همبودی انسان وحیوان در تدفینهای دوران فراپارینهسنگی و نوسنگی در هلال حاصلخیزی
محورهای موضوعی : باستانشناسی پیش از تاریخمحسن سنگ برگان 1 , محمد حسین رضایی 2
1 - دانشگاه نیشابور
2 - گروه تاریخ، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران.
کلید واژه: تدفین انسان , حیوانی, فراپارینهسنگی, نوسنگی, هلال حاصلخیزی.,
چکیده مقاله :
یکی از مهمترین یافتههای حاصل از کاوشهای باستانشناسی تدفینها هستند؛ برخلاف بسیاری از یافتههای باستانشناسی که موقعیت قرارگیری آنها اغلب بدون اهداف خاصی است، در تدفین قرارگیری یافتهها بهصورت تعمدی بوده و در پشت آن اهدافی نهفته است که میتواند منعکسکننده اعتقادات و شرایط زندگی انسان در آن دوران باشد. همراهی حیوانات با انسانها در تدفین، یکی از شیوههای رایج تدفینی از دوران فراپارینهسنگی و نوسنگی در منطقه هلال حاصلخیزی است که، میتواند دارای مفاهیم زیادی از دنیای گذشته باشد. بر این اساس، پژوهش حاضر در پی بررسی و معرفی این شیوه تدفینی و بازه زمانی شروع آن، رابطه آن با اهلیسازی حیوانات و همچنین بررسی مفاهیم پنهان در پشت رواج این شیوه تدفینی (همچون ارتباط با شمنیسم و یا نمادگرایی آئینی) است. انجام این پژوهش به روش مطالعه مروری صورت گرفته است. نتایج پژوهش نشان میدهد که شیوه و سنت تدفین حیوان و همچنین نوع حیوان برگزیدهشده برای همراهی انسان در تدفین، در مناطق مختلف و ادوار مختلف زندگی انسان بر اساس نگرشهای مختلف، متفاوت بوده است که شامل حیوانات گوشتخوار و هم گیاهخوار میشده است. همچنین، وجود حیواناتی با قابلیت اهلیشدن در تدفینها، نشاندهنده ارتباط قوی بین انسان و حیوانات بوده و احتمالاً با شروع روند اهلیسازی مرتبط است. علاوه بر کشف بقایای کامل حیوانی در برخی از قبور، بخشهایی از حیوان همراه انسان دفن شده است که بهنوعی پیشکشی به متوفی است. همچنین در برخی از موارد، نشانههایی دال بر حتی ارتباط نمادین بین انسان و حیوان و شمنیسم نیز در تدفینهای انسانی و حیوانی وجود دارد.
Burials are among the most significant findings in archaeological excavations. Unlike many archaeological artifacts whose placements are often incidental, the deliberate positioning of items within burials reflects the underlying intentions that can shed light on the beliefs and living conditions of past human societies. The inclusion of animals in human burials has been a prevalent funerary practice since the Epipaleolithic and Neolithic periods in the Fertile Crescent, carrying profound implications for ancient worldviews. This study aims to examine and introduce this burial practice, its inception, its relationship with animal domestication, and the hidden meanings behind its prevalence, such as connections to shamanism or ritual symbolism. This research was conducted through a comprehensive literature review. The findings indicate that the methods and traditions of animal burial, as well as the types of animals chosen to accompany humans in burials, varied across different regions and periods, influenced by diverse perspectives. These included both carnivorous and herbivorous animals. Additionally, the presence of animals capable of domestication in burials signifies a strong bond between humans and animals, likely associated with the onset of domestication processes. Beyond the discovery of complete animal remains in some graves, parts of animals were buried alongside humans as offerings to the deceased. In some instances, there are also indications of symbolic connections between humans, animals, and shamanism in both human and animal burials.
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