• صفحه اصلی
  • Comparing the Microclimatic Role of Horizontal and Vertical Vegetation to Improving the Thermal Comfort of Outdoor Spaces between Buildings: A Case study (Faculty of Agriculture, I.K.I University), Qazvin.

اشتراک گذاری

آدرس مقاله


کد مقاله : SOIJ-1902-1238 (R2) بازدید : 99 صفحه: 43 - 61

20.1001.1.23456450.2019.8.2.4.1

نوع مقاله: پژوهشی

Comparing the Microclimatic Role of Horizontal and Vertical Vegetation to Improving the Thermal Comfort of Outdoor Spaces between Buildings: A Case study (Faculty of Agriculture, I.K.I University), Qazvin.

محورهای موضوعی : Space Ontology International Journal

Fatemeh Sarhadi 1 (Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran)
Sasan Moradi 2 (Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran)

تاریخ دریافت : 1397/11/15 تاریخ پذیرش : 1398/03/23 تاریخ انتشار : 1398/03/11

کلید واژه: Green Cover, Thermal Comfort, ENVI-met,

چکیده مقاله :

Vegetation moderates a microclimate by casting shadows, increasing light reflection, evaporation and perspiration; and correcting wind patterns. The present study aims to investigate the microclimatic role of vegetated surfaces and bodies in improving thermal comfort in outdoor spaces between buildings. The main research question is which of the green system modes, that is, horizontal vegetation (green floor) and vertical vegetation (green façade) will be more effective in moderating a microclimate and improving thermal comfort in outdoor spaces. To find the answer, an academic building with vertical and horizontal walls facing an outdoor space (yard) was selected as the studied case. Data analysis was performed via numerical modeling (ENVI-met) and RayMan software model. The Indices of PMV (predicted mean vote), PET (physiological equivalent temperature), Tmrt (total mean radiant temperature), and RH (relative humidity) were computed and analyzed to identify and analyze thermal comfort levels in outdoor spaces. The analysis results indicate that vegetation significantly affects thermal comfort in outdoor spaces between buildings in warm seasons by reducing PMV, PET, Tmrt, and increasing RH. In all analytical modes based on the indices of thermal comfort in outdoor spaces, green floor performed better than green façade due to a more extensive tree coverage on horizontal surfaces. The trees planted on horizontal surfaces and the ground improve thermal comfort in outdoor spaces by shading and blocking direct sunlight. Further, the results indicate that compared to vegetation, blocking direct solar radiation and providing shading on surfaces are much more effective in improving thermal comfort in open spaces.

چکیده انگلیسی:

منابع و مأخذ:


  1. Ahmadpour Kolahrodi, N. Pour Jafar, M. Mahdavi Nejad, M. Yousefian S. (2017) ‘The role and effect of design elements on the thermal comfort of urban open spaces (Case study: Designing the pedestrian paths Tamghachs in Kashan)’, Art University Journal (18): 79-59.
    2.
  2. Aligani, B. Razavi, Z. (2017). ‘Comparison of Comfort Indicators for Climatic Comfort Assessment in Tehran’, Geographical View of University of Zanjan 9(16): 169-145.
    3.
  3. Al-Sallal, K.  & Al-Rais, L. (2011) ‘Outdoor airflow analysis and potential for passive cooling in the traditional urban context of Dubai’, Renewable energy 36(9): 2494-2501.
    4.
  4. Ansarimanesh, M. Nasrollahi, N. (2014) ‘Determination of the thermal comfort of residents in order to improve the quality of the indoor environment in administrative buildings of Kermanshah’, The Role of the World 4 (2): 27-17.
    5.
  5. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55. )2017(‘Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy.
    6.
  6. Ataee, H. Hasheminasab, S. (2012) ‘Comparative evaluation of human bioclimate of Isfahan city using Terjong, TCI, PET, PMV’, Urban and Regional Studies and Research 4(14): 82-63.
    7.
  7. Baaghideh, M. Asgari, A. Shojaa, F. Jamalabadi, J. (2014) ‘Reviewing and comparing the performance of the Rayman model parameters in determining the appropriate tourism calendar. Case study: Esfahan Shahr’, Geography and Development (36).
    8.
  8. Besir, A. & Cuce, E. (2018) ‘Green roofs and facades: A comprehensive review’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (82): 915-939.
    9.
  9. Bruse, M. & Fleer, H. (1998) ‘Simulating surface–plant–air interactions inside urban environments with a three dimensional numerical model’, Environmental modelling & software 13(3-4): 373-384.
    10.
  10. Calautit, J. Hughes, B. Chaudhry, H. & Ghani, S. (2013) ‘CFD analysis of a heat transfer device integrated wind tower system for hot and dry climate’, Applied Energy (112): 576-591.
    11.
  11. Calis, G. & Kuru, M. (2017) ‘Assessing user thermal sensation in the Aegean region against standards’, Sustainable Cities and Society (29): 77-85.
    12.
  12. Charoenkit, S. & Yiemwattana, S. (2017) ‘Role of specific plant characteristics on thermal and carbon sequestration properties of living walls in tropical climate’, Building and Environment (115): 67-79.
    13.
  13. Chatzidimitriou, A. & Yannas, S. (2015) ‘Microclimate development in open urban spaces: The influence of form and materials’, Energy and Buildings (108): 156-174
    14.
  14. Chatzidimitriou, A. & Axarli, K. (2017) ‘Street canyon geometry effects on microclimate and comfort; a case study in Thessaloniki’, Procedia environmental sciences (38):643-650.
    15.
  15. Chen, Y. Chen, C. Matzarakis, A. Liu, J. & Lin, T. (2016) ‘Modeling of mean radiant temperature based on comparison of airborne remote sensing data with surface measured data’, Atmospheric Research (174): 151-159.
    16.
  16. Collins, R. Schaafsma, M. & Hudson, M. (2017) ‘
    17.
  17. The value of green walls to urban biodiversity’, Land
    18.
  18. Use Policy (64):114-123.
    19.
  19. Coma, J. Pérez, G. de Gracia, A. Burés, S. Urrestarazu, M. & Cabeza, L. (2017) ‘Vertical greenery systems for energy savings in buildings: A comparative study between green walls and green facades’, Building and environment (111): 228-237.
    20.
  20. Daemei, A. Azmoodeh, M. Zamani, Z. & Khotbehsara, E. (2018) ‘Experimental and simulation studies on the thermal behavior of vertical greenery system for temperature mitigation in urban spaces’, Journal of Building Engineering (20): 277-284.
    21.
  21. Davis, M. Ramirez, F. & Pérez, M. (2016) ‘More than just a Green Façade: vertical gardens as active air conditioning units’, Procedia Engineering (145): 1250-1257.
    22.
  22. De Jesus, M. Lourenço, J. Arce, R. & Macias, M. (2017) ‘Green façades and in situ measurements of outdoor building thermal behaviour’, Building and Environment (119):11-19.
    23.
  23. Djedjig, R. Bozonnet, E. & Belarbi, R. (2016) ‘Modeling green wall interactions with street canyons for building energy simulation in urban context’, Urban Climate (16): 75-85.
    24.
  24. El-Bardisy, W. Fahmy, M. & El-Gohary, G. (2016) ‘Climatic sensitive landscape design: Towards a better microclimate through plantation in public schools, Cairo, Egypt’, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences (216): 206-216.
    25.
  25. Farajzadeh, M. Mohammad pour, M. Porbar, Z. Moghani, B. Social, B. (2014) ‘Design of the Climate Calendar of Workers of the Parsian Gas Refinery in Mehr City’, Scientific-Research Journal of New Attitudes in Human Geography 6(3): 37-23.
    26.
  26. Farid, F. Ahmad, S. Raub, A& Shaari, M. (2016) ‘Green “Breathing Facades” for Occupants’ Improved Quality of Life’, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences (234) :173-184.
    27.
  27. Feitosa, R. & Wilkinson, S. (2018) ‘Attenuating heat stress through green roof and green wall retrofit’, Building and Environment (140): 11-22.
    28.
  28. Gandomkar, A. Moradmand, S. (2013) ‘Investigating Changes in Climate Change of Tourism Comfort of Chaharmahal Bakhtiari Province Using PMV Index’, Seasonal Tourism 2(8): 14-1.
    29.
  29. Ghani, S. ElBialy, E. Bakochristou, F. Gamaledin, S. & Rashwan, M. (2017) ‘The effect of forced convection and PCM on helmets’ thermal performance in hot and arid environments’, Applied Thermal Engineering (111) :624-637.
    30.
  30. Ghazalli, A. Brack, C. Bai, X. & Said, I. (2018) ‘Alterations in use of space, air quality, temperature and humidity by the presence of vertical greenery system in a building corridor’, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening (32): 177-184.
    31.
  31. Gros, A. Bozonnet, E. Inard, C. & Musy, M. (2016) ‘A new performance indicator to assess building and district cooling strategies’, Procedia engineering (169): 117-124.
    32.
  32. Gusson, C. & Duarte, D. (2016) ‘Effects of Built Density and Urban Morphology on Urban Microclimate-Calibration of the Model ENVI-met V4 for the Subtropical Sao Paulo, Brazil’, Procedia engineering (169): 2-10.
    33.
  33. Hatami, Mojtaba. (2016) ‘Modeling of comfort and thermal behavior in the central suburbs of the central courtyard in order to achieve an optimal architectural model; Case study: Shiraz City’, Master’s Degree in Architectural Engineering, Ilam University.
    34.
  34. Hedayati Rad, F. Shabankari, M. Zarghamiyan, M. Abarghou'i, p. (2016) ‘Evaluation of Bio-Climate Indicators Affecting Human Comfort (Case Study: Arvand Free Zone)’, Environmental Science and Technology 18(3): 41-22.
    35.
  35. Herath, H. Halwatura, R. & Jayasinghe, G. (2018) ‘Evaluation of green infrastructure effects on tropical Sri Lankan urban context as an urban heat island adaptation strategy’, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening (29): 212-222.
    36.
  36. Heydari, Sh. Balaam, AS. (2013) ‘Evaluation of Indoor Thermal Comfort Indicators’, Geography and Regional Development Magazine (20) :216-197.
    37.
  37. Heydari, Shahin. (2014) Thermal Compatibility in Architecture. Tehran: Tehran University Press.
    38.
  38. Hunter, A. Williams, N. Rayner, J. Aye, L. Hes, D. & Livesley, S. (2014) ‘Quantifying the thermal performance of green façades: a critical review’, Ecological Engineering (63): 102-113.
    39.
  39. Huttner, S. Bruse, M. & Dostal, P. (2008) ‘Using ENVI-met to simulate the impact of global warming on the microclimate in central European cities’, In 5th Japanese-German Meeting on Urban Climatology 18(18): 307-312.
    40.
  40. Imran, H. Kala, J. Ng, A. & Muthukumaran, S. (2018) ‘Effectiveness of green and cool roofs in mitigating urban heat island effects during a heatwave event in the city of Melbourne in southeast Australia’, Journal of Cleaner Production.
    41.
  41. International Organization for Standardization. (2005). Ergonomics of the thermal environment: analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria: International Organization for Standardization.
    42.
  42. Ismaili, R. Montazeri, M. (2013) ‘Determination of the Bioclimatic Clock Range in Mashhad’, Geography and Environmental Planning 24(49) (1): 230-215.
    43.
  43. Ismaili, R. Gandomkar, A. Nohandan, M. (2011) ‘Evaluating the comfort climate of several major Iranian tourism cities using physiological equivalent temperature (PET)’, Natural Geography Research (75): 18-1.
    44.
  44. Jamei, E. Ossen, D. & Rajagopalan, P. (2017) ‘Investigating the effect of urban configurations on the variation of air temperature’, International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment 6(2):389-399.
    45.
  45. Kamyabi, S. Ahmadi, A. (2014) ‘Study of thermal comfort indexes in Mashhad city’, Contemporary Architecture & Urban Development & Sustainable Development from Native Architecture to Sustainable City: Khavaran Higher Education Institution, Mashhad, December 5.
    46.
  46. Khanzadeh Natanzi, Coral. (2009) ‘Green Roof; An Approach to Promoting Qualitative Thickness and Sustainable City Tourism Attraction’, Human and Environment 7(1): 87-80.
    47.
  47. Karimian, Zahra. (2013) ‘Optimization of urban green space in order to comfort the warmest period of the year using modeling methods’, Doctoral dissertation: Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.
    48.
  48. Karimian, Zahra. (2016) ‘Simulation of the environmental impact of widespread and compact green roofs in Yazd’, Iranian Horticultural Science 47(4).
    49.
  49. Koliaie Mahyar. (2016) ‘Upgrading and revising the guidelines in the Tehran municipality regarding green walls for use in high altitudes’, Master’s degree in Architecture, Department of Art and Architecture: Payame Noor University of Tehran, Center for East Tehran.
    50.
  50. Kong, L. Lau, K. Yuan, C. Chen, Y. Xu, Y. Ren, C. & Ng, E. (2017) ‘Regulation of outdoor thermal comfort by trees in Hong Kong’, Sustainable Cities and Society (31): 12-25.
    51.
  51. Koulivand, Tahereh. (2015) ‘Evaluation of thermal performance of green spaces in urban valleys and its effect on thermal comfort in warm and dry climate’, Master’s Degree in Architecture-Energy: Faculty of Engineering, Ilam University.
    52.
  52. Lassandro, P. & Di Turi, S. (2017) ‘Façade retrofitting: from energy efficiency to climate change mitigation’, Energy Procedia (140):182-193.
    53.
  53. Lobaccaro, G. & Acero, J. (2015) ‘Comparative analysis of green actions to improve outdoor thermal comfort inside typical urban street canyons’, Urban Climate (14): 251-267.
    54.
  54. Maghsoudi, M. Jamshidi, M. (2014) ‘Improvement of thermal comfort in open spaces of residential complexes’, Fourth International Conference on Modern Approaches to Energy Conservation: Permanent Secretariat of the Conference, Tehran, Feb. 29.
    55.
  55. Mahdian Mahfrozi, M. Shamsipour, A. Azizi, Gh. (2015) ‘The Effects of Green Spread on the Pattern of Urban Heat Islet (Case Study: Boostan Province)’, Urban Planning Geography 3(1): 99-85.
    56.
  56. Mahdinasab, M. Naserzadeh, M. (2013) ‘Determining tourism time calendar in Gahar Lake based on MEMI model’, Journal of Applied Geosciences Research 13 (30): 109-91.
    57.
  57. Mahmoud, A. (2011) ‘An analysis of bioclimatic zones and implications for design of outdoor built environments in Egypt’, Building and Environment 46(3): 605-620.
    58.
  58. Manso, M. & Castro-Gomes, J. (2015) ‘Green wall systems: a review of their characteristics’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (41): 863-871.
    59.
  59. Manso, M. & Castro-Gomes, J. (2016) ‘Thermal analysis of a new modular system for green walls’, Journal of Building Engineering (7):53-62.
    60.
  60. Marie, Elahe. (2014) ‘The Role of Urban Shell Materials in Building Design Based on Temperature Changes (Tehran Case Study)’, Master’s Degree in Energy and Architecture: Art University.
    61.
  61. Medl, A. Mayr, S. Rauch, H. P. Weihs, P. & Florineth, F. (2017) ‘Microclimatic conditions of ‘Green Walls’, a new restoration technique for steep slopes based on a steel grid construction’, Ecological engineering (101): 39-45.
    62.
  62. Medl, A. Stangl, R. & Florineth, F. (2017) ‘Vertical greening systems–A review on recent technologies and research advancement’, Building and Environment (125):227-239.
    63.
  63. Medl, A. Stangl, R. Kikuta, S. & Florineth, F. (2017) ‘Vegetation establishment on ‘Green Walls’: Integrating shotcrete walls from road construction into the landscape’, Urban forestry & urban greening (25): 26-35.
    64.
  64. Mitterboeck, M. & Korjenic, A. (2017) ‘Analysis for improving the passive cooling of building’s surroundings through the creation of green spaces in the urban built-up area’, Energy and Buildings (148): 166-181.
    65.
  65. Mohammadi B. Mohammad Khani, P. Gholizadeh M. (2017) ‘Preparation of Iran's biochemical map using the averagely measured average score’, Geographic Survey Chapter 32(2): 39-21.
    66.
  66. Mohammadzadeh, Rahmat. (2011) ‘Surveying the quality of spatial and physical factors of open spaces of residential complexes in Sahand new city’, Journal of Fine Arts, Architecture and Urban Development (47): 38-29.
    67.
  67. Mokhtari, Mahnoosh. (2015) ‘An Invaluable Assessment of Human Thermal Comfort in Yazd City Using Several Thermal-Biochemical Indicators’, Master’s Degree in Meteorology, Faculty of Physics: Department of Meteorology, Yazd University.
    68.
  68. Morakinyo, T. Lai, A. Lau, K. & Ng, E. (2017) ‘Thermal benefits of vertical greening in a high-density city: Case study of Hong Kong’, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening.
    69.
  69. Moren, M. & Korjenic, A. (2017) ‘Hotter and colder–How Do Photovoltaics and Greening Impact Exterior Facade Temperatures: The synergies of a Multifunctional System’, Energy and Buildings (147): 123-141.
    70.
  70. Morille, B. & Musy, M. (2017) ‘Comparison of the impact of three climate adaptation strategies on summer thermal comfort–Cases study in Lyon France’, Procedia environmental sciences (38): 619-626.
    71.
  71. Nadim, Z. Gandomkar, A. Abbasi, AS. (2016) ‘Comparison of quantitative tourism climate indicators to measure the thermal comfort of the environment’, Tourism Room 5(18): 58-43.
    72.
  72. Najafi, M. Najafi, N. (2012) ‘Thermal comfort study using PMV and PPD (Case study: Shiraz Lawyer's Market)’, Seven Fence1(1): 70-61.
    73.
  73. Nasrollahi, N. Hatami, M. Khastar, S. & Taleghani, M. (2017) ‘Numerical evaluation of thermal comfort in traditional courtyards to develop new microclimate design in a hot and dry climate’, Sustainable Cities and Society (35): 449-467.
    74.
  74. Nazarian, N. Fan, J. Sin, T. Norford, L. & Kleissl, J. (2017) ‘Predicting outdoor thermal comfort in urban environments: A 3D numerical model for standard effective temperature’, Urban climate (20): 251-267.
    75.
  75. Oliveira, S. Andrade, H. & Vaz, T. (2011) ‘The cooling effect of green spaces as a contribution to the mitigation of urban heat: A case study in Lisbon’, Building and Environment 46(11): 2186-2194.
    76.
  76. Olivieri, F. Grifoni, R. Redondas, D. Sánchez-Reséndiz, J. & Tascini, S. (2017) ‘An experimental method to quantitatively analyse the effect of thermal insulation thickness on the summer performance of a vertical green wall’, Energy and Buildings (150): 132-148.
    77.
  77. Othman, A. & Sahidin, N. (2016) ‘Vertical greening façade as passive approach in sustainable design’, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences (222): 845-854.
    78.
  78. Ottelé, M. & Perini, K. (2017) ‘Comparative experimental approach to investigate the thermal behaviour of vertical greened façades of buildings’, Ecological Engineering (108):152-161.
    79.
  79. Ozkeresteci, I. Crewe, K. Brazel, A. & Bruse, M. (2003) ‘Use and evaluation of the ENVI-met model for environmental design and planning: an experiment on linear parks’, In Proceedings of the 21st International Cartographic Conference (ICC) Durban South Africa: 10-16.
    80.
  80. Pérez, G. Coma, J. Sol, S. & Cabeza, L. F. (2017) ‘Green facade for energy savings in buildings: The influence of leaf area index and facade orientation on the shadow effect’, Applied Energy (187):424-437.
    81.
  81. Perini, K. Ottelé, M. Fraaij, A. Haas, E. M. & Raiteri, R. (2011) ‘Vertical greening systems and the effect on air flow and temperature on the building envelope’, Building and Environment 46(11): 2287-2294.
    82.
  82. Perini, K. & Rosasco, P. (2013) ‘Cost–benefit analysis for green façades and living wall systems’, Building and Environment (70):110-121.
    83.
  83. Peyman Rad, Amir Hossein. (2015) ‘Review Urban Blocks Formation with External Thermal Comfort Approach in Tehran’, Master’s Degree in Architectural Energy: Ilam University.
    84.
  84. Razzaghmanesh, M. Beecham, S. & Salemi, T. (2016) ‘The role of green roofs in mitigating Urban Heat Island effects in the metropolitan area of Adelaide, South Australia’, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening (15): 89-102.
    85.
  85. Razzaghmanesh, M. & Razzaghmanesh, M. (2017) ‘Thermal performance investigation of a living wall in a dry climate of Australia’, Building and Environment (112): 45-62.
    86.
  86. Riley, B. (2017) ‘The state of the art of living walls: Lessons learned’, Building and Environment (114): 219-232.
    87.
  87. Rodríguez-Algeciras, J. Tablada, A. Chaos-Yeras, M. De la Paz, G. & Matzarakis, A. (2018) ‘Influence of aspect ratio and orientation on large courtyard thermal conditions in the historical centre of Camagüey-Cuba’, Renewable Energy (125): 840-856.
    88.
  88. Safikhani, T. & Baharvand, M. (2017) ‘Evaluating the effective distance between living walls and wall surfaces’, Energy and Buildings (150):498-506.
    89.
  89. Saito, K. Said, I. & Shinozaki, M. (2017) ‘Evidence-based neighborhood greening and concomitant improvement of urban heat environment in the context of a world heritage Site-Malacca, Malaysia’, Computers Environment and Urban Systems (64): 356-372.
    90.
  90. Sajadzadeh, H. Gholami, F. Golbzadeh. (2015) ‘Recognition and examination of green walls to reduce energy loss of buildings’, National Conference on Civil Engineering and Architecture with an approach to sustainable development, August.
    91.
  91. Sarhadi, F. Moradi, S. (2018) ‘Qazvin climatic zoning with bioclimatic architecture approach’, Iranian Architecture & Urban Planning Conference on the Transition of Works and Ideas: Islamic Azad University Qazvin: October 26.
    92.
  92. Sheweka, S. & Mohamed, N. (2012) ‘Green facades as a new sustainable approach towards climate change’, Energy Procedia (18): 507-520.
    93.
  93. Šuklje, T. Medved, S. & Arkar, C. (2016) ‘On detailed thermal response modeling of vertical greenery systems as cooling measure for buildings and cities in summer conditions’, Energy (115): 1055-1068.
    94.
  94. Targhi, M. & Van Dessel, S. (2015) ‘Potential contribution of urban developments to outdoor thermal comfort conditions: The influence of urban geometry and form in Worcester, Massachusetts, USA’, Procedia engineering (118): 1153-1161.
    95.
  95. Tsitoura, M. Michailidou, M. & Tsoutsos, T. (2016) ‘Achieving sustainability through the management of microclimate parameters in Mediterranean urban environments during summer’, Sustainable Cities and Society (26): 48-64.
    96.
  96. Wong, L. Alias, H. Aghamohammadi, N. Aghazadeh, S. & Sulaiman, N. (2017) ‘Urban heat island experience, control measures and health impact: A survey among working community in the city of Kuala Lumpur’, Sustainable Cities and Society (35): 660-668.
    97.
  97. Yao, R. Li, B. & Liu, J. (2009) ‘A theoretical adaptive model of thermal comfort–Adaptive Predicted Mean Vote (aPMV)’, Building and environment 44(10): 2089-2096.
    98.
  98. Zarei, Qasim. (2017) ‘Structural Challenge of Greenhouses in Iran’, Journal of Strategic Research in Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources 2(2): 162-149.
    99.
  99. Zolfaghari, Hassan. (2010) ‘Considerations about available indicators and models to determine the timetable for tourism in Tabriz’, Journal of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of Tabriz University.
    100.

 

Online Resources:

https://www.irimo.ir

سکوی نشر دانش

سند یا سکوی نشر دانش ،سامانه ای جهت مدیریت حوزه علمی و پژوهشی نشریات دانشگاه آزاد می باشد

پیوندهای سایت

مراکز مرتبط

پشتیبانی

صفحات رسمی

حقوق این وب‌سایت متعلق به سامانه مدیریت نشریات دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی است.
حق نشر © 1403-1400

صفحه اصلی| عضویت/ ورود| درباره سند| تماس با ما|
[English] [العربية] [en] [ar]