تأثیر باکتری سودوموناس بر فراهمی زیستی فلزات سنگین کادمیوم و سرب در خاک‌هایی با بافت متفاوت
محورهای موضوعی :
فلزات سنگین
عطیه قره داغی شیرجینی
1
,
علی خانمیرزایی
2
,
شکوفه رضائی
3
1 - دانش‌آموخته گروه خاکشناسی، واحد کرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرج، ایران.
2 - گروه خاکشناسی، واحد کرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرج، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - گروه خاکشناسی، واحد کرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرج، ایران.
تاریخ دریافت : 1398/11/27
تاریخ پذیرش : 1400/03/10
تاریخ انتشار : 1402/07/01
کلید واژه:
عصاره‌گیری متوالی,
سودوموناس,
سرب,
کادمیوم,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: بررسی تغییر رفتار فلزات سنگین در خاک به عنوان یکی از چالش‌های زیست محیطی، موضوع بحث برانگیزی می‌باشد که توجه محققین زیادی را به خود جلب کرده است. تحقیق حاضر به منظور بررسی تغییر شکل‌های شیمیایی عناصر سنگین کادمیوم و سرب تحت تأثیر دو گونه باکتری حل‌کننده فسفات Pseudomonas sp. P169 و Pseudomonas koreensis P56 انجام پذیرفت.
روش بررسی: دو خاک با درصد رس متفاوت انتخاب و همزمان با فسفر(منبع نمک پتاسیم‌دی‌هیدروژن‌فسفات)، کادمیوم و سرب (منبع نمک نیترات کادمیوم و سرب) جهت تشکیل کانی‌های فسفره این فلزات و آلوده‌سازی مصنوعی خاک، تیمار گردیدند. پس از گذشت دو ماه، خاک‌ها با دو گونه‌ی سودوموناس ( با جمعیت 108 باکتری در هر میلی‌لیتر) تلقیح یافتند. پس از گذشت 5، 25، 60 و 90 روز از تلقیح، شکل‌های شیمیایی کادمیوم و سرب، با روش عصاره‌گیری متوالی و دستگاه جذب اتمی اندازه‌گیری شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد استفاده از باکتری باعث تغییر شکل‌های شیمیایی کادمیوم و سرب شد. باکتری کادمیوم محلول و تبادلی را نسبت به شاهد به طور معنی‌دار کاهش و جزء همراه با مواد آلی را به طور معنی‌دار افزایش داد. همچنین کاربرد باکتری، سرب کربناتی را به طور معنی‌دار افزایش و سرب همراه با اکسیدهای آهن و منگنز و همراه با مواد آلی را به طور معنی‌دار کاهش داد. به‌عبارت دیگر استفاده از باکتری باعث کاهش ترکیبات کادمیوم با حلالیت بیشتر و افزایش ترکیبات سرب با حلالیت بیشتر شد.
بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: واکنش کادمیوم و سرب نسبت به باکتری‌های حل‌کننده فسفر در دو خاک متفاوت بود. رفتار فلزات سنگین تحت تأثیر باکتری حل‌کننده فسفر بسته نوع فلز و خصوصیات خاک متفاوت است. باکتری‌های مورد استفاده در این تحقیق باعث تثبیت کادمیوم و تحرک مجدد سرب شدند.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: The behavior of heavy metals in the soil as one of the environmental challenges has attracted the attention of many researchers. The present study was conducted to evaluate the phosphorus solubilizing bacteria on remobilization of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in two calcareous soils.
Material and Methodology: Phosphorus, cadmium and lead in the forms of KH2PO4, Cd(NO3)2 and Pb(NO3)2 simultaneously were introduced to the soils to promote the formation of phosphate minerals of added metals in two selected soils. Ater two months the soils were inoculated with two Pseudomonas species and incubated for 3 months. Sequential extraction scheme were applied to determine the chemical forms of Cd and Pb 5, 25, 60 and 90 days after incubation.
Findings: The results showed that application of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria changed chemical forms of Cd and Pb. Inoculation with Pseudomonas decreased the soluble and exchangeable cadmium while increased organic matter-bound Cd concentration. Inoculation by Pseudomonas increased carbonate-bound Pb and decreased Fe-Mn oxide and organic matter bound Pb. In the other hand, phosphate solubilizing bacteria (Pseudomonas) decreased mobility and bio-availability of cadmium and immobilization of lead.
Discussion and Conclusion: In fact, the behavior of heavy metals in the presence of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria was different and depends on the type of metal and soil properties. In present study, bacteria cause immobilization of cadmium and remobilization of lead.
منابع و مأخذ:
Sheng, X.F., He, L., Wang, Q., Ye, H. and Jiang, C. 2008a. Effects of inoculation of biosurfactant-producing Bacillus sp. J119 on plant growth and Cadmium uptake in a Cadmium-amended soil. Journal of Hazard Mater, 155, pp. 17-22.
Dell Amico, E., Cavalca, L. and Andreoni, V. 2005. Analysis of rhizobacteria communities in perennial Graminaceae from polluted water meadow soil. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, Vol. 52, pp. 153-162.
Ernst, W.H.O., and Nelissen, H.J.M. 2000. Life-cycle phases of a zinc- and cadmium- resistant ecotype of Silene vugaris in risk assessment of polymetallic mine soils. Environmental Pollution, 107, pp. 329-338.
Jalili, M. and Khanlari, Z.V. 2008. Cadmium availability in calcareous soils of agricultural lands in Hamadan, Western Iran. Soil and Sediment Contamination, Vol. 17(3), pp. 256-268.
Lindsay, W. L. and Norvell, W.A. 1978. Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 42, pp. 421-428.
Alloway, B.J. 2004. Zinc in soils and crop nutrition. International zinc association, Brussels, 130p. Available at www.zinc-crops.org.
Jiang, C.Y., Sheng, X.F., Qian, M. and Wang, Q.Y. 2008. Isolation and characterization of a heavy metal resistant Burkholderia sp. From heavy metal-contaminated paddy field soil and its potential in promoting plant growth and heavy metal accumulation in metal polluted soil. Chemosphere, Vol. 72, pp. 157-164.
Ma, Y., Rajkumar, M. and Freitas, H. 2009a. Isolation and characterization of Ni mobilizing PGPB from serpentine soils and their potential in promoting plant growth and Ni accumulation by Brassica spp. Chemosphere, Vol. 75, pp. 719-725.
Hettiarachchi, G. M., Pierzynski, G. M. and Ransom, M. D. 2000. In situ stabilization of soil lead using phosphorus and manganese oxide. Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 34, pp. 4614–4619.
Mahabadi, A.A, Hajabbasi, M.A., Khademi, H. and Kazemian, H. 2007. Soil cadmium stabilization using an Iranian natural zeolite. Geoderma, Vol. 137, pp. 388–398.
Farfel, M. R, Orlova, A.O., Chaney, R. L., Lees, P. S. J., Rohde, C. and Ashley, J. 2005. Biosolids compost amendment for reducing soil lead hazards: A pilot study of Orgro amendment and grass seeding in urban yards. Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 340, pp. 81–95.
Chen, S., Xu, M., Ma, Y. and Yang, J. 2007. Evalution of different phosphate amendments on availability of metals in contaminated soil. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol. 67, pp. 276-285.
Khadivi boroujerdi, E., Nourbakhsh, F., Afyuni,M. and Shariatmadari, H. 2007. Chemical forms of Pb, Ni and Cd in Calcareous soil treated with sewage sludge. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Vol. 1, pp. 40-53.
Valipour, M., Shahbazi, K. and Khanmirzaei, A. 2016. Chemical Immobilization of Lead, Cadmium, Copper and Nickel in contaminated soils by Phosphate Amendments. Journal of Clean-Soil, Air, Water, Vol. 44(5), pp. 572-578.
Ma, L.Q. and Rao, G.N. 1997. Effects of phosphate rock on sequential chemical extraction of Lead in contaminated soil. Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 26, pp. 788-794.
Bolan, N.D., Adriano, D.C. and Naidu, R. 2003. Role of phosphorus in (im)mobilization and bioavailability of heavy metals in the soil-plant system. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 177, pp. 1-44.
Chen, Y.P., Rekha, P.D., Arun, A.B., Shen, F.T., Lai, W. and Young, C.C. 2006. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria from subtropical soil and their tricalcium phosphate solubilizing abilites. Applied Soil Ecology, Vol. 34, pp. 33-41.
Nelson, D.W., Sommers, L.E. 1996. Methods of soil analysis (Eds.: D.L. Sparks,), SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin, pp.961-1010.
Olsen, S. R., Cole, C. V., Watanabe, F. S. and Dean, L. A. 1954. Estimation of Available Phosphorus in Soils by Extraction with Sodium Bicarbonate. U. S. Department of Agriculture Circular No. 939. Banderis, A. D., D. H. Barter and K. Anderson. Agricultural and Advisor.
Bower, C.A., Reitemeier, F.F. and Fireman, M. 1952. Exchangeable cation analysis of saline and alkali soils. Soil Science, Vol. 73, pp. 251-261.
Leoppert, R.H. and Suarez, D.L. 1996. Carbonate and gypsum. In Methods of soil analysis. (Eds). (Spaarks, D.L., A.L. SSSA). p. 437-474. (Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin).
Aliehyayi, M. and Behbahanizadeh, A.A. 1993. Soil chemical analysis methods. Soil and Water Researches Institute Review, 892. (In Persian)
Tessier, A., Campbell, P.G.C. and Bisson, M. 1979. Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate traces metals. Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 51, pp. 844-851.
Shaheen, S.M. 2009. Sorption and liability of cadmium and lead in different soils from Egypt and Greece. Geoderma, Vol. 153, pp. 61-68.
Tao, S., Chen, Y.J., Xu, F.L., Cao, J. and Li, B.G. 2003. Changes of copper speciation in Maize rhizosphere soil. Environmental Pollution, 122: 477-454.
Gao, Q., Li, Q., He, B., Yang., J., Wang, L., Wang, J., Jiang, J., et al. (2019). Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria will not significantly remobilize soil cadmium remediated by weathered coal. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 26(28), pp. 29003-29011.
Yang, , Zhou, X., Wang, L., Li, Q., Zhou, T., Chen, Y., Zhao, Z. and He B. (2018). Effect of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on the mobility of insoluble cadmium and metabolic analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, Vol. 15, pp. 1330-1342.
Khanmirzaei, A., Moezi, A., Bazargan, K., Richards, B.K. and Shahbazi, K. 2013. Single and sequential extraction of Cadmium in some highly calcareous soils. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Vol. 13(1), pp. 153-164.
Hemmer, D. and Keller, C. 2002. Changes in the rhizosphere of metal accumulating plants evidenced by chemical extractants. Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 31, pp. 1561-1569.
Apple, C. and Ma, L. 2002. Concentration, pH and surface charge effects on cadmium and lead sorption in three tropical soils. Journal of Environmental. Quality, Vol. 31, pp. 581-589.
Mc Bride, M.B. 1994. Environmental chemistry of soils. Oxford University Press, New York. pp: 336-337.
Thawornchaisit, U. and Polprasert, C. 2009. Evaluation of phosphate fertilizers for the stabilization of cadmium in highly contaminated soils. Journal of Hazard Mater, Vol. 165, pp. 1109–1113.
Lu, A., Zhang, S. and Shan, X.Q. 2005. Time effect on the fractionation of heavy metals in soils. Geoderma, Vol. 125, pp. 225-234.
Brummer, G.W., Gerth, J. and Tiller, K.G. 1988. Reaction kinetics of the adsorption and desorption of nickel, zinc and cadmium by goethite. 1. Adsorption and diffusion of metals. Journal Soil Science, Vol. 39, pp. 37-52.
Trivedi, P. and Axe, L. 2000. Modeling Cd and Zn sorption to hydrous metal oxides. Environmental Science Technology, Vol. 34, pp. 2215-2223.
Ma, Y.B. and Uren, N.C. 1998. Transformation of heavy metals added to soil application of a new sequential extraction procedure. Geoderma, Vol. 84, pp. 157-168.
Nakhone, N.L. and Toung, S.D. 1993. The significance of (radio-) labile cadmium pools in soils. Environmental Pollution, Vol. 82, pp. 73-77.
Rajaie, M, Karimian, N., Maftoun, M., Yasrebi, J. and Assa, M.T. 2006. Chemical forms of cadmiums in two calcareous soil textural classes as affected by application of cadmium-enriched compost and incubation time. Geoderma, Vol. 136(3-4), pp. 533-541.
Renella, G., Adamo,P., Bianco, M.R., Landi, L., Violante, P. and Nannipieri, P. 2004. Availability and speciation of cadmium added to a calcareous soil under various managements. European Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 55, pp. 123–133.
Waterlot, C., Pruvot, C., Ciesielski, H. and Douay, F. 2010. Effects of phosphorus amendment and the pH of water used for watering on the mobility and phytoavailability of Cd, Pb, and Zn in highly contaminated kitchen garden soils. Ecological Engineering, Vol. 37(7), pp. 1081-1093.
Zheng, G.D., Chen, T.B., Gao, D. and Luo, W. 2004. Dynamic of lead speciation in sewage sludge composting. Water Science and Technology, Vol. 50 (9), pp. 75-82.
Chlopecka, A., Bacon, J.R., Wilson, M.J. and Kay, J. 1996. Forms of Cadmium, Lead and Zinc in contaminated soils from southwest Poland. Journal of environmental quality, Vol. 25, pp. 69-79.
Li, X. and Thornton, I. 2001. Chemical partitioning of trace and major elements in soils contaminated by mining and smelting activities. Applied Geochemistry, Vol. 16, pp. 1693-1706.
Maiz, I., Arambarri, I., Garcia, R. and Millan, E. 2000. Evaluation of heavy metal availability in polluted soils by two sequential extraction procedures using factor analysis. Environmental Pollution, 110: 3-9.
Businelli, D., Massaccesi, L. and Onofri, A. 2009. Evaluation of Pb and Ni mobility to ground water in calcareous urban soils of ancona, Italy. Water, Air and Soil Pollution,Vol. 201, pp. 185-193.
Park, J.H., Bolan, N., Megharaj, M. and Naidu, R. 2011. Concomitant rock phosphate dissolution and lead immobilization by phosphate solubilizing bacteria (Enterobacter sp.). Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 92, pp. 1115-1120.
_||_
Sheng, X.F., He, L., Wang, Q., Ye, H. and Jiang, C. 2008a. Effects of inoculation of biosurfactant-producing Bacillus sp. J119 on plant growth and Cadmium uptake in a Cadmium-amended soil. Journal of Hazard Mater, 155, pp. 17-22.
Dell Amico, E., Cavalca, L. and Andreoni, V. 2005. Analysis of rhizobacteria communities in perennial Graminaceae from polluted water meadow soil. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, Vol. 52, pp. 153-162.
Ernst, W.H.O., and Nelissen, H.J.M. 2000. Life-cycle phases of a zinc- and cadmium- resistant ecotype of Silene vugaris in risk assessment of polymetallic mine soils. Environmental Pollution, 107, pp. 329-338.
Jalili, M. and Khanlari, Z.V. 2008. Cadmium availability in calcareous soils of agricultural lands in Hamadan, Western Iran. Soil and Sediment Contamination, Vol. 17(3), pp. 256-268.
Lindsay, W. L. and Norvell, W.A. 1978. Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 42, pp. 421-428.
Alloway, B.J. 2004. Zinc in soils and crop nutrition. International zinc association, Brussels, 130p. Available at www.zinc-crops.org.
Jiang, C.Y., Sheng, X.F., Qian, M. and Wang, Q.Y. 2008. Isolation and characterization of a heavy metal resistant Burkholderia sp. From heavy metal-contaminated paddy field soil and its potential in promoting plant growth and heavy metal accumulation in metal polluted soil. Chemosphere, Vol. 72, pp. 157-164.
Ma, Y., Rajkumar, M. and Freitas, H. 2009a. Isolation and characterization of Ni mobilizing PGPB from serpentine soils and their potential in promoting plant growth and Ni accumulation by Brassica spp. Chemosphere, Vol. 75, pp. 719-725.
Hettiarachchi, G. M., Pierzynski, G. M. and Ransom, M. D. 2000. In situ stabilization of soil lead using phosphorus and manganese oxide. Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 34, pp. 4614–4619.
Mahabadi, A.A, Hajabbasi, M.A., Khademi, H. and Kazemian, H. 2007. Soil cadmium stabilization using an Iranian natural zeolite. Geoderma, Vol. 137, pp. 388–398.
Farfel, M. R, Orlova, A.O., Chaney, R. L., Lees, P. S. J., Rohde, C. and Ashley, J. 2005. Biosolids compost amendment for reducing soil lead hazards: A pilot study of Orgro amendment and grass seeding in urban yards. Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 340, pp. 81–95.
Chen, S., Xu, M., Ma, Y. and Yang, J. 2007. Evalution of different phosphate amendments on availability of metals in contaminated soil. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol. 67, pp. 276-285.
Khadivi boroujerdi, E., Nourbakhsh, F., Afyuni,M. and Shariatmadari, H. 2007. Chemical forms of Pb, Ni and Cd in Calcareous soil treated with sewage sludge. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Vol. 1, pp. 40-53.
Valipour, M., Shahbazi, K. and Khanmirzaei, A. 2016. Chemical Immobilization of Lead, Cadmium, Copper and Nickel in contaminated soils by Phosphate Amendments. Journal of Clean-Soil, Air, Water, Vol. 44(5), pp. 572-578.
Ma, L.Q. and Rao, G.N. 1997. Effects of phosphate rock on sequential chemical extraction of Lead in contaminated soil. Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 26, pp. 788-794.
Bolan, N.D., Adriano, D.C. and Naidu, R. 2003. Role of phosphorus in (im)mobilization and bioavailability of heavy metals in the soil-plant system. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 177, pp. 1-44.
Chen, Y.P., Rekha, P.D., Arun, A.B., Shen, F.T., Lai, W. and Young, C.C. 2006. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria from subtropical soil and their tricalcium phosphate solubilizing abilites. Applied Soil Ecology, Vol. 34, pp. 33-41.
Nelson, D.W., Sommers, L.E. 1996. Methods of soil analysis (Eds.: D.L. Sparks,), SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin, pp.961-1010.
Olsen, S. R., Cole, C. V., Watanabe, F. S. and Dean, L. A. 1954. Estimation of Available Phosphorus in Soils by Extraction with Sodium Bicarbonate. U. S. Department of Agriculture Circular No. 939. Banderis, A. D., D. H. Barter and K. Anderson. Agricultural and Advisor.
Bower, C.A., Reitemeier, F.F. and Fireman, M. 1952. Exchangeable cation analysis of saline and alkali soils. Soil Science, Vol. 73, pp. 251-261.
Leoppert, R.H. and Suarez, D.L. 1996. Carbonate and gypsum. In Methods of soil analysis. (Eds). (Spaarks, D.L., A.L. SSSA). p. 437-474. (Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin).
Aliehyayi, M. and Behbahanizadeh, A.A. 1993. Soil chemical analysis methods. Soil and Water Researches Institute Review, 892. (In Persian)
Tessier, A., Campbell, P.G.C. and Bisson, M. 1979. Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate traces metals. Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 51, pp. 844-851.
Shaheen, S.M. 2009. Sorption and liability of cadmium and lead in different soils from Egypt and Greece. Geoderma, Vol. 153, pp. 61-68.
Tao, S., Chen, Y.J., Xu, F.L., Cao, J. and Li, B.G. 2003. Changes of copper speciation in Maize rhizosphere soil. Environmental Pollution, 122: 477-454.
Gao, Q., Li, Q., He, B., Yang., J., Wang, L., Wang, J., Jiang, J., et al. (2019). Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria will not significantly remobilize soil cadmium remediated by weathered coal. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 26(28), pp. 29003-29011.
Yang, , Zhou, X., Wang, L., Li, Q., Zhou, T., Chen, Y., Zhao, Z. and He B. (2018). Effect of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on the mobility of insoluble cadmium and metabolic analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, Vol. 15, pp. 1330-1342.
Khanmirzaei, A., Moezi, A., Bazargan, K., Richards, B.K. and Shahbazi, K. 2013. Single and sequential extraction of Cadmium in some highly calcareous soils. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Vol. 13(1), pp. 153-164.
Hemmer, D. and Keller, C. 2002. Changes in the rhizosphere of metal accumulating plants evidenced by chemical extractants. Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 31, pp. 1561-1569.
Apple, C. and Ma, L. 2002. Concentration, pH and surface charge effects on cadmium and lead sorption in three tropical soils. Journal of Environmental. Quality, Vol. 31, pp. 581-589.
Mc Bride, M.B. 1994. Environmental chemistry of soils. Oxford University Press, New York. pp: 336-337.
Thawornchaisit, U. and Polprasert, C. 2009. Evaluation of phosphate fertilizers for the stabilization of cadmium in highly contaminated soils. Journal of Hazard Mater, Vol. 165, pp. 1109–1113.
Lu, A., Zhang, S. and Shan, X.Q. 2005. Time effect on the fractionation of heavy metals in soils. Geoderma, Vol. 125, pp. 225-234.
Brummer, G.W., Gerth, J. and Tiller, K.G. 1988. Reaction kinetics of the adsorption and desorption of nickel, zinc and cadmium by goethite. 1. Adsorption and diffusion of metals. Journal Soil Science, Vol. 39, pp. 37-52.
Trivedi, P. and Axe, L. 2000. Modeling Cd and Zn sorption to hydrous metal oxides. Environmental Science Technology, Vol. 34, pp. 2215-2223.
Ma, Y.B. and Uren, N.C. 1998. Transformation of heavy metals added to soil application of a new sequential extraction procedure. Geoderma, Vol. 84, pp. 157-168.
Nakhone, N.L. and Toung, S.D. 1993. The significance of (radio-) labile cadmium pools in soils. Environmental Pollution, Vol. 82, pp. 73-77.
Rajaie, M, Karimian, N., Maftoun, M., Yasrebi, J. and Assa, M.T. 2006. Chemical forms of cadmiums in two calcareous soil textural classes as affected by application of cadmium-enriched compost and incubation time. Geoderma, Vol. 136(3-4), pp. 533-541.
Renella, G., Adamo,P., Bianco, M.R., Landi, L., Violante, P. and Nannipieri, P. 2004. Availability and speciation of cadmium added to a calcareous soil under various managements. European Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 55, pp. 123–133.
Waterlot, C., Pruvot, C., Ciesielski, H. and Douay, F. 2010. Effects of phosphorus amendment and the pH of water used for watering on the mobility and phytoavailability of Cd, Pb, and Zn in highly contaminated kitchen garden soils. Ecological Engineering, Vol. 37(7), pp. 1081-1093.
Zheng, G.D., Chen, T.B., Gao, D. and Luo, W. 2004. Dynamic of lead speciation in sewage sludge composting. Water Science and Technology, Vol. 50 (9), pp. 75-82.
Chlopecka, A., Bacon, J.R., Wilson, M.J. and Kay, J. 1996. Forms of Cadmium, Lead and Zinc in contaminated soils from southwest Poland. Journal of environmental quality, Vol. 25, pp. 69-79.
Li, X. and Thornton, I. 2001. Chemical partitioning of trace and major elements in soils contaminated by mining and smelting activities. Applied Geochemistry, Vol. 16, pp. 1693-1706.
Maiz, I., Arambarri, I., Garcia, R. and Millan, E. 2000. Evaluation of heavy metal availability in polluted soils by two sequential extraction procedures using factor analysis. Environmental Pollution, 110: 3-9.
Businelli, D., Massaccesi, L. and Onofri, A. 2009. Evaluation of Pb and Ni mobility to ground water in calcareous urban soils of ancona, Italy. Water, Air and Soil Pollution,Vol. 201, pp. 185-193.
Park, J.H., Bolan, N., Megharaj, M. and Naidu, R. 2011. Concomitant rock phosphate dissolution and lead immobilization by phosphate solubilizing bacteria (Enterobacter sp.). Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 92, pp. 1115-1120.
