بازآفرینی طراحی فضای عمومی شهر در عصر شیوع کرونا
محورهای موضوعی : معماری و شهرسازی
1 - گروه هنر، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه بین المللی امام رضا(ع)، مشهد، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
کلید واژه: کرونا, فضای عمومی, شهر, طراحی شهری, کویید 19, پیامد.,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: با شروع تشخیص و شیوع کرونا از ابتدای سال 2020 میلادی، اثرات منفی بر جوامع شهری آشکار شده است که به تبع آن با وجود تعیین ضوابطی به منظور پیشگیری از ابتلا به این ویروس، حضور شهروندان در فضاهای عمومی شهری به حداقل رسیده است. بشر به منظور ادامه حیات خود باید به فضاهای شهری باز گردد، درنتیجه لازم است تا برنامه ها و اقداماتی جهت خوانشی نو از طراحی فضاهای عمومی، با تاکید بر حداقل رساندن خطرات شیوع ویروس کویید 19 و رعایت فاصله اجتماعی صورت گیرد. روش بررسی: پژوهش حاضر، با روش شناختی- فرا تحلیلی و رویکرد نظری و تئوریک و انجام مطالعات کتابخانه ای صورت گرفته است. یافته ها: هدف از این پژوهش، تدقیق مولفه های فضای عمومی تاب آور و سرزنده از دیدگاه متیو کارمونا و بررسی تاثیرات ویروس کرونا بر هر یک از مولفه ها در فضای شهری می باشد. بحث و نتیجه گیری: بر این اساس، مولفه های فضای شهری از منظر کرمونا شامل (مولفه کالبدی، عملکردی، اجتماعی، بصری، ادراک و زمان) می باشد که ویروس کویید 19 به ترتیب باعث بروز آثاری همچون (تعریض پیاده روها، طراحی بیوفیلیک ساختمان ها و ... در بعد کالبدی)، (ممنوعیت اتوموبیل در برخی خیابان ها و ایجاد فضاهای دوجرخه محور، مطرح شدن ایده شهر 15 دقیقه ای و ... در بعد عملکردی)، (ایجاد فاصله اجتماعی، تعطیلی مراکز تجمعی و ... در بعد اجتماعی)، (ایجاد چهره ای خشن و بی رحم در شهر ناشی از عدم مردم در فضای شهری و تعطیلی مراسم و آیین ها و ... در بعد بصری)، (بروز خشونت، ترس، ناامیدی و .... در بعد ادراک) و (کاهش مدت زمان حضور شهروندان در ترافیک و پارکها و ... در بعد زمان) شده است. به طورکلی، این پدیده همچون هر پدیده دیگری، دارای پیامد های مثبت و منفی متعددی می باشد که می توان این اپیدمی را فرصتی برای تجدید نظر در طراحی شهرها برای آمادگی بهتر برای بحران های آینده قلمداد کرد.
Background and Objective: With the beginning of the diagnosis and spread of the corona virus in the beginning of 2020, the negative effects on urban communities have been revealed, as a result of which, despite the establishment of rules to prevent the spread of this virus, the presence of citizens in urban public spaces has been minimized. Is. Humans must return to urban spaces in order to continue their lives, as a result, it is necessary to take plans and actions for a new reading of the design of public spaces, with an emphasis on minimizing the risks of the spread of the Covid-19 virus and observing social distance. Material and Methodology: The current research was conducted with a cognitive-meta-analytical method and a theoretical and theoretical approach and library studies. Findings: The purpose of this research is to verify the components of resilient and lively public space from Matthew Carmona's point of view and to investigate the effects of the corona virus on each of the components in the urban space. Discussion and Conclusions: Based on this, the components of the urban space from Cremona's point of view include (physical, functional, social, visual, perception and time components) which the covid 19 virus respectively causes effects such as (widening of sidewalks, biophilic design) buildings and... in the physical dimension), (prohibition of automobiles in some streets and creation of two-wheeled spaces, the idea of a 15-minute city and... in the functional dimension), (creation of social distance, closure of gathering centers, etc.) .. in the social dimension), (creating a harsh and cruel face in the city due to the lack of people in the urban space and the closure of ceremonies and rituals, etc.) in the visual dimension, (the appearance of violence, fear, despair, etc.) in the dimension of perception) and (decreasing the duration of citizens' presence in traffic and parks, etc. in the dimension of time). In general, this phenomenon, like any other phenomenon, has many positive and negative consequences that this epidemic can be considered an opportunity to reconsider the design of cities for better preparation for future crises.
1. International Society of City and Regional Planners – Events, 2020.
2. Daneshpour, Seyyed Abdul Hadi, (Ontological redefinition of place as an urban-relational thing), Bagh Nazar Monthly, 2019, No. 90, Volume 17. (In Persian)
3. Madanipour, Ali, (Urban space design: an approach to social-spatial process), Tehran, Urban Processing and Planning Company, 1379. (In Persian)
4. Honey-Rosés, J., Anguelovski, I., Chireh, V.K., Daher, C., Konijnendijk van den Bosch, C., Litt, J.S., Mawani, V., McCall, M.K., Orellana, A., Oscilowicz, E., Sánchez, U., Senbel, M., Tan, X., Villagomez,E.,Zapata,O., Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on public space: an early reviewof the emerging questions – design, perceptions and inequities.Cities Health 1–17.
5. Iveson, D., Edmonton Mayor, (2020).
6. Papa et. al, (2017). The learning process of accessibility instrument developers: Testing the tools in planning practice.
7. Sohrabi et, al., (2020). World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). (In Persian)
8. Ghasemi, Iraj, (Effects of Corona on the City and Future Urbanization, Scientific-Specialist Quarterly of Social Impact Assessment), 2019, No. 2. (In Persian)
9. Hajer, M. & Reijndorp, A. (2001) In Search of New Public Domain (Rotterdam: NAI)
10. Alijani, Bahloul, (Environmental Ethics and Corona Disease), Journal of Spatial Analysis of Environmental Hazards, Winter 2019, Year 7, Number 4. (In Persian)
11. Taj Bakhsh, Gholamreza, (Analysis of the new lifestyle in the post-corona era), scientific quarterly of strategic studies of public policy, summer 2019, volume 10, number 35. (In Persian)
12. Rafiyan, Mojtabi. and Sifaei, Mehsa, (Urban public spaces; qualitative review and evaluation), Fine Arts Journal, Fall 2014, No. 23; 35. (In Persian)
13. Walzer, M. (1986). Pleasures and Costs of Urbanity. Dissent, 33, 470-475.
14. Lipton, (2003).The family impact of migraine: population-based studies in the USA and UK.
15. Luttik, J. (2000). The value of trees, water and open space as reflected by house prices in the netherlands. Landscape and Urban Planning, 48(3–4), 161-167.
16. Taylor, A. F., Wiley, A., Kuo, F. E., & Sullivan, W. C. (1998). Growing up in the inner city green spaces as places to grow. Environment and Behaviour, 30(1), 3-27.
17. Modiri, Atosa, (Crime, violence and sense of security in the public spaces of the city), social welfare magazine, fall 2016, volume 6, number 22. (In Persian)
18. Carmona,M., Heath,T., Oc,T. & Tiesdell, S. (2003) Public Places,Urban Spaces, The Dimensions of Urban Design(Oxford: Architectural Press).
19. Macaulay,Thomas Babington Macaulay,Baron, (1850), Critical and historical essays.
20. Low, S. and Merry, S. (2006), The Politics of Public Space. New York: Routledge.
21. Pin, C. & Galimberti, D. (2016). Making metropolis: innovation and local governance issues in Paris and Milan, in Cities as Political Objects, Edward Elgar Publishing.
22. Harning, L.N. (2015). Comparing and Contrasting Social, Political, and Medical Reactions to 19th Century Cholera Epidemics in London and New York City.
23. Islamic Council Research Center, 2019. (In Persian)
24. Wang,D., &Li, S. (2006). Socioeconomic Differentials and Stated Housing Preferences in Guangzou, China.Habitat International, 30, 305-326.
25. Li. Yi, (2017). Prevalence, Incidence, and Mortality of Stroke in China.
26. Eltarabily, S. & Elghezanwy, D. (2020). Post-Pandemic Cities - The Impact of COVID-19 on Cities and Urban Design.
27. Klinenberg, E., (2019). Palaces for the People. Published by Crown.
28. Imani Jajermi, Hossein, (Social Consequences of the Corona Virus Outbreak in Iranian Society), Social Impact Evaluation Journal, 2019, Volume 1, Number 2 (Special Letter on the Consequences of the Corona Virus-Covid 19 Outbreak). (In Persian)
29. Ebrahimi, Mohsen, Khodabakhshian, Zahra, Reihani, Hamid Reza, Habibzadeh, Seyed Reza, Khadem Rezaian, Majid, Kalani, Navid, Foroughian, Mehdi. Examining the awareness, attitude and performance of residents of Mashhad regarding the new corona virus (Covid 19) in 2019. Navid No, 1400; 24(77): 69-83. doi: 10.22038/nnj.2021.53764.1248. (In Persian)
30. Gartrell, J. & Boyce, M. (2018). COVID-19 (coronavirus) impact on hourly workers, 2020.
31. Numerator Intelligence, Impact of Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Consumer Behavior, 2020.
32. ILO’s new global, COVID-19 and the world of work, 2020.
33. Department of Architecture, University of Florence, 50100 Florence, Italy; carlo.pisano@unifi.it Received: 17 May 2020; Accepted: 14 July 2020; Published: 22 July 2020.
34. Aloi, A., Alonso, B. , Benavente, J., Cordera, R., Echániz, E., & González, F. (2020) , Eects of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Urban Mobility, Spain.
35. Barati, Naser. Kakavand, Elham, (Comparative evaluation of the quality of the urban residential environment with emphasis on the mental image of citizens), Fall 2013, Volume 18, Number 3. (In Persian)
36. Pakzad, Jahanshah, Saki, Elaha. The aesthetic experience of the environment. Journal of Fine Arts - Architecture and Urbanism, 2013; 19(3): 5-14. doi: 10.22059/jfaup.2014.55399. (In Pesian)
37. Daneshgar Moghadam, Golrokh, Bahraini, Seyed Hossein, Ainifar, Alireza. Analyzing the sociability of the physical environment affected by the perception of nature in the man-made environment. Journal of Fine Arts - Architecture and Urbanism, 2013; 3(45): 27-38. (In Persian)
38. Asadpour, Hajar., Montazeral Hajjah, Mehdi. and Sharif Nejad, Mojtabi, (Recognition of factors affecting citizens' visual perception of urban spaces, case study: historical center of Hafez Shiraz), Quarterly Journal of Architecture and Sustainable Urban Development, 2018, Volume 8, Number 1 - Serial Number 1. (In Persian)
39. Lian, X. & others, (2020). Impact of city lockdown on the air quality of COVID-19-hit of Wuhan city.
40. Capolongo, S., (2020). COVID-19 and Cities: from Urban Health strategies to the pandemic challenge. A Decalogue of Public Health opportunities.
41. Wainwright MWR, Covid-19 updates, 2020.
42. Hui, Z., Sun, J., Chen, X., Wang, J., Li, Y. (2011). Effects of green space vegetation canopy pattern on the microclimate in residential quarters of Shenzhen City.
43. Reyes, R., et al., (2013). Urbanization and infectious diseases: general principles, historical perspectives, and contemporary challenges, in Challenges in Infectious Diseases.Springer. p. 123-146.
44. Ihlanfeldt, K., & Mayock, T. (2010). Panel data estimates of the effects of different types of crime on housing prices. Regional Science and Urban Economics , 40 (2-3), 161-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2010.02.005.
45. Koster, H. R., & Rouwendal, J. (2012). The impact of mixed land use on residential property values. Journal of Regional Science , 52 (5), 733-761. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.2012.00776.x
46. Kuang, C. (2017). Does quality matter in local consumption amenities? An empirical investigation with Yelp. Journal of Urban Economics , 100 , 1-18.
47. Bianconi, F., Clemente, M., Filippucci, M., & Salvati, L. (2018). Regenerating Urban Spaces: A Brief Commentary on Green Infrastructures for Landscape Conservation. TeMA-Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment , 11 (1), 107-118. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/5216
48. Türk, Y. A. (2014). Planning–design training and universal design. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences , 141 , 1019-1024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.05.171.
49. Laboratory of Land Use Mobility and Environment DICEA - Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering University of Naples "Federico II",2020.
50. Hidalgo, A. (2020). Paris en Commun Available online: https://annehidalgo2020.com/ (accessed on May 1, 2020) .
51. Abusaada, H. & Elshater, E. (2020) : COVID-19’s challenges to urbanism: social distancing and the phenomenon of boredom in urban spaces, Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability.
52. Study and Planning Center of Tehran, 2019. (In Persian)
53. Spanish Information Research Center, 2020. (In Persian)
54. Florida, R., Rodriguez-Pose, A. & Storper, M. (2013). "Cities in a Post-COVID World, Reyes, R., et al., Urbanization and infectious diseases: general principles, historical perspectives, and contemporary challenges, in Challenges in Infectious Diseases.Springer. p. 123-146.
55. Zali, Alireza. Commander of Corona Disease Management Operations, Tehran Metropolis, 2019. (In Persian)
56. Cao, l. (2020). What Is Plexiglass? The Protective Plastic Many Are Using to Combat Viral Spread. Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/943049/what-is-plexiglass-the-protective-plastic-many-are-using-to-combat-viral-spread
