بررسی تأثیرات خلع سلاح هسته ای بر تغییرات آب و هوایی از منظر حقوق بین الملل
محورهای موضوعی : حقوق محیط زیستمیثم نوروزی 1 , مهدی اسکندری خوشگو 2
1 - استادیار حقوق بین الملل عمومی، گروه حقوق، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد حقوق بین الملل، موسسه آموزش عالی عمران و توسعه، همدان، ایران.
کلید واژه: امنیت هسته ای, انرژی هسته ای, تغییرات آب و هوایی, خطرات هسته ای, خلع سلاح هسته ای.,
چکیده مقاله :
از مهم‌ترین مسائل پیش روی تمدن بشری در قرن حاضر، می توان به مقوله جلوگیری از جنگ های هسته‌ای و اجتناب از تغییرات آب و هوایی اشاره نمود. هدف از این پژوهش بررسی تأثیرات خلع سلاح هسته ای بر تغییرات آب و هوایی از منظر حقوق بین الملل است. این پژوهش بر پیوندهای بالقوه بین انرژی هسته ای به عنوان گزینه ای برای کاهش تغییرات آب و هوایی و خلع سلاح هسته ای تمرکز دارد و به ترتیب به مباحثی همچون خطرات هسته‌ای فعلی، مقیاس چالش هسته ای – اقلیمی، امنیت هسته‌ای و ارتباط آن با انرژی هسته‌ای، عدم تکثیر و خلع سلاح، مدیریت خلع سلاح هسته ای و گام های اساسی برای رسیدگی به چالش های اشاعه و خلع سلاح و پیوندهای سیاسی بین حفظ و تقویت رژیم جهانی منع اشاعه، خلع سلاح هسته ای و رشد انرژی هسته ای در مقیاس بزرگ پرداخته است. استفاده از انرژی هسته‌ای، تقاضاهای بی‌سابقه‌ای را برای سیستم‌های جهانی برای راستی‌آزمایی، کنترل و امنیت مواد هسته‌ای قابل استفاده از سلاح ایجاد می‌کند. کاهش یا رها سازی یا تخلیه بسیاری از تجهیزات و تسلیحات هسته‌ای و ممنوعیت نهایی آن ها نیز نیازمند رویکردهای جدیدی برای مدیریت ذخایر عظیم جهانی مواد هسته‌ای قابل استفاده از سلاح است. جامعه بین‌المللی باید اقداماتی انجام دهد تا انرژی هسته ای بتواند در مدت طولانی به کاهش تغییرات آب و هوایی کمک نماید. در نتیجۀ چنین اقداماتی، خلع سلاح هسته ای، عملی‌تر و مطلوب‌تر می‌گردد و پایه‌های جهانی را می‌سازد که در آن فناوری هسته‌ای به توسعه پایدار کمک می‌کند در حالی که سلاح‌های هسته‌ای شروع به محو شدن از صحنه می‌کنند.
Preventing nuclear war and avoiding catastrophic climate changes are two of the most fundamental challenges facing human civilization in this century. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of nuclear disarmament on climate change from the perspective of international law. This research focuses on the potential links between nuclear energy as an option to reduce climate change and nuclear disarmament and, respectively, discusses topics such as current nuclear risks, the scale of the nuclear-climate challenge, nuclear security and Its relationship with nuclear energy, non-proliferation and disarmament, management of nuclear disarmament and basic steps to address the challenges of proliferation and disarmament and the political links between maintaining and strengthening the global non-proliferation regime, nuclear disarmament and the growth of nuclear energy It has been done on a large scale. The use of nuclear energy places unprecedented demands on global systems for the verification, control and security of weapons-usable nuclear material. Reducing or abandoning or emptying many nuclear weapons and equipment and their final ban also requires new approaches to manage the huge global stockpile of weapons-usable nuclear materials. The international community should take measures so that nuclear energy can help reduce climate change in the long term. As a result of such actions, nuclear disarmament becomes more practical, desirable, and unattainable, and lays the foundations for a world in which nuclear technology contributes to sustainable development while nuclear weapons begin to fade from the scene.
1. Rebecca, D.G., 2018. The humanitarian turn in nuclear disarmament and the treaty on the prohibition of nuclear weapons. The nonproliferation review, Vol. 25. No. 1-2. pp. 11-36.
2. Begzadeh, E., 2002. International Law in Pursuit of its Values: Peace, Development and Democracy. Journal of Legal Research, No. 35- 36. (In Persian)
3. Lesani, S.B., Mashhadhi, A., Alinejad, S.A., Habibi Majandeh, M., 2021. Analytical study of the environment from the point of view of state-oriented, non- state and participatory perspectives. Environmental Science and Technology Quarterly, Vol. 23. No. 8. pp. 235- 247. (In Persian)
4. Saed, N., 2007. Humanitarian Law and Nuclear Weapons, Tehran: Shahr Danesh Institute of Legal Studies and Research. (In Persian)
5. Salimi Turkmani, H., 2018. Criminalization of the use of nuclear weapons in the framework of emerging human-centered international law. Criminal Law Research Quarterly, Vol. 1. No. 1. pp. 61- 96. (In Persian)
6. Kjolv, E., 2022. A theory of nuclear disarmament: cases, analogies, and the role of the non-proliferation regime. Contemporary security policy, Vol. 43. No. 1. pp. 106-133.
7. van der Zwaan, B.C.C., 2002. Nuclear energy: Tenfold expansion or phase-out? Technological Forecasting & Social Change, Vol. 69. pp. 287- 307.
8. Paul, M., 2019. Creating an environment for nuclear disarmament. arms control today, Vol. 49. No. 3. pp. 6-11.
9. Harald, M., Carmen, W., 2020. Nuclear disarmament without the nuclear-weapon states: the nuclear weapon ban treaty. Daedalus, Vol. 149. No. 2. pp. 171-189.
10. Reisner, J., D Angelo, G., koo, E., Even, W., Hecht, M., Hunke, H., Comeau, D., Bos, R., Cooley, J., 2018. Climate Impact of a Regional Nuclear Weapons Exchange: An Improved Assessment Based on Detailed Source Calculations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 123. pp. 2752- 2772.
11. Pacala, S., Socolow, R., 2004. Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next 50 Years with Current Technologies. Science, Vol. 305. pp. 968- 972.
12. Soltani, Z., Beyzadeh, A.M., 2022. the roadmap for the application of nuclear technology in the environment. Environmental Science and Technology Quarterly, Vol. 24. No. 12. pp. 79- 92. (In Persian)
13. Van der Zwaan, B., Rabl, A., 2004. The learning potential of photovoltaics: implications for energy policy. energy policy, Vol. 32. pp. 1545- 1554.
14. Rogner, H.H., 2000. Energy Resources. In: UNDP/UNDESA/WEC: Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability. World Energy Assessment. New York: UNDP, pp. 135- 171.
15. Sailor, W.C., Bodansky, D., Braun, C., Fretter, S., van der Zwaan, B., 2000. A Nu- clear Solution to Climate Change?. Science 288. pp. 1177-1178.
16. Khaltabari, Y., Hermidas Bavand, D., Zare, A., Porhashmi, S.A., 2021. Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Damage in International Environmental Law. Environmental Science and Technology Quarterly, Vol. 23. No. 5. pp. 125- 141. (In Persian)
17. Rajab Nejad, Y., Rajabnejad, H., 2019. investigation of geotechnical effects of nuclear waste disposal. 6th National Congress of Civil Engineering. (In Persian)
18. Deutch, J., Kanter, A., Moniz, E., Poneman, D., 2004. Making the World Safe for Nuclear Energy. Survival, Vol. 46. No. 4. pp. 65- 80.
19. Braun, C., 2010. The Nuclear Energy Market and the Nonproliferation Regime. Nuclear Weapons Proliferation, Vol. 13. No. 3. pp. 627- 644.
20. Rezaei, S., 2018. The role of the International Atomic Energy Agency in the development and implementation of international law. Strategy Quarterly, Vol. 18. No. 50. pp. 149- 164. (In Persian)
21. Babaei, M., 2014. Peaceful use of nuclear energy from the perspective of international law with an emphasis on Iran's right to enrich. Judicial Law Journal, Vol. 79. No. 92. pp. 33- 52. (In Persian)
22. Schneider, E.A., Sailor, C.W., 2008. Long-Term Uranium Supply Estimates. Nuclear Technology, Vol. 162. pp. 379– 387.
23. Zamani, S.G., Rafiei, S.R., 2013. The use of weapons containing depleted uranium from the perspective of international humanitarian law. International Legal Journal, Vol. 30. No. 49. pp. 35- 60. (In Persian)
24. Turkenburg, W.C., 2000. Renewable Energy Technologies. In: UNDP/UNDESA/WEC: Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability, World Energy Assessment, New York: UNDP, pp. 219- 272.
25. Bunn, M., 2017. Plutonium Disposition: What Are We Trying to Accomplish? presentation to the Committee on Disposal of Surplus Plutonium in WIPP, U.S. National Academy of Sciences.
26. Otter, S., 2011. Using the methods and tools of war in humanitarian rights in armed conflicts. translated by Nader Saed and edited by Seyyed Ghasem Zamani, 2nd edition, Shahrdanesh Publications. (In Persian)
27. Robock, A., Oman, L., Stenchikov, G.L., Toon, O.B., Bardeen, C., Turco, R.P., 2007. Climatic Consequences of Regional Nuclear Conflicts. Atmospheric Chemistry and physics, Vol. 7. No. 8. pp. 2003- 2012.
28. Rogov, S., 2018. Can the U.S. and Russia Find a Path Forward on Arms Control? Haw to Prevent a Dangerous Escalation. Foreign Affairs.
29. Acton, J.M., 2015. Wagging the Plutonium Dog: Japanese Domestic Politics and Its International Security Implications. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
30. Bunn, M., Zhang, H., Kang, L., 2016. The Cost of Reprocessing in China. Cambridge, MA: Project on Managing the Atom, Harvard University.
31. Gotz, N., 2019. The deep crisis of nuclear arms control and disarmament: the state of play and the challenges. Journal for peace and nuclear disarmament, Vol. 2. No. 2. pp. 431-452.
32. Mitsuru, K., 2021. Progress in nuclear disarmament during the 50. Osaka university law review, Vol. 1. pp. 1-24.
33. Gleeson, E., 2016. The Non-Proliferation Treaty and Political aspects of Nuclear Power in a Modern Context. INDEPENDENT STUDY PROJECT (ISP) COLLECTION, pp. 1- 34.
