نقش بیوچار در اصلاح خاک‌های متأثر از املاح
محورهای موضوعی : کشاورزی و محیط زیست
یونس شکوهی‌فر
1
,
رضا حسن‌پور
2
,
بهمن خوشرو
3
,
حسین بشارتی
4
1 - دانشجوی دکترای شیمی و حاصلخیزی خاک، گروه خاک‌شناسی، دانشگده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان).
2 - محقق بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی آذربایجان شرقی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تبریز. * (مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - محقق پسادکترای بخش تحقیقات بیولوژی خاک، موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب ، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج.
4 - استاد پژوهش بخش تحقیقات بیولوژی خاک، مؤسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج.
کلید واژه: اصلاح خاک, کربن آلی, شوری خاک, بیوچار,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: تجمع املاح در خاک یک تهدید عمده برای تولید کشاورزی و پایداری اکوسیستم می باشد. هزینه تحمیل‌شده به بهره‌وری کشاورزی به‌دلیل شوری و سدیمی بودن خاک بسیار بالا بوده و انتظار می‌رود در آینده با گسترش مناطق متأثر از املاح افزایش یابد. در دهه اخیر تمرکز زیادی بر روی استفاده از بیوچار در سیستم‌ها‌ی زراعی با هدف اولیه تثبیت کربن آلی در خاک و درنتیجه کاهش گازهای گلخانه ای اتمسفر و همچنین اصلاح و افزایش حاصلخیزی خاک شده است. ولی این مطالعات اغلب در خاک‌های غیرشور انجام گرفته است و نیاز به انجام این تحقیقات در خاک‌های متأثر از املاح نیز وجود دارد. روش بررسی: به‌دلیل کمبود تحقیقات انجام‌شده در مورد نقش بیوچار در خاک‌های متأثر از املاح، در این مقاله ابتدا یک نمای کلی از وسعت و مشکلات خاک‌های متأثر از املاح ارائه گردید. سپس به بررسی تحقیقات انجام‌شده در مورد تاثیر بیوچار بر ویژگی‌های خاک، ترسیب کربن و اصلاح خاک‌های متأثر از املاح پرداخته شد و شکاف‌های مطالعاتی و پژوهشی در این زمینه مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: کاربرد بیوچار در خاک باعث ترسیب کربن در خاک می‌شود و انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای به اتمسفر را کاهش می‌دهد. در خاک‌های متأثر از املاح، بیوچار به‌عنوان یک اصلاح‌کننده آلی خاک ویژگی‌های فیزیکی، شیمیایی و زیستی خاک را بهبود می‌دهد و درنتیجه باعث تعدیل اثرات نمک بر خاک و گیاه می‌شود. بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: ترسیب کربن و بهبود کیفیت خاک دو مزیت کلی گزارش‌شده کاربرد بیوچار در خاک می‌باشد. نتایج پژوهش‌های انجام‌شده در این زمینه متفاوت هستند که به منبع تهیه بیوچار و روش تهیه آن، ویژگی‌های خاک و شرایط انجام آزمایش بستگی دارد. بنابراین مطالعات مختلفی برای شناخت کامل مکانسیم‌های تأثیر بیوچار بر ویژگی‌های خاک‌های متأثر از املاح و اصلاح آنها نیاز است. ارائه راه‌حل کاربردی با انجام چند پژوهش میسر نیست ولی توسعه یافته‌های علمی در این زمینه می‌تواند سیاست‌های آینده را جهت‌دار کند.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: Salts accumulation in soil is a major threat to agricultural production and ecosystem sustainability. The cost imposed on agricultural productivity due to salinity and sodicity is very high and is expected to increase in the future with the expansion of salt-affected areas. In the last decade, a great focus has been made on the application of biochar in farming systems with the primary aim of organic carbon sequestration in soil and subsequently reducing greenhouse gases emission to air and also reclaim soils, and increasing soil fertility. But these studies often were in non-saline soils and it is needed to study the biochar effect in salt-affected soils. Material and Methodology: Due to the lack of research on the role of biochar in salt-affected soils, this paper first provides an overview of the extent and problems of these soils. Then, the researches on the effect of biochar on soil properties, carbon sequestration, and remeduatuib if sakt-affected soils were reviewed and study and research gaps in this field were investigated. Findings: The application of biochar in the soil causes the sequestration of carbon in the soil and reduces the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. In the salt-affected soils, biochar, as an organic soil amendment, improves the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil, thereby mitigating the effects of salt on soil and plants. Discussion and Conclusion: Carbon sequestration and improvement of soil quality are the two reported general benefits of biochar application in soil. The results of researches in this field are different depending on the source and method of biochar preparation, soil properties, and experiment conditions. Therefore, various studies are needed to fully understand the mechanisms of biochar effect on the properties of salt-affected soils and their remediation. It is not possible to provide a practical solution by doing some research, but developing scientific findings in this field can guide future policies.
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