ریزوباکتری‌های محرک رشد گیاه و نقش آن‌ها در پالایش خاک‌های آلوده به فلزات سنگین

محورهای موضوعی : آب و محیط زیست

محمدرضا نادری ¹ ( دانشجوی دکتری اکولوژی گیاهان زراعی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد*(مسئول مکاتبات). )
رضوان نادری ² ( دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد علوم و تکنولوژی بذر، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند. )

تاریخ دریافت : 1393/06/26 تاریخ پذیرش : 1393/10/20 تاریخ انتشار : 1394/01/01

کلید واژه: ریزوباکتری‌های محرک رشد گیاه, فلزات سنگین, زیست‌پالایی, گیاه‌پالایی,

چکیده مقاله :

استفاده از ریزوباکتری‌های محرک رشد گیاه به‌منظور پالایش زیستی و یا بهبود کارآیی سایر روش‌های زیست‌پالایی خاک‌های آلوده به فلزات سنگین، دستاوردهای شگرفی از قبیل سازگاری با محیط زیست، هزینه اندک در مقایسه با روش‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی پالایش خاک‌های آلوده به فلز، بهبود حاصل خیزی خاک، افزایش تنوع زیستی و غیره را به دنبال دارد. این ریزوباکتری‌ها به دلیل متحمل بودن نسبت به فلزات سنگین قادر به جذب سطحی یا درونی آلاینده‌های فلزی و همچنین احیای فلزات به فرم‌های با سمیت کم تر می‌باشند و بدین طریق موجب زدایش یا تثبیت آن‌ها می‌شوند. علاوه‌براین، ریزوباکتری‌های محرک رشد گیاه از طریق مکانیسم‌های مختلفی نظیر تثبیت نیتروژن اتمسفر، انحلال فسفات، ترشح سیدروفورهای کلات‌کننده‌ی آهن، تولید هورمون‌های محرک رشد مانند اکسین و جیبرلین و جلوگیری از سنتز بیش از حد اتیلن به‌واسطه‌ی تولید آنزیم ACC- دی‌آمیناز می‌توانند رشد گیاه را در خاک‌های آلوده به فلز بهبود بخشند و بدین ترتیب سبب افزایش کارآیی فرآیند گیاه‌پالایی می‌شوند. بر این اساس، در مطالعه‌ی حاضر مروری کوتاه بر نقش ریزوباکتری‌های محرک رشد گیاه در پالایش خاک‌های آلوده به فلزات سنگین و همچنین تأثیر آن‌ها در بهبود کارآیی گیاه‌پالایی آلاینده‌های فلزی خواهیم داشت.

چکیده انگلیسی:

The using of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in order to biological remediation and/or improvement the efficiency of other bioremediation methods of heavy metals contaminated soils has great advantages such as environmental friendly, low cost compared to physical and chemical remediation methods of metal contaminated soils, promotion of soil fertility, raise the biodiversity and etc.. Because of their tolerance to heavy metals, this rhizobacteria are able to adsorb or absorb metal pollutants and also can reduce metals to less toxic forms and thus remediate or immobilize metal. Furthermore, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria have the ability to enhance the plant growth on metal contaminated soils through various mechanisms such as fixation of atmosphere N2, phosphate solubilization, secret of Fe-chelating siderophores, and production of growth promoting hormones like auxin and gibberellin and prevention of excessive synthesis of ethylene by enzyme ACC-deaminase and thus, increase the phytoremediation efficiency of these soils. Hence, in this study, we have a brief review on the role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils and also their effect on improve the phytoremediation efficiency of metal pollutants

منابع و مأخذ:

1. Wani, P.A., Khan, M.S., Zaidi, A. 2008. Chromium reducing and plant growth promoting Mesorhizobium improves chickpea growth in chromium amended soil. Biotechnology Letters, vol. 30, pp. 159-163.


2. Zaidi, A., Khan, M.S. 2006. Co-inoculation effects of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and Glomus fasciculatum on greengram-Bradyrhizobium symbiosis. Turkian Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, vol. 30, pp. 223-230.


3. Belimov, A.A., Hontzeas, N., Safronova, V.I., Demchinskaya, S.V., Piluzza, G., Bullitta, S., Glick, B.R. 2005. Cadmium-tolerant plant growth promoting rhizobacteria associated with the roots of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern.). Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 37, pp. 241-250.


4. Saghir Khan, M., Zaidi, A., Ahmad Wani, P., Oves, A. 2009. Role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in the remediation of metal contaminated soils. Environmental chemistry letters, vol. 7, pp. 1-19.


5. Wenzel, W.W., Adriano, D.C., Salt, D., Smith, R. 1999. Phytoremediation: a plant-microbe-based remediation system. In: Adriano, D.C., et al. (eds), Bioremediation of contaminated soils. Agronomy monographs 37. ASA, CSSA and SSSA, Madison, pp. 457-508.


6. Khan, A.G. 2005. Role of soil microbes in the rhizospheres of plants growing on trace metal contaminated soils in phytoremediation. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, vol. 18, 355-364.


7. Lippmann, B., Leinhos, V., Bergmann, H. 1995. Influence of auxin producing rhizobacteria on root morphology and nutrient accumulation of crops. 1. Changes in root morphology and nutrient accumulation in maize (Zea mays L.) caused by inoculation with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) producing Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter strains or IAA applied exogenously. Angewandte Botany, vol. 69, pp. 31-36.


8. Krishnamurti, G.S.R. 2000. Speciation of heavy metals: an approach for remediation of contaminated soils, in remediation engineering of contaminated soils. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, pp. 693-714.


9. Muller, J.G., Cerniglia, C.E., Pritchard, P.H. 1996. Bioremediation of environments contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In: Ronald, L.C., Crawford. D.L. (eds), Bioremediation: principles and applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 125-194.


10. Khan, A.G. 2004. Mycotrophy and its significance in wetland ecology and wetland management. In: Wong, M.H. (ed), Developments in ecosystems, vol. 1. Elsevier, Northhampton, pp. 97-114.


11. Penrose, D.M., Glick, B.R. 2001. Levels of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in exudates and extracts of canola seeds treated with plant growth promoting bacteria. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, vol. 47, pp. 368-372.


12. Lloyd, J.R., Macaskie, L.E. 2000. Bioremediation of radioactive metals. In: Lovley, D.R., (ed), Environmental microbe–metal interactions. ASM Press, Washington, pp. 277-327.


13. Hernandez, A., Mellado, R.P., Martinez, J.L. 1998. Metal accumulation and vanadium induced multidrug resistance by environmental isolates of Escherichia herdmanni and Enterobacter cloacae. Applied and Environment Microbiology, vol. 64, pp. 4317-4320.


14. Faisal, M., Hasnain, S. 2005. Bacterial Cr (VI) reduction concurrently improves sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) growth. Biotechnology Letters, vol. 27, pp. 943–947.


15. McLean, J., Beveridge, T.J. 2001. Chromate reduction by Pseudomonas isolated from a site contaminated with chromated copper arsenate. Applied and Environment Microbiology, vol. 67, pp. 1076-1084.


16. Kamaludeen, S.P., Megharaj, M., Juhasz, A.L., Sethunathan, N., Naidu, R. 2003. Chromium–microorganism interactions in soil remediation implications. Reviews of Environment Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 178, pp. 1076-1084.


17. Adriano, D.C. 2001. Trace elements in terrestrial environments. Biogeochemistry, bioavailability and risks of metals. Springer-Verlag, New York, p. 866.


18. Brooks, R.R., Lee, J., Reeves, R.D., Jaffre, T. 1977. Detection of nickeliferous rocks by analysis of herbarium specimen of indicator plants. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, vol. 7, pp. 49-57.


19. Baker, A.J.M., McGrath, S.P., Reeves, R.D., Smith, J.A.C. 2000. Metal hyperaccumulator plants: a review of the ecology and physiology of a biological resource for phytoremediation of metalpolluted soils. In: Terry, N., Baelos, G., (eds), Phytoremediation of contaminated soil and water. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 85-107.


20. Hayes, W.J., Chaudhry, R.T., Buckney, R.T., Khan, A.G. 2003. Phytoaccumulation of trace metals at the Sunny Corner mine, New South Wales, with suggestions for a possible remediation strategy. Australian Journal of Ecotoxicology, vol. 9, pp. 69-82.


21. Blaylock, M.J., Huang, J.W. 2000. Phytoextraction of metals. In: Raskin, I., Ensley, B.D., (eds), Phytoremediation of toxic metals using plants to clean-up the environment. Wiley, New York, pp. 53-70.


22. Grill, E., Winnacker, E.U., Zenk, M.H. 1985. Phytochelatins: the principal heavy-metal complexing peptides of higher plants. Science, vol. 230, pp. 674-676.


23. Glick, B.R. 1995. The enhancement of plant growth by free-living bacteria. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, vol. 41, pp. 109-117.


24. Khan, M.S., Zaidi, A., Aamil, M. 2002. Biocontrol of fungal pathogens by the use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and nitrogen fixing microorganisms. Indian Journal of Botany Society, vol. 81 pp. 255-263.


25. Khan, M.S., Zaidi, A., Wani, P.A. 2007. Role of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms in sustainable agriculture: a review. Agronomy and Sustainable Development, vol. 27, pp. 29-43.


26. Belimov, A.A., Safroonova, V.I., Mimura, T. 2002. Response of spring rape to inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria containing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase depends on nutrient status of the plant. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, vol. 48, pp. 189-199.


27. Zaidi, A., Khan, M.S., Aamil, M. 2004. Bioassociative effect of rhizospheric microorganisms on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of greengram. Journal of plant nutrition and soil Science, vol. 27, pp. 599-610.


28. Wang, Y., Brown, H.N., Crowley, D.E., Szaniszlo, P.J. 1993. Evidence for direct utilization of a siderophore, ferroxamine B, in axenically grown cucumber. Plant, Cell and Environment, vol. 16, pp. 579-585.


29. Meyer, J.M. 2000. Pyoverdines: pigments, siderophores and potential taxonomic markers of fluorescent Pseudomonas species. Archives of Microbiology, vol. 137, pp. 135-142.


30. Mayak, S., Tirosh, S., Glick, B.R. 2004. Plant growth promoting bacteria that confer resistance to water stress in tomatoes and peppers. Plant Physiology, vol. 166, pp. 525-530.


31. Burd, G.I., Dixon, D.G., Glick, B.R. 1998. A plant growth promoting bacterium that decreases nickel toxicity in seedlings. Applied and Environment Microbiology, vol. 64, pp. 3663-3668.


32. Nie, L., Shah, S., Burd, G.I., Dixon, D.G., Glick, B.R. 2002. Phytoremediation of arsenate contaminated soil by transgenic canola and the plant growth promoting bacterium Enterobacter cloacae CAL2. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 40, pp. 355-361.