مروری بر گیاه‌پالایی خاک‌های آلوده به فلزات سنگین
محورهای موضوعی : آب و محیط زیستمحمدرضا نادری 1 , عبدالرزاق دانش‌شهرکی 2 , رضوان نادری 3
1 - دانشجوی دکتری اکولوژی گیاهان زراعی، گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد*(مسئول مکاتبات).
2 - استادیار گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهرکرد.
3 - دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد علوم و تکنولوژی بذر، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند.
کلید واژه: فلزات سنگین, گیاه‌پالایی, استخراج‌گیاهی, تصفیه‌ی‌گیاهی, تبخیر‌گیاهی, تثبیت‌گیاهی,
چکیده مقاله :
سمیت فلزات سنگین و تجمع آن‌ها در زنجیره‌های غذایی یکی از اصلی‌ترین معضلات زیست محیطی و بهداشتی جوامع مدرن است. اگرچه امکان اصلاح خاک‌های آلوده به فلزات سنگین با استفاده از تکنیک‌های شیمیایی، فیزیکی و یا زیستی وجود دارد، اما روش‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی اصلاح مناطق آلوده به فلزات سنگین هزینه‌بر، وقت‌گیر و تخریب‌کنند‌ه‌ی محیط زیست می‌باشند. از این رو، طی سال‌های اخیر دانشمندان و مهندسین درصدد طراحی و توسعه‌ی تکنیک‌های زیستی برآمدند که بتوانند مکان‌های آلوده به فلزات سنگین را بدون آنکه بر حاصلخیزی و تنوع بیولوژیکی خاک اثرات سوئی داشته باشند پاکسازی و تعدیل نمایند. گیاه‌پالایی از جمله فناوری‌های سبز و دوست‌دار محیط‌زیست است، که از لحاظ اقتصادی مقرون‌به‌صرفه و از لحاظ انرژی کم هزینه می‌باشد. این فناوری دربرگیرنده‌ی استفاده از گیاهان و ریزجانداران وابسته به آن‌ها جهت پاکسازی و یا تثبیت آلاینده‌های سمی نظیر فلزات سنگین است. در مقاله‌ی حاضر مروری کوتاه بر فناوری گیاه‌پالایی و تکنیک‌های مختلف آن خواهیم داشت.
Heavy metals toxicity and their accumulation in food chains is one of the main environmental and healthful problems in current modern societies. Although, remediation of metal-contaminated soils is possible by chemical, physical and biological techniques, but chemical and physical methods of metal-contaminated lands remediation are costly, time consuming and environment destructive. Hence, in current years scientists and engineers to think of design and development of biological techniques that be able to modify heavy metals-contaminated sites without to have evil effects on soil fertility and biodiversity. The phytoremediation is an environment friendly and green technology that is cost effective and energetically inexpensive. This technology is included the use of plants and their associated microorganisms for elimination or stabilization of toxic contaminants such as heavy metals. In this article, we have a brief review on phytoremediation technology and its various techniques.
1- Lasat, M.M., 2002. Phytoextraction of toxic metals – A review of biological mechanisms. Journal of Environmental Quality, vol. 31, pp. 109–120.
2- Adriano, D.C., 2001. Trace Elements in Terrestrial Environments; Biochemistry, Bioavailability and Risks of Metals. Springer-Verlag. New York.
3- Kabata-Pendias, A., 2001. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. pp. 413.
4- Singh, O.V., Labana, S., Pandey, G., Budhiraja, R., Jain, R.K., 2003. Phytoremediation: an overview of metallicion decontamination from soil. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 61, pp. 405–412.
5- Agrawal, V., Sharma K., 2006. Phytotoxic effects of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb on in vitro regeneration and concomitant protein changes in Holarrhena antidysentrica. Plant Biolology, Vol. 50, pp. 307-310.
6- Majer, B.J., Tscherko, D., Paschke, A., 2002. Effects of heavy metal contamination of soils on micronucleus induction in Tradescantia and on microbial enzyme activities: a comparative investigation. Mutation Research, vol. 515, pp. 111-124.
7- Jorge, L., Gardea-Torresdeya, B., Jose, R., Peralta-Videab, G., De la Rosaa, J.G., 2005. Phytoremediation of heavy metals and study of the metal coordination by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, vol. 249, pp. 1797–1810.
8- Lone, M.I., Li, H., Zhen, P.J., Stoffella, E., Yang, X., 2008. Phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted soils and water: Progresses and perspectives. Journal of Zhejiang University Sci B, vol. 9, pp. 210-220.
9- Baudouin, C., Charveron, M., Tarrouse, R., Gall, Y., 2002. Environmental pollutants and skin cancer. Cell Biology and Toxicology, Vol. 18, pp. 341–348.
10- World Health Organization., 1997. Inorganic lead. Environmental Health Criteria 165. International Programme on Chemical Safety, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
11- Yang, X.E., Long, X.X., Calvert, D.V., Stofella, P.J., 2004. Cadmium tolerance and hyperaccumulation in a new Zn-hyperaccumulating plant species (Sedium alfredii Hance). Plant Soil, vol. 259, pp. 181–189.
12- Ward, O.P., Singh, A., 2004. Soil bioremediation and phytoremediation An overview. In: Singh, A., Ward, O.P. (eds), Applied bioremediation and phytoremediation. Springer, Berlin, vol. 1, pp. 1-11.
13- Cho, M., Chardonnens, A.N., Dietz, K.J., 2003. Differential heavy metal tolerance of Arabidopsis halleri and Arabidopsis thaliana: a leaf slice test. New Phytologist, vol. 158, pp. 287-293.
14- McNair, M.R., Tilstone, G.H., Smith, S.S., 2000: The genetics of metal tolerance and accumulation in higher plants. - In: Terry, N., Banuelos, G. (eds), Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil and Water. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton. pp. 235-250.
15- Shah, K., 2007. Metal hyperaccumulation and bioremediation. Biologia plantarum, vol, 51, pp. 618-634.
16- Pence, N.S., Larsen, P.B., Ebbs, S.D., Letham, D.L., Lasat, M.M., Garvin, D.F., Eide, D., Kochian, L.V., 2000. The molecular physiology of heavy metal transport in zinc/cadmium hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 97, pp. 4956-4960.
17- Schmoger, M.C., Oven, M., Grill, E., 2000. Detoxification of arsenic by phytochelatins in plants. Plant Physiology, vol. 128, pp. 793-801.
18- Hartley-Whitaker, J., Woods, C., Meharg, A.A., 2002. Is differential phytochelatin production related to decreased arsenate influx in arsenate tolerant Holcus lanatus? New Phytologist, vol. 155, pp. 219-225.
19- Drazic, G., Mihalovic, N., Lojic, M., 2006. Cadmium concentration in Medicago sativa seedlings treated with salicylic acid. Plant Biolology, vol. 50, pp. 239-244.
20- Broos, K., Beyens, H., Smolders, E., 2005. Survival of rhizobia in soil is sensitive to elevated zinc in the absence of the host plant. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. vol. 37, pp. 573–579.
21- Baker, A.J.M., McGrath, S.P., Reeves, R.D., Smith, J.A.C., 2000. Metal Hyperaccumulator plants: A review of the ecology and physiology of a biochemical resource for phytoremediaton of metal polluted soil. In: Baneulos, T.N.G. (Ed), Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil and Water. Lewis Publications, Boca Raton, pp. 85-107.
22- Thangavel, P., Subhuram, C.V., 2004. Phytoextraction – Role of hyper accumulators in metal contaminated soils. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. Part B, vol. 70, pp. 109–130.
23- Winter Sydnor, M.E., Redente, E.F., 2002. Reclamation of high elevation, acidic mine waste with organic amendments and topsoil. Journal of Environmental Quality, vol. 31, pp. 1528-1537.
24- Tordoff, G.M., Baker, A.J.M., Willis, A.J., 2000. Current approaches to the revegetation and reclamation of metalliferous mine wastes. Chemosphere, vol. 41, pp. 219–228.
25- Berti, W.R., Cunningham, S.D., 2000. Phytostabilization of metals. In: Raskin, I., Ensley, B.D. (Eds.), Phytoremediation of toxic metals: Using plants to clean-up the environment. Wiley. New York, pp. 71–88.
26- Ghosh, M., Singh, S.P., 2005. A review on phytoremediation of heavy metals and utilization of its by-products. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, vol. 3, pp. 1–18.
27- Yoon, J., Cao, X., Zhou, Q., Ma, L.Q., 2006. Accumulation of Pb, Cu, and Zn in native plants growing on a contaminated Florida site. Science of The Total Environment, vol. 368, pp. 456–464.
28- Prasad, M.N.V., Freitas, H., 2003. Metal hyperaccumulation in plants – Biodiversity prospecting for phytoremediation technology. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 6, pp. 275–321.
29- Dushenkov, S., Kapulnik, Y., 2000. Phytofilitration of metals. In: Raskin, I., Ensley, B.D. (Eds.), Phytoremediation of toxic metals – Using plants to clean-up the environment. Wiley, New York, pp. 89–106.
30- Pilon-Smits, E.A.H., 2005. Phytoremediation. Annual Review of Plant Biology, vol. 56, pp. 15–39.
31- Peer, W., Baxter, I., Richards, E., Freeman, J., Murphy, A., 2005. Phytoremediation and hyperaccumulator plants. In: Tamas, M., Martinoia, E. (eds), Molecular Biology of Metal Homeostasis and Detoxification. Springer, Berlin, Topics in Current Genetics, vol. 14, pp. 299-340.
32- Blaylock, M.J., Huang, J.W., 2000. Phytoextraction of metals. In: Raskin, I., Ensley, B.D. (Eds.), Phytoremediation of toxic metals: Using plants to clean-up the environment. Wiley, New York, pp. 53–70.
33- McGrath, S.P., Zhao, F.J., Lombi, E., 2002. Phytoremediation of metals, metalloids, and radionuclides. Advances in Agronomy, vol. 75, pp. 1–56.
34- Bizily, S.P., Rugh, C.L., Summers, A.O., Meagher, R.B., 1999. Phytoremediation of methylmercury pollution: merB expression in Arabidopsis thaliana confers resistance to organomercurials. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 96, pp. 6808-6813.
35- Moffat, A.S., 1995. Plants proving their worth in toxic metal cleanup. Science, vol. 269, pp. 302-303.
36- Sykes, M., Yang, V., Blankenburg, J., Abu Bakr, S., 1999. Biotechnology: working with nature to improve forest resources and products. International Conference of environment, vol. 29, pp. 631-637.
37- Belimov, A.A., Safronova, V.I., Mimura, T., 2002. Response of spring rape to inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria containing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase depends on nutrient status of the plant. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, vol. 48, pp. 189–199.
38- Gratao, P.L., Prasad, M.N.V., Cardoso, P.F., Lea, P.J., Azevedo, R.A., 2005. Phytoremediation: green technology for the clean up of toxic metals in the environment. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, vol. 17, pp. 53-64.
