ژئوشیمی فلزات سنگین در محیط‌‌های شهری
محورهای موضوعی : آلودگی های محیط زیست (آب، خاک و هوا)
1 - استادیار، مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان آذربایجان شرقی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تبریز، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات
کلید واژه: آلودگی, انسان, ویژگی‌های شیمیایی,
چکیده مقاله :
با توجه به ازدیاد روزافزون جمعیت جهان، آگاهی از روابط متقابل بین فعالیت های انسان و محیط زیست شهری ضروری است. رشد و توسعه ژئوشیمی محیط های شهری موجب شده است تا حجم وسیعی از یافته های علمی در مورد پدیده های ژئوشیمیائی محیط های شهری مانند توزیع، پخش و ویژگی های شیمیایی بعضی عناصر سمی یافت شوند. مروری بر توسعه ژئوشیمی شهری در مراحل مختلف از آغاز تا تخصص های مهم امروزه، هدف نوشتار حاضر می باشد. ژئوشیمی محیط های شهری در مورد آلودگی فلزات سنگین و اثرات بهداشتی آن اطلاعات با ارزشی در اختیار ما قرار می دهند.
With attention to increasing trend of world population, awareness of correlation between human and urban environment is necessary. Growth and development of urban environmental geochemistry caused to find huge quantity of scientific data regarding geochemical process of urban environments such as distribution, diffusion, and chemical properties of some toxic elements. Review of urban geochemistry in different steps from appearance to important skills of recent, is goal of this paper. Geochemistry of urban environments gives us valuable information about heavy metal pollution and health effect of them.
1- FAO/ISRIC/ISSS, 1998. World reference base for soil resources, World Soil Resources Report. FAO, Rome.
2- Al-Chalabi P. and Hawker, A. S. 1997. Response of vehicular lead to the presence of street dust in the atmospheric environment of major roads. The Science of the Total Environment. 206: 195–202.
3- Hansmann W. and Koppel V. 2000. Lead isotopes as tracers of pollutants in soils. Chemical Geology 171: 123–144.
4- Farago, M. E. Kavanagh, P., Blanks, R., Simpson, P., Kazantzis, G., and Thornton, I. 1995. Platinum group metals in the environment: Their use in vehicle exhaust catalysts and implications for human health in the UK. A report prepared for the UK Department of the Environment. 182 pp.
5- Alloway, B. J. 1990. Heavy Metals in Soils. Blackie and Son, London.
6- Beket, M. 1980. Urban soils – monitoring program. Journal of Pesticide Monitoring.13: 150–154.
7- Bullock P. and Gregory P. J. 1991. Soils in the Urban Environment. Blackwell Scientific Publicat ions, Oxford.
8- Ho, Y. B. and Tai K. M. 1988. Elevated levels of lead and other metals in roadside soil and grass and their use to monitor aerial metal deposition in Hong Kong. Environmental Pollution. 49: 37–51.
9- Callender E, and Rice K. C. 2000. The urban environmental gradient: anthropogenic influences on the spatial and temporal distributions of lead and zinc in sediments. Environmental Science and Technology. 34: 232–238.
10- Harrison, R. M. Laxen D. P. H. and Wilson S. J. 1981. Chemical association of lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc in street dusts and roadside soils. Environmental Science and Technology. 15: 1378–1383.
11- Hirano S. and Suzuki K. T. 1996. Exposure, metabolism, and toxicity of rare earths and related compounds. Environmental Health Perspectives. 104: 85–95.
12- Wilcke W. Muller S. Kanchanakool N., and Zech W. 1998. Urban soil contamination in Bangkok: heavy metal and aluminum partitioning in topsoils. Geoderma. 86: 211–228.
13- Mason Y. Ammann A. A. Ulrich A. and Sigg L. 1999. Behavior of heavy metals, nutrients, and major components during roof runoff infiltration. Environmental Science and Technology. 33: 1588–1597.
_||_
1- FAO/ISRIC/ISSS, 1998. World reference base for soil resources, World Soil Resources Report. FAO, Rome.
2- Al-Chalabi P. and Hawker, A. S. 1997. Response of vehicular lead to the presence of street dust in the atmospheric environment of major roads. The Science of the Total Environment. 206: 195–202.
3- Hansmann W. and Koppel V. 2000. Lead isotopes as tracers of pollutants in soils. Chemical Geology 171: 123–144.
4- Farago, M. E. Kavanagh, P., Blanks, R., Simpson, P., Kazantzis, G., and Thornton, I. 1995. Platinum group metals in the environment: Their use in vehicle exhaust catalysts and implications for human health in the UK. A report prepared for the UK Department of the Environment. 182 pp.
5- Alloway, B. J. 1990. Heavy Metals in Soils. Blackie and Son, London.
6- Beket, M. 1980. Urban soils – monitoring program. Journal of Pesticide Monitoring.13: 150–154.
7- Bullock P. and Gregory P. J. 1991. Soils in the Urban Environment. Blackwell Scientific Publicat ions, Oxford.
8- Ho, Y. B. and Tai K. M. 1988. Elevated levels of lead and other metals in roadside soil and grass and their use to monitor aerial metal deposition in Hong Kong. Environmental Pollution. 49: 37–51.
9- Callender E, and Rice K. C. 2000. The urban environmental gradient: anthropogenic influences on the spatial and temporal distributions of lead and zinc in sediments. Environmental Science and Technology. 34: 232–238.
10- Harrison, R. M. Laxen D. P. H. and Wilson S. J. 1981. Chemical association of lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc in street dusts and roadside soils. Environmental Science and Technology. 15: 1378–1383.
11- Hirano S. and Suzuki K. T. 1996. Exposure, metabolism, and toxicity of rare earths and related compounds. Environmental Health Perspectives. 104: 85–95.
12- Wilcke W. Muller S. Kanchanakool N., and Zech W. 1998. Urban soil contamination in Bangkok: heavy metal and aluminum partitioning in topsoils. Geoderma. 86: 211–228.
13- Mason Y. Ammann A. A. Ulrich A. and Sigg L. 1999. Behavior of heavy metals, nutrients, and major components during roof runoff infiltration. Environmental Science and Technology. 33: 1588–1597.
