سازوکارهای ترمیمی در قبال جرائم زیست‌محیطی در نظام عدالت کیفری ایران
محورهای موضوعی : حقوق محیط زیست
فاطمه دهدارزاده
1
(استادیارگروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات))
کلید واژه: جبران خسارت, جرائم زیست‌محیطی, سازوکار ترمیمی, معاضدت حقوقی, میانجی‌گری, نظام عدالت کیفری.,
چکیده مقاله :
جرائم زیست‌محیطی به عنوان یک پدیده مجرمانه، مستلزم پیش‌بینی تدابیر واکنشی از جانب متولیان نظام عدالت کیفری است. سازوکارهای ترمیمی به عنوان بخشی قابل اعتنا از تدابیر واکنشی و جایگاه آن‌ها در نظام عدالت کیفری، موضوعی است که کمتر از دیدگاه تحلیلی، به آن پرداخته شده است. در این پژوهش، با رویکرد توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و ضمن استفاده از داده‌های کتابخانه‌ای، به تبیین و ارزیابیِ سازوکارهای ترمیمی در قبال جرائم زیست‌محیطی در نظام عدالت کیفریِ حال حاضر ایران پرداخته شده است. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان‌دهنده آن است که اگرچه در نظام عدالت کیفریِ حال حاضرِ ایران و در قبال جرائم زیست‌محیطی، سازوکارهای ترمیمی، سهمی همچون سازوکارهای کیفری و سرکوبگر ندارند، لیکن این امر، به معنای عدم توجه مطلق قانونگذار کیفری به آن‌ها نبوده و مواردی همچون میانجی‌گریِ زیست‌محیطی، پیش‌بینی کارکرد ترمیمی برای سازمان‌های مردم‌نهاد، محکومیت به جبران خسارت در تکمیل مجازات‌های کیفری و همچنین امکان معاضدت حقوقی به بزه‌دیدگان جرائم زیست‌محیطی، در این راستا، قابل تبیین و ارزیابی است. علیرغم توجه نسبیِ قانونگذار کیفریِ ایران به سازوکارهای ترمیمی در قبال جرائم زیست‌محیطی، کاستی‌هایی در ارتباط با اِعمال بهینه سازوکارهای مورد اشاره به چشم می‌خورند که محدودبودن مداخله سازمان‌های مردم‌نهاد در فرآیند رسیدگی به اعلام جرم و شرکت در جلسات رسیدگی، تصویب اسامی سمن‌های مجاز به انجام وظیفه فوق توسط رییس قوه قضاییه، عدم اجباری‌نمودن بیمه مسئولیت محیط زیست برای مشاغل آلاینده و همچنین فقدان مقرره قانونی در خصوص صندوق‌های تأمین خسارتِ ویژه محیط زیست از جمله مهم‌ترین آن‌هاست.
As a criminal phenomenon, environmental crimes require provisioning reactive strategies by administrators of criminal justice system. Restorative mechanisms as a considerable part of reactive strategies and their statuses in the criminal justice system are of subjects less studied analytically. Using descriptive-analytical methods and library data, the present research explained and evaluated restorative mechanisms against environmental crimes in the present Iranian criminal justice system. The results showed that although in the present Iranian criminal justice system and regarding environmental crimes restorative mechanisms don’t function as criminal and suppressive mechanisms, this doesn’t mean that criminal legislator has ignored them altogether; in fact, some strategies can be explained and evaluated including environmental mediation, provisioning restorative function for NGOs, damages awarded by courts as some complementary for criminal punishments, and also legal assistance for the victims of environmental crimes. Despite the fact that Iranian criminal legislator considered partially the restorative mechanisms against environmental crimes, some faults can be seen in implementing these mechanisms among which more important ones include limited intervention by NGOs in the preferring process and participating in hearings, approving by the head of the judiciary the names of NGOs authorized in performing these duties, making non-mandatory the environmental liability insurance for the future professions, lack of legal regulations on compensation funds for environment.
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