The Dynamic Trajectory of L2 Development in the Speech of Early Iranian Learners of English Based on Processability Theory
محورهای موضوعی : Research in English Language PedagogyFatemeh Alizadeh 1 , Afsar Rouhi 2 , Hossein Sadegh Oghli 3
1 - Islamic Azad University, Sarab Branch, Iran
2 - University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran
3 - Islamic Azad University, Sarab Branch, Iran
کلید واژه: processability theory, Dynamic system, Syntactic Development,
چکیده مقاله :
Adopting processability theory (Pienemann, 1989), the present study sought to trace the dynamic trajectory of the morphosyntactic development in the English speech of 24 Iranian learners. The participants recruited were interviewed in the initial experiment and the final experiment sessions. The data were obtained through some simple communicative tasks which mediated the interviews the participating learners gave. English speech fragments elicited were submitted to a distributional analysis and emergence criteria. They appeared to be collectively explained by the processability theory hierarchy, notwithstanding their idiosyncratic structures. While regularities speak to universal stages, individual variations are an indication of constraints imposed by the developing L2 system. The findings of the present study have pedagogical implications for syllabus designers and teachers alike, which are discussed in due space.
Bailey, N., Madden, C., & Krashen, S. D. (1974). Is there a “natural sequence” in adult second language learning? Language Learning, 24(2), 235–243.
Baten, K. (2011). Processability theory and german case acquisition. Language Learning, 61(2), 455–505.
Brown, R. (1973). Development of the first language in the human species. American Psychologist, 28(2), 97.
Chomsky, N. (2011). Language and other cognitive systems: What is special about language? Language Learning and Development, 7, 263–278.
Clahsen, H. (1980). Psycholinguistic aspects of L2 acquisition. In S. W. Felix (Ed.), Second language development: Trends and issues (pp. 57–79). Gunter Narr.
Côté, S. (2020). Examining processability theory's predictions for grammatical gender agreement in intermediate l2 French. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 30(3) 353–366.
De Bot, K., Lowie, W., & Verspoor, M. (2007). A dynamic systems theory approach to second language acquisition. Bilingualism: Language Cognition, 10(1), 7–21.
De Villiers, J. G., & de Villiers, P. A. (1973). A cross-sectional study of the acquisition of grammatical morphemes in child speech. Journal of psycholinguistic research, 2(3), 267–278.
Dulay, H. C., & Burt, M. K. (1973). Should we teach children syntax? Language Learning, 23(2), 245–258.
Dulay, H. C., & Burt, M. K. (1974). Natural sequences in child second language acquisition 1. Language Learning, 24(1), 37–53.
Ellis, N. (1994). Implicit and explicit language learning. Implicit and explicit learning of languages, 1(2), 79–114.
Ellis, R. (2015a). Researching acquisition sequences: Idealization and de-idealization in SLA. Language Learning, 65(1), 181–209.
Ellis, R. (2015b). Understanding second language acquisition (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Felix, S. W. (1984). Language acquisition as a maturational process. Theoretical Issues in Language Acquisition, 1(1), 35–62.
Hulstijn, J. H., Ellis, R., & Eskildsen, S. W. (2015). Orders and sequences in the acquisition of L2 morphosyntax, 40 years on: An introduction to the special issue. Language Learning, 65(1), 1–5.
Jafarigohar, M., Rouhi, A., & Ghelichi, M. (2017). The effect of contrastive phrase re-synthesis instruction on grammatical accuracy: A teachability hypothesis perspective. Language Translation Studies, 49(4), 77–98.
Khansir, A. A., & Zaab, M. (2015). The impact of processability theory on the speaking abilities of Iranian EFL learners. Journal of Language Teaching, 6(2), 343.
Larsen‐Freeman, D. E. (1976). An explanation for the morpheme acquisition order of second language learners. Language Learning, 26(1), 125–134.
Larsen-Freeman, D., & Long, M. (1991). An introduction to second language acquisition research. Longman.
Lenzing, A. (2013). The development of the grammatical system in early second language acquisition: The multiple constraints hypotheses. John Benjamins Publishing.
Lenzing, A. (2015). Exploring regularities and dynamic systems in L2 development. Language Learning, 65(1), 89–122.
Levelt, W. J. M. (1989). Speaking: From intention to articulation. MIT Press.
MacIntyre, P. (2020). Expanding the theoretical base for the dynamics of willingness to communicate. Studies in Second Language Learning Teaching, 10(1), 111–131.
Meisel, J. M., Clahsen, H., & Pienemann, M. (1981). On determining developmental stages in natural second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 3(2), 109–135.
Mobaraki, B., & Vaghefi, M. (2015). Numerical study of the depth and cross-sectional shape of the tunnel under surface explosion. Tunnelling Underground Space Technology, 47, 114–122.
Mullin, T. (Ed.). (1993). The nature of chaos. Oxford University Press.
Nunan, D. (1989). Hidden agendas: The role of the learner in program implementation. The Second Language Curriculum, 177, 20–25.
Peker, H., & Toprak-Celen, E. (2020). A critical review on the components of processability theory: Identifying the limitations. ELT Research Journal, 9(1), 71–89.
Pienemann, M. (1998). Language processing and second language development: Processability theory. John Benjamins.
Pienemann, M. (2005a). An introduction to processability theory. In M. Pienemann (Ed.), Cross-linguistic aspects of processability theory (pp. 1–60). John Benjamins.
Pienenmann, M. (2005b). Discussing PT. In M. Pienemann (Ed.), Cross-linguistic aspects of processability theory (pp. 61–83). John Benjamins.
Pienemann, M. (2015). An outline of processability theory and its relationship to other approaches to SLA. Language Learning, 65(1), 123–151.
Spinner, P, (2013). Language production and reception: a processability theory study. Language Learning, 63(4), 704–739.
Tabatabaee, S., Pishghadam, R., Moghimi, S., & Baghaei, P. (2019). Second language acquisition. Routledge.
Tabatabaee-Yazdi, M., Motallebzadeh, K., & Baghaei, P. (2021). A Mokken scale analysis of an English reading comprehension test. International Journal of Language Testing, 11(1), 132–143.
Williams, R. (1997). A Key into the language of America: Applewood Books.
Zhang, X. (2020). A bibliometric analysis of second language acquisition bet