Analysing the Climatic Impact of Central Courtyards in Traditional Houses of Tabriz
محورهای موضوعی :
Space Ontology International Journal
Sasan Moradi
1
,
Mehrdad Matin
2
,
Rima Fayaz
3
1 - Ph.D. Candidate, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, IAU, Centeral Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
2 - Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, IAU, Centeral Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
3 - Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, University of Art, Tehran, Iran
تاریخ دریافت : 1396/12/23
تاریخ پذیرش : 1397/02/20
تاریخ انتشار : 1396/12/10
کلید واژه:
Thermal Comfort,
Central courtyard,
Cold climate,
Computer simulations,
ENVI-met software,
چکیده مقاله :
As an inseparable organ, courtyards have influenced the history of architecture with their presence in the context of constructed sites and in a wider sense (architecture), it has provided permissive answers to numerous aspects of climatic, cultural and security demands of the residents. Discovering different aspects of environmental and climatic function in the central courtyard of the traditional residential structures in the cold regions of the country is the main goal of this research. The main fundamental subject that this research is based on, is “to what extent a closed yard in a region with cold climate can be responsive to the unfavorable climate conditions?” and “to what extent it can protect the residents against the unfavorable climate conditions?” In order to answer the main questions of the research, the traditional courtyard houses in the city of Tabriz are selected as the case studies. The methodology of this study is quantitative. Through comparative analysis, the samples were used based on the outdoor thermal comfort criteria using simulation software. ENVI-met numerical modeling method and the Rayman software model were employed. For this purpose, the PMV and PET indices are calculated and analyzed as the measure for estimating thermal comfort indices in the open spaces and also other indices including air temperature, mean radiant temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed that influences the thermal comfort. The results indicate that according to the PMV and PET indices, courtyards and their adjacent open spaces will be set outside of the comfort zone, especially during the winter, and closed yards does not possess the capability of thermal improvement in comparison to the exterior open spaces. Also, results of the study indicates that, by decreasing the area of the courtyards and the surrounding walls along with the increase of the shaded areas, we are not only limiting the possibility of ventilation in the summer but, this will also decrease the amount of passive heat storage in the surfaces of courtyards in the cold seasons. As the most important accomplishment of this research we can focus on the fact that physical specifications of traditional houses with courtyards in Tabriz do not possess a climatic approach, and the central courtyards in this region are elements which are subordinate to the historical, social and cultural or safety roles of them .
منابع و مأخذ:
14384 Standard “Determining the PPD, PMV thermal comfort indice and the indice for the local thermal comfort” Iran’s National organization of Standard, 2011.
Bruse, M. & Fleer, H. (1998) "Simulating surface-plant-air interactions inside urban environments with a three- simentional numerical model," Environmental Modelling and software, 13, 373-384.
Bruse, M. (2017) ENVI-met 4.1: model overview, Available online at: http://www.envi-met.com/introduction.
Development and reconstruction plan of Tabriz city (2013), General regional analysis, Vol. 4 (identifying the city), Ministry of Roads and Urbanization, Central organization of roads and urbanization of East-Azerbaijan province, Naghsh-e Mohit consultant engineers group
Esmaeili Sangari, H., Omrani, B. (2014). “Old houses in Tabriz”, Forouzesh, Tabriz.
General development and urbanization plan of Tabriz, (2013), General analysis f the region, Vol. 4., (identifying the city), Ministry of roads and urbanization, central office of road and urbanization ministry, East Azerbaijan province, Naghsh-e Mohit consultant engineers.
Ghiaei, M., Mahdavinia, M., Tahbaz, M., Mofidi Shemirani, S. M. (2011), Methodology of selecting energy simulation software the the field of the architecture, Hoviat-e Shahr quarterly, Spring, 2013, Vol. 7., Issue 13, pp. 45-54.
Honjo , T.(2009). Thermal Comfort in Outdoor Environment; Global Environmental Research ,13.pp 43-47.
ISO 7730:2005, Ergonomics of the thermal environment - Analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria. Japan.
Kasmaei, M. (2015), Zonation and handbook for the continental design of East Azerbaijan province, Center research for construction, Tehran.
Matzarakis, A., Rutz, Frank & Mayer, Helmut (2007), Modelling radiation fluxes in simple and complex environments-application of the RayMan model. International Journal of Biometeorology, 51, 323-334.
Monteiro, L. & Alucci, M. P. (2009). Thermal comfort index for the assessment of outdoor urban spaces in subtropical climates; The seventh International Conference on Urban Climate,Yokohama,
Shaqaqi, S., Mofidi, M. (2016), Link between the sustainable development and continental design in the design of buildings on the cold and dry areas: (Case study, Tabriz city), Natural environment sciences and technology quarterly, Vol. 10., Issue 3, Spring 2008.
Soflaei, F. (2016). Environmental impact of central courtyards in the architecture of the residential units in the hot and dry areas of Iran, Ph.d thesis, Islamic Azad University, Research and science branch, Tehran.
Soltanzadeh, H. (2010) “Tabriz, a secure brick in the architecture of Iran”, Center of cultural studies. Tehran.
Taban, M., Pourjafar, M., Bemanian, M. R., Heydari, S. (2013). Defying the efficient pattern for the central courtyards for the residential houses in Dezful (based on analysis of the received shadows on the different threes in the courtyard), Tehran, Baagh quarterly, Nazar publications, issue, 27.
Taleb, H. & Taleb D. (2014) "Enhancing the thermal comfort on urban level in a desert area: Case study of Dubai, United Arab Emirates," Urban Foresty & Urban Greening, 13, 253-260.
Taleghani, M.(2014), (Dwelling on Courtyards), Exploring the energy efficiency and comfort potential of courtyards for dwellings in the Netherlands, Delft University of -Technology, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Department of Architectural Engineering + Technology
Taleghani, M., Kleerekoper, L., Tenpierik, V. & Dobbelsteen A. (2014) "Outdoor thermal comfort within five different urban forms in the Netherlands," Building and Environment, 1-14.
Thapar, H.,Yannas, S. (2008), Microclimate and Urban Form in Dubai, Environment & Energy Studies Programme, Architectural Association School of Architecture, London, UK, PLEA 2008 – 25th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Dublin, 22nd to 24th October 2008
Watson, D., Labs, K. (2006). Bioclimatic Design at the Planning Scale, In D. Watson, & A. Plattus,Time saver for urban design, New York.
Yasa, E. (2013), Evaluation, In terms of Solar Heat Gains, of the Effects of Courtyard Building Shapes on Microclimate according to Different Climatic Regions,Climamed 13 proccedings Book VII, Mediterranean Congress of Climatization, Istanbul, P 82-91.