نقش زنان در ادوار هخامنشی، اشکانی و ساسانی بر اساس سکه‌های بازمانده
محورهای موضوعی : تاریخ و باستان شناسی
عزیزه یوسفی
1
,
حسین علیزاده
2
,
حسن درخشی
3
1 - استادیار، گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، واحد میانه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، میانه، ایران.
2 - استادیار، گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، واحد میانه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، میانه، ایران.
3 - استادیار، گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، واحد شوشتر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شوشتر، ایران.
کلید واژه: ساسانیان, هخامنشیان, اشکانیان,
چکیده مقاله :
هدف پژوهش حاضر مطالعه‌ی نقش زنان در ادوار هخامنشی، اشکانی و ساسانی بر اساس سکه‌های بازمانده بود. جامعه‌ی پژوهش شامل منابع مکتوب تاریخی و دیگر آثار مرتبط با موقعیت زنان در سلسله‌های هخامنشی، اشکانی و ساسانی می‌باشد. نمونه پژوهش، سکه‌های برجای مانده از دوره هخامنشی، اشکانی و ساسانی بود. روش پژوهش توصیفی -تحلیلی است. گردآوری اطلاعات به شیوه‌ی کتابخانه‌ای و با استفاده از اسناد، مدارک مکتوب و منابع معتبر انجام گرفت. تحلیل‌داده‌ها با استفاده از روش تحلیل‌محتوا صورت‌گرفت. یافته‌ها نشان‌داد که، اگر چه سکه ابزاری جهت مبادلات اقتصادی، نشانه استقلال و معرف ملیت هر قومی است، ولی درعین‌حال سند معتبری است که اطلاعات مفیدی در زمینه‌های اجتماعی، فرهنگی، سیاسی، تاریخ گذشته ملت‌‌ها و جایگاه زنان را ارائه می‌دهد. تصاویر، نام و لقب زنان سلطنتی، تصاویر ایزدبانوان و نمادهای وابسته به آنان که بر روی سکه‌های اشکانی و ساسانی نقش بسته بیان‌گر جایگاه رفیع زن در این ادوار بود. اگرچه الواح هنری به‌جا‌مانده از دوره هخامنشی اطلاعات باارزشی در مورد زنان این عصر به-دست می‌دهد، ولی در سکه‌های این دوره مانند سایر آثار تصویر زن دیده نمی‌شود. زنان دربار هخامنشی، اشکانی و ساسانی به‌عنوان مصداق زنان مقتدر و مدبر و با اراده در عرصه سیاست و اجتماع ایفای نقش کرده‌اند. در کل زنان در این ادوار به پایگاهی برابر پایگاه مردان (پادشاهان)، دست یافته و نام و نمودشان بر روی سکه‌ها ماندگار شده است.
The present research aimed to study the role of women in the Achaemenid, Parthian and Sassanid dynasties by examining the coins left over from those periods. The study universe included the written historical references and other related works about the status of women in the Achaemenid, Parthian and Sassanid dynasties. The sample subsumed the coins left over from those periods. The research method was descriptive - analytical. To collect data library procedure by using written documents and authentic resources was implemented The data was analyzed via content analysis. The findings showed: while a coin is a tool for economic exchanges, a sign of independence, and the representation of the nationality of each ethnicity but at the same time it is a valid document that indicates the social, cultural, political, and ancient history of nations and provides useful information about the status of women. The images, names and titles of royal women, images of goddesses and related symbols that engraved on Parthian and Sassanid coins, indicated the high position of women in those periods. Although the surviving artworks from the Achaemenid period provide valuable information about the women of this era, but in the coins of this period, like other works, the image of a woman is not seen. Achaemenid, Parthian and Sasanian court women played a role in politics and society as examples of powerful, resourceful and strong-willed women. In general, women in these periods reached a position equal to that of men (kings), and their names and images have been preserved on coins.
Abeddoust, H., & Kazempour, Z. (2014). A study of the symbolic concepts of coin patterns of the Sassanid period. Astan-e Quds Razavi Art Journal, 13(1), 80-89. ]Persian[ URL: http://www.astanehonar.ir/article_96916.html#ar_info_pnl_cite
Ackerman, Ph., Pope, A., & Shroeder, E. (2001). Masterpieces of Iranian Art. Translated by Parviz Khanlari. (2008). Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications. ]Persian[ URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/1479352/
Alavi, H. (1908). Woman in ancient Iran. Tehran: Hermand Publications. ]Persian[ URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/1204120/
Anbarsuz, M. (2010). Women in Ancient Iran, A study of the political-cultural presence of women from the rise of Zartosht to the rise of Islam. Tehran: Roshangaran and Motaleat-e-Zanan. ]Persian[ URL: https://www.adinehbook.com/gp/product/9641940609
Avarzamani, F. (2014). Art Sassanid. Tehran: Pazineh Publications. ]Persian[ URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/1990134
Azizi Yousefkand, A., & Azizi Yousefkand, M. (2017). A study of Ashkani coins in the Malek Museum. Journal of Jelveh Honar, 11(3), 43-53. ]Persian[ URL: https://jjhjor.alzahra.ac.ir/article_4391.html#ar_info_pnl_cite
College, M. (1976). Parthians (Ashkanian). Translated by Masoud Rajabnia. (2001). Tehran: Hermand. ]Persian[ URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/1841490/
Coper, G. C. (1960). Illustrated culture of traditional symbols. Translated by Maliheh Karbasian. (2007). Tehran: Nashr now. ]Persian[ URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/1199599
Dadvar, A., & Neshat, R. (2011). The role of women in the works of art of the Sasanianid period. Semnan: Abrokh Publications. ]Persian[ URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/1822214
Derakhshi, H., Movahed, A., & Shahbazi, Z. (2015). Study and analysis of political-religious motifs and symbols of Sassanid coins. Journal of Iranian Archaeological, 14(1), 108-131. ]Persian[ URL: https://elmnet.ir/export/1771404-43011?type=BibTeX
Ferdowsi, A. (1998). Shahnameh (based on Jules Mol Shahnameh). Tehran: Elmi and Farhangi Publications. ]Persian[ URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/1757668/
Firoozmandi, B., & Khanomoradi, M. (2013). An Introduction to the knowledge of Iranian women in the parthian era. Women in Culture and Art, 6(2), 249-264. ]Persian[ URL:https://jwica.ut.ac.ir/article_52939.html#ar_info_pnl_cite
Girshman, R. (1991). Iranian art during the Parthian and Sassanid eras. Translated by Bahram Farhvashi. (2011). Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications. ]Persian[ URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/1843705/
Golizadeh, Kh. (2004). Stylistics of Sassanid coins. Journal of Peyk Noor Humanities, 2(1), 4-18.]Persian[ URL:https://elmnet.ir/export/1132370-54884?type=BibTeX
Hejazi, B. (2014). Under the scarf. Tehran: GasidehSara. ]Persian[ URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/11133087
Jahanpour, F. (2006). A study of a number of elimai coins. Journal of the Academy, 1(29), 11-16. ]Persian[ URL: http://www.persianacademy.ir/fa/vn.aspx
Khanmoradi, H. (2011). Patterns of elimai coins and its relationship with seafaring. Journal of Historical Sciences Research, 3(2), 85-100. ]Persian[ URL: https://elmnet.ir/export/1197298-81251?type=BibTeX
Linzi, A. (1965). History of the Persian empire. Translated by Issa Abdi. (2011). Tehran: Amirkabir. ]Persian[ URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/1756763
Malekzadeh Bayani, M. (1969). The reign of Pourandokht, the Sassanid queen, and a study on the coins of her time. Journal of Historical Studies, 4(1), 19-34. ]Persian[ URL: https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/citation/ris/246849
Malekzadeh Bayani, M. (2002). History of coins: From the Oldest Period to the Sassanid Period. Tehran: University of Tehran Press. ]Persian [URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/1238135
Mobini, M., Ebrahimzadeh, F., & Nowrouzi, B. (2015). Investigating the figure of women in metal works of the Sassanid period. Journal of Visual Arts, 5(14), 79-90. ]Persian[ URL:https://elmnet.ir/export/988470-21243?type=BibTeX
Mohammadi, S. (2022). A comparative study of the women social situation in the Sassanid and Qajar era. Journal of Woman and Culture, 13(50), 29-43. ]Persian[ URL: https://jwc.ahvaz.iau.ir/article_689333.html
Mohammadpanah, B. (2020). Kohan Diar. Tehran: Sabzan Publications. ]Persian[ URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/11399351
Navabakhsh, A. (1980). Woman in History. Tehran: Rafat Publishing. ]Persian[ URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/127276
Pirnia, H. (2006). History of Iran before Islam; Eqbal Ashtiani, Abbas; Aqeli, Baqer, History of Iran after Islam. Tehran: Saadi. ]Persian[ URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/1276402
Raeisnia, R. (1999). Koroglu in mythology and history. Tehran: World Publishing. [Persian] URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/1161799/
Sadat Shojaei, N., & Afzal Tusi, E. (2016). Women in Sassani Coins. International Conference on Oriental Studies, Ferdowsi and Persian Culture and Literature, 1(13), 1-18. ]Persian[ URL: https://elmnet.ir/export/20826344-86781?type=BibTeX
Sadeghi, S., Mirazi, Z., & Feyzi, F. (1400). Evaluation of women’s clothing during the sassanid era. Journal of Women and Culture, 13(49), 35-47. ]Persian[ URL: http://jwc.iauahvaz.ac.ir/article_686667
Sarfaraz, A., & Avarzamani, F, (2015). Iranian coins: from the beginning of Zandieh era, eighth edition. Tehran: Samt Publications. ]Persian[ URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/11171543
Sattari, J. (2015). The image of a woman in Iranian culture, seventh edition,. Tehran: Markaz Publishing. ]Persian[ URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/1787717
Seraj, A (2015). Women's Discourse. Tehran: Roshangaran and Motaleat-e-Zanan. ]Persian[ URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/11148674
Shariatzadeh, A. A. (2016). Coins of Iranzmin. Tehran: Pazineh. ]Persian[ URL: https://nahang.ir/book/1173314/
Tondvli, S., & Bagheri Lori, M. R. (2015). Comparative study of achaemenid stamps and coins. International Conference on Innovation and Research in Arts and Humanities, 1(2), 2-20. ]Persian [URL: https://elmnet.ir/export/20480865-83486?type=BibTeX
Yarshater, E. (1994). History of Iran (from the Seleucids to the collapse of the Sassanid government). Translated by Hassan Anousheh. (2015). Tehran: Amir Kabir Publications. ]Persian[ URL: https://www.adinehbook.com/gp/product/9640003913
Yousefi, A. (2021). Women of Azerbaijani Tales and Their Names. Journal of Women and Culture, 12(48), 19-34. ]Persian[ URL: http://jwc.iauahvaz.ac.ir/article_684604.html#ar_info_pnl_cite
Zarinkoob, A. H. (2003). History of the Iranian people (Iran before Islam). Tehran: Amirkabir. ]Persian[ URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/11402519
_||_