 36(3), 389-391.
Hung, S.-H.; Chou, W.-Y.;Chang, C.-Y.( 2021).A Study on Practicing Qigong and Getting Better Health Benefits in Biophilic Urban GreenSpaces. Sustainability, 13(4), 1692.
Hung,S.-H;Chang,C.-Y.(2022) .How do humans value urban nature? Developing the perceived biophilic design scale (PBDs) for preference and emotion. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 76,127730.
Kambo,A.Drogemuller,R.Yarlagadda,P.(2019). Assessing Biophilic Design Elements for ecosystem service attributes – A sub-tropical Australian case. Ecosystem Services,39,100977.
Kellert, S. (2008), Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science, and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ.
Kellert, S. Wilson, E.O. (1993). The Biophilia Hypothesis. Island Press, Washington, DC
Kellert,S. (2014): Biophilia and biomimicry: evolutionary adaptation of human versus nonhuman nature, Intelligent Buildings International.8(2).51-56.
Kellert.S.(2018).Nature By Design:Practicing of Biophilic Design. Yale University Press. Connecticut.
Lee, E. J. Park, S. J. (2021). Toward the Biophilic Residential Regeneration for the Green New Deal. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 2523
Lee,S.,Kim,Y.,(2021). A framework of biophilic urbanism for improving climate change adaptability in urban environments. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening,61,127104.
Li,Z.Wang,Y. Liu,H. Liu,H.(2022).Physiological and psychological effects of exposure to different types and numbers of biophilic vegetable walls in small spaces. Building and Environment,225,109645.
Littke.H.(2016). "Becoming biophilic": Challenges and opportunities for biophilic urbanism in urbanplanningpolicy .Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 5 (1), 15-24.
Marte, E. Calumpit, A. Bessa, B. Toledo, A. Skoler, T. (2020) .Testing Reliability of Biophilic Design Matrix Within Urban Residential Playrooms. Frontiers in Psycholog, 11,570099
Martínez,S-Joel. Alfonso,S-L. Salvador,R-C.(2021). Exploring the Links Between Biophilic and Restorative Qualities of Exterior and Interior Spaces in Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico. Frontiers in Psychology,12, 717116.
Meenar, M., Heckert, M., & Adlakha, D. (2022). “Green Enough Ain’t Good Enough:” Public Perceptions and Emotions Related to Green Infrastructure in Environmental Justice Communities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1448.
Mollazadeh, M. Zhu, Y.(2021). Application of Virtual Environments for Biophilic Design: A Critical Review. Buildings,11(4), 148.
Newman, P. (2014). Biophilic urbanism: a case study on Singapore. Australain Planner, 51(1), 47–65.
Novosadová, L.; van der Knaap, W. (2021).The Role of Biophilic Agents in Building a Green Resilient City;the Case of Birmingham, UK. Sustainability, 13(9), 5033
Obiozo,R.Smallwood,J.(2015). Biophilic Construction Site Model: Enhancing the Motivational and Humanistic Value of the Green Construction Site. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 141(3) , 1-8, 05014018.
Panagopoulos, T., Tampakis, S., Karanikola, P., Karipidou-Kanari, A., &Kantartzis, A. (2018). The Usage and Perception of Pedestrian and Cycling Streets on Residents’ Well-being in Kalamaria, Greece. Land, 7(3), 100.
Panlasigui, S.; Spotswood, E.; Beller, E.; Grossinger, R. (2021). Biophilia beyond the Building: Applying the tools of Urban Biodiversity Planning to Create Biophilic Cities. Sustainability, 13(5), 2450.
prosperity agents,2022.
Radha,C-H.(2021). Biophilic Design as a New Approche in Urban Sustainability. Pollack Periodica ,17(1),145-150.
Reeve, A. Hargroves, C. Desha, C. Bucknum, M. Newman, P.( 2011). Considering the application of biophilic urbanism. A Sustainable Built Environment National Research Centre Discussion Paper. Curtin University and Queensland University of Technology, Australia
Reeve, A., Desha, C, Hargreaves, D. Hargroves. (2015) Biophilic urbanism: contributions to holistic urban greening for urban renewal. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 4(2), 215-233.
Regan,A.Hunter,R-F. Nyhan,M.(2021). “Biophilic Cities”: Quantifying the Impact of Google Street View-Derived Greenspace Exposures on Socioeconomic Factors and Self-Reported Health. Environmental Science & Technology, 55 (13), 9063-9073.
Ryan, C. O. W. D. Browning, J. O. Clancy, S. L. Andrews and N. B. Kallianpurkar,(2014). Biophilic design patterns: emerging nature-based parameters for health and well-being in the built environment. International Journal of Architectural Research, 8(2), 62.
Ryan, C.O. Browning, W.D. Clancy, J.O. Andrews, S.L. Kallianpurkar, N.B.(2014). Biophilic design patterns: emerging nature-based parameters for health and wellbeing in the built environment. Int. J. Archit. Res. 8, 62–76
Salingaros, N.A.(2015). Biophilia & Healing Environments Healthy Principles for Designing the Built World. Terrapin Bright Green, LLC: New York, NY, USA.
Saltzman,D,(2010). Environmental services city of Portland, Oregan.
Scott,M.Lennon, M. Hasse, D. Beatley,T et al.(2016). Nature-based solutions for the contemporary city. Planning Theory & Practice,17(2),267-300.
Tarek,S.Ouf,A-S.(2021). Biophilic smart cities: the role of nature and technology in enhancing urban resilience. Journal of Engineering and Applied Science,68(1),40.
Taylor, R. (2021).The Potential of Biophilic Fractal Designs to Promote Health and Performance: A Review of Experiments and Applications. Sustainability, 13(2), 823-847.
Timko,M.(2013). Biophilic Transformation of Culture From the Point of View of Psychology of Environmental Problems (From Cognitive Psychology to Gestalt Theory). Human Affairs,23(4), 528–541
Tirri, C. Swanson, H. &Meenar, M. (2021). Finding the “Heart” in the Green: Conducting a Bibliometric Analysis to Emphasize the Need for Connecting Emotions with Biophilic Urban Planning. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(18), 9435.
Tirri,P.Penna,k.(2020). Biophilic Design for Restorative University Learning Environments: A Critical Review of Literature and Design Recommendations. Sustainability, 12(17), 7064.
Tokhmehchian ,A. Gharehbaglou,M.(2019). Biophilic perception in urban green spaces (Casestudy: El Gölü Park, Tabriz).Internatioanl Journal of Urban Sciences,23(4), 568–585.
Totaforti,S.(2020). Emerging Biophilic Urbanism: The Value of the Human–Nature Relationship in the Urban Space. Sustainability, 12(13), 5487.
Tracada,E.(2016). Biophilic urban development's following dynamic flows of tree-shaped architectures. International Journal of Heat and Technology,34(1),161-166.
UN-Habitat (2012) Urban Patterns for a Green Economy, Working with Nature, Case Study: Berlin, UnitedNations Human Settlements Project (UN-Habitat).
Wilson, E,O. Kellert, S. (1993), “Biophilia and the conservation ethic”, The Biophilia Hypothesis, Island Press, Washington, DC.
Xue, F. Gou, Zh. Lau, S. et al.(2019). From Biophilic Design to Biophilic Urbanism: Stakeholders’ Perspectives. Journal of Cleaner Production , 211, 144-1452.