شناخت و تحلیل عوامل جغرافیایی و معماری در پایداری کاربری مسکونی(نمونه موردی: خانه های سنتی شهر کرمانشاه)
محورهای موضوعی : توسعه پایدار شهری
شهرام محمدیانی
1
,
امیر رضا کریمی‌آذری
2
,
حسین سلطان زاده
3
1 - دانشجوی دکتری، گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
2 - دانشیار، گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و هنر، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران
3 - استاد، گروه معماری، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
کلید واژه: عوامل معماری و جغرافیایی, پایداری, کاربری مسکونی, شهر کرمانشاه,
چکیده مقاله :
کاربری مسکونی یکی از مهم‌ترین کاربری‌های شهری محسوب می‌شود که در دوره‌های تاریخی مختلف از اهمیت زیادی برخوردار بوده است. در این راستا، عوامل گوناگونی می‌توانند در پایداری کاربری‌های مسکونی شهری مؤثر باشند که عوامل فرهنگی، اقلیمی، طبیعی و جغرافیایی از مهم‌ترین آنها محسوب می‌شوند. هدف این پژوهش شناخت و تحلیل عوامل محیطی، اقلیمی و جغرافیایی مؤثر در پایداری کاربری مسکونی به صورت مطالعه موردی خانه‌های سنتی کرمانشاه است. روش مورد استفاده در این تحقیق روش توصیفی - تحلیلی و مبتنی بر گردآوری داده‌های پیمایشی است. برای گردآوری داده‌ها از ابزار پرسش‌نامه استفاده شده است. روایی پرسش‌نامه از طریق نخبگان تأیید و پایایی نیز از طریق آلفای کرونباخ بالای 70/0 تأیید شد. جامعه آماری تحقیق را تعداد ۴۶۰ نفر از اساتید دانشگاه، کارشناسان، متخصصان و افراد آگاه به معماری بناهای مسکونی دوره قاجار در منطقه غرب کشور تشکیل داده‌اند. تعداد نمونه بر اساس جدول مورگان ۲۱۳ نفر محاسبه شد. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که عوامل اقلیمی و جغرافیایی شامل ویژگی‌های زمینه‌ای منطقه، ویژگی‌های مشترک، عوامل اقلیمی، مدرنیزاسیون و ویژگی‌های فرهنگی منطقه در سطح کمتر از 05/0 معنادار و در معماری و پایداری کاربری مسکونی دوره قاجاریه در شهر کرمانشاه تأثیرگذار بوده است. نتیجه رگرسیون تأیید نمود که عوامل بررسی شده، مجموعاً توان تبیین ۶۶ درصد از تغییرات (واریانس) معماری و پایداری بناها یا کاربری مسکونی این دوره را دارند. در این زمینه، ویژگی‌های زمینه‌ای (جغرافیا، طبیعت و اقلیم) با مقدار بتا برابر با 664/0 بیشترین تأثیرگذاری را بر معماری و پایداری کاربری مسکونی در منطقه غرب کشور داشته است.
Residential use is one of the most important urban uses, which has been very important in different historical periods. In this regard, various factors can be effective in the sustainability of residential use in cities, of which cultural, climatic, natural and geographical factors are considered to be the most important. The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the environmental, climatic and geographical factors effective in the sustainability of residential use in the form of a case study of traditional houses in Kermanshah..The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on the collection of survey data. The tool of data collection is a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through elites and the reliability was also confirmed through Cronbach's alpha above 0.70. The statistical population of the research is made up of 460 university professors, experts, specialists and people knowledgeable about the architecture of residential buildings of the Qajar period in the western region of the country. The number of samples was calculated as 213 people based on Morgan's table. The results showed that the climatic and geographical factors including the background characteristics of the region, common characteristics, climatic factors, modernization and cultural characteristics of the region were significant at a level of less than 0.05 and had an impact on the architecture and sustainability of the residential use of the Qajar era in Kermanshah city. Is. The regression result confirmed that the analyzed factors can explain ۶۶% of the changes (variance), architecture and stability of buildings or residential use of this period. In this context, background features (Geography, nature and climate) with a beta value of 0.664 have had the greatest impact on the architecture and sustainability of residential use in the western region of the country.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Residential land use is considered one of the most important urban uses, which was very important in different historical periods, including the Qajar period. The residential buildings of every period have been affected by various conditions, which cannot be indifferent to these factors and conditions. Residential use in the Qajar period, which has a rich and valuable architecture, was influenced by various climatic and geographical conditions and factors. Geographical and climatic factors are very important in traditional buildings and have influenced the design and structure of these buildings. Among the most important geographical and climatic influencing factors, we can mention topography, temperature, precipitation, culture, traditions, technology, environment, etc. can be considered one of the most important of them.
Kermanshah city is one of the most important cities where traditional buildings, especially old residential uses, are built according to geographical and climatic conditions. Many buildings were built in this city during the Qajar period, which are considered unique in terms of architecture and compliance with different geographical conditions. Among the most important of these buildings, we can mention the Sarm al-Doulah house, the Suri house, the Feize Mahdavi house, the Moein al-Ketab house and the Samadi house. The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the climatic and geographical factors in the sustainability of residential use in the form of a case study of traditional houses in Kermanshah.
Methodology
The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on the collection of survey data. This research is also considered as a quantitative and cross-sectional research. The spatial scope of this research study of Qajar buildings in Kermanshah city includes Moradi House, Feize Mahdavi House, Moein Al Ketab House, Khajeh Barukh House, Samadi House, Saydin House, Khadivi House, Mo'tazed al Doulah House, Sarem Al Doulah House, Gol Anbar House. The statistical population of the research is made up of 460 experts, specialists and people knowledgeable about the architecture of Qajar era buildings in Kermanshah city, and the sample number was calculated as 213 people based on Morgan's table. The research questionnaire was approved by experts from the point of view of validity, and from the point of view of reliability, it was confirmed with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.85. Data analysis is a multi-stage process that was carried out using different and appropriate methods. Appropriate statistical tests were used for analysis.
Results and discussion
The results of the research showed that knowledge and social awareness, education and skills, ability and access to services are the most important drivers for creating resilient communities in Tabriz. Therefore, it is very important to adopt community-oriented crisis management solutions, empower citizens and use the power of awareness in order to actively participate in dealing with natural disasters such as earthquakes and increasing resilience. Why, if people have enough awareness and skills and are empowered, we can hope that when an earthquake occurs, they will be able to save their lives and those of their loved ones by reacting and behaving appropriately, and will suffer less physical, financial, and emotional damage. On the other hand, it should be kept in mind that the failure of modernization policies in the form of large-scale plans and re-reading the role of local communities in planning, along with the emergence of participatory paradigms in planning, necessitates the need to pay attention to individual and local measures. The emphasis of international assemblies on creating resilient communities and emphasizing the role of the local government in realizing this issue marks the beginning of a movement from the bottom up. These measures range from educating residents to formulating building regulations at local levels.
Conclusion
The results showed that the climatic and geographical factors including the background characteristics of the region, common characteristics, climatic factors, modernization and cultural characteristics of the region have been influential in the architecture and sustainability of the residential use of the Qajar era in Kermanshah city. In this context, the result shows that the background characteristics (nature and climate) have had the greatest impact on the architecture and sustainability of residential use in the western region of the country. The use of nature, transparency, variety of buildings and flexibility in design are considered to be the most important contextual features. Paying attention to the natural elements (light and heat of the sun, heat and wind, rain and dryness and humidity), the appropriate type and resistance of the land, determining the direction of the building in relation to the way the sun shines and the wind blows, and considering the mountainous nature of the area, and also taking into account The very high fluctuation of air temperature during the day in Kermanshah city and the use of materials such as: brick, stone and dense concrete is one of the most important indicators of attention to the geographical and climatic factors of the region in the architecture of buildings or residential uses.
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