ساخت و اعتباریابی مقیاس شادکامی در جامعۀ ایرانی

محورهای موضوعی : تربیتی

اعظم نوفرستی ¹ (استادیار دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.)
نیما گنجی ² (عضو هیئت‌علمی جهاد دانشگاهی البرز، البرز، ایران.)

تاریخ دریافت : 1397/12/18 تاریخ پذیرش : 1399/03/24 تاریخ انتشار : 1399/11/01

کلید واژه: اعتباریابی, مقیاس شادکامی,

چکیده مقاله :

هدف این پژوهش، ساخت و اعتباریابی مقیاس شادکامی در جامعۀ ایرانی بود. روش پژوهش، ترکیبی از روش کیفی و کمی بود. ابتدا برای شناسایی مؤلفه‌های شادکامی از رویکرد پدیدارشناسی استفاده شد. 58 نفر به شیوۀ نمونه‌گیری با حداکثر تنوع از جامعۀ افراد 18 تا 65 سال شهر تهران و کرج انتخاب شدند. برای گردآوری داده‌ها از مصاحبه استفاده شد. تحلیل کیفی داده‌ها با استفاده از شیوۀ تحلیل کلایزی انجام شد. یافته‌های کیفی نشان داد که شادکامی در نمونۀ پژوهش شامل هشت مقولۀ تأمین مایحتاج اولیه زندگی و رفاه، عواطف و هیجانات، روابط، رسیدن به اهداف و خواسته‌ها در زندگی، ارزش‌های معنوی، توانایی‌ها و ویژگی‌های شخصیتی، سلامتی و انتخابگری است. سپس برای هرکدام از مقوله‌ها گویه‌هایی ساخته شد. در ادامه، مقیاس بر روی 500 نفر که به شیوه نمونه‌گیری هدفمند از مناطق مختلف تهران و کرج انتخاب شدند، اجرا شد. یافته‌ها ضریب آلفای کرونباخ را 92/0 نشان داد. همچنین بین مقیاس با مقیاس شادکامی آکسفورد (74/0=r) و پرسشنامۀ جهت‌گیری به زندگی (69/0=r) همبستگی مثبت و معنادار و با پرسشنامۀ افسردگی بک (62/0 -=r) همبستگی منفی و معنادار وجود داشت. نتایج تحلیل عاملی به شیوۀ تعیین مؤلفه‌های اصلی با چرخش واریماکس نشان داد که مقیاس شادکامی شامل 6 مقولۀ عواطف مثبت، روان‌رنجوری، ارزش‌های معنوی با تمرکز بر توانمندی‌های فردی، انتخابگری، روابط و تأمین مایحتاج اولیه زندگی و رفاه است.

چکیده انگلیسی:

The aim of present study was developing and validating of Happiness Scale in Iranian Society. The method was a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. At first, In order to explore the Happiness components, a qualitative (Phenomenological (method was employed. 58 participants were selected through maximum variation sampling of people aged 18-65 in Tehran and Karaj. A semi-structured interview was used for data gathering. Qualitative data analysis was performed by using Colaizzi method. The qualitative results showed that providing the basic needs of life and welfare, emotions and feelings, relationships, achieving life goals, spiritual values, abilities and personal characteristics, choice and health were as 8 themes of happiness. Then, for each of the themes extracted from the qualitative analysis, items were made. The developed scale was conducted in a sample of 500 people aged 18-65 years who were selected by targeted sampling from different regions in Tehran and Karaj. The Chronbach’s alpha coefficient for scale was 0.92. The correlation coefficient of the happiness Scale with oxford happiness (r= 0/74) and orientation to life Scale (r= 0/69) was positive and significant and with beck depression (r= -0/62) was negative and significant. The results indicated the happiness Scale can be considered as a valid and reliable instrument for measuring happiness in Iranian society.

منابع و مأخذ:

Abedi, H. A. (2010). Application of Phenomenological Research Methodology in Clinical Sciences. Strategy Quarterly, 54, 207-224. [Persian]

Argyle, M. (2001). The psychology of happiness (2nd edition). London: Rutledge press, Taylor & Francis group.

Argyle, M., & Lu, L. (1990). The happiness of extraverts. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 1011–1017.

Argyle, M., Martin, M., & Lu, L. (1995). Testing for stress and happiness: The role of social and cognitive factors. In C. D. Spielberger, & I. G. Sarason (Eds.), Stress and emotion (pp. 173–187). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.

Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A. & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the BDI-II. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.

Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, SAGE.

Delavar, A. (2006). Research Methods in Psychology and Educational Sciences. Tehran: Virayesh Publishing. [Persian]

DelleFave, A. (2004). Positive psychology and the pursuit of complexity.Special issue on positive psychology. Ricerche di Psicologia, 27, 7–12.

DelleFave, A., Bassi, M., & Massimini, F. (2009). Experienciaóptima y evoluciónhumana

 

[optimalexperience and psychological selection]. In C. Vasquez & G. Hervas (Eds.), La cienciadelbienestar. Fundamentos de unapsicologíapositiva(pp. 209–230). Madrid: Alianza Editorial

Diener, E. (1995). Assessing subjective well-being: Progress and opportunities. Social Indicators Research, 31, 103–157.

Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being.The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55, 34–43.

Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71- 75.

Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Smith, H., & Shao, L. (1995). National differences in reported well-being: Why do they occur? Social Indicators Research, 34, 7–32.

Fredrickson, B. L., & Losada, M. (2005). Positive Affect and the complex dynamics of human flourishing. American psychologist, 60, 678-686.

Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008). Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1045–1062.

Hariri, N. (2006). Principles and methods of qualitative research. Tehran: Islamic Azad University Press, Science and Research Branch. [Persian]

Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R, Sachs., J., & De Neve, J. E. (2020). World Happiness Report 2020. New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network.

Hills, P., Argyle, M. (2001). Emotional stability as a major dimension of happiness. Personality and Individual differences, 31, 1357-1364.

Keyes, C. (2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journalof health and social research, 43, 207–222.

Keyes, C. L. M. (2007). Promoting and protecting mental health as flourishing: A complementary strategy for improving national mental health. American Psychologist, 62, 95–108.

Lucas, R. E., & Dyrenforth, P. S. (2006). Does the Existence of Social Relationships Matter for Subjective Well-Being? In K. D. Vohs & E. J. Finkel (Eds.), Self and relationships: Connecting intrapersonal and interpersonal processes (p. 254–273). Guilford Press.

Lyubomirsky, S. (2011). Hedonic adaptation to positive and negative experiences. In S. Folkman(Ed.), Oxford handbook of stress, health, and coping(pp. 200–224). New York: Oxford University Press.

Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. S. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46 (2), 137-156.

Lyubomirsky, S., Dickerhoof, R., Boehm, J. K., & Sheldon, K. M. (2011). Becoming happier takes both a will and a proper way: Two experimental longitudinal interventions to boost well-being. Emotion, 11(2). 391-402.

Lyubomirsky, S., Sousa, L., Dickerhoof, R. (2006). The costs and benefits of writing, talking, and thinking about life's triumphs and defeats, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 692-708.

Myers, D. (2000). The funds, friends, and faith of happy people. American Psychologist, 55, 56–67.

Nastasi, B. K., Moore, R. B., & Varjas, K. M. (2004). Applying psychology to the schools. School-based mental health services: Creating comprehensive and culturally specific programs. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10724-000

Noorbala, A. A., Bagheri Yazdi, S. A., Yasemi, M. T., & Mohammad, K. (2004). Mental health survey of the adult population in Iran. British Journal of Psychiatry, 184, 70-73.

Parks, A., Della Porta, M., Pierce, R. S., Zilca, R., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2012). Pursuing happiness in everyday life: The characteristics and behaviors of online happiness seekers. Emotion. Advance online publication. doi:3193119/a1137179.

Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. 3rd Sage Publications; Thousand Oaks, CA.

Peterson, C. (2006). A primer in positive psychology. New York: Axford University Press.

Peterson, C., Park, N., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). Orientations to happiness and life satisfaction: The full life versus the empty life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6, 25–41.

Ryan, R. M., &Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141–166.

Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. New York: Free Press.

Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. New York: Free Press

Sheldon, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2007). How to increase and sustain positive emotion: The effects of expressing gratitude and visualizing best possible selves. Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(2), 73–82.

Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques, Sage.

Tabachnick, B.G.,  Fidell, J. B., Ullman, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics.

Willig, C. (2013). Qualitative research in psychology, McGraw-Hill Education (UK).

Wirtz, D., Chiu, C., Diener, E., & Oishi, S. (2009). What constitutes a good life? Cultural differencesin the role of positive and negative affect in subjective well-being. Journal of Personality, 77, 1167–1195.